Stern/March 09. Century. Alan Stern

Transcription

1 Planet Categorization & Planetary Science: Coming of Age in the 21 st Stern/March 09 Century Alan Stern

2 Nicolaus Copernicus

3 Stern/March 09 AAS Meeting, 1930

4 Our Solar System Before 1930: A Tidy & Orderly Place There are just two types of planets: terrestrials and gas giants. All planets travel in essentially the same plane. All planets are in nearly circular orbits. Planets are believed to orbit where they were born.

5 Before 1930 The Census: 4 Terrestrial Planets 4 Giant Planets Asteroids & Comets Our ideas were simple but naïve, because our data was so limited limited by the technology of the times.

6 Stern/March 09 But That Year Tombaugh Discovered Pluto A Misfit Which Puzzled. Mid-Century Census: 4 Terrestrial Planets 4 Giant Planets 1 Misfit Pluto Asteroids & Comets

7 Until the Kuiper Belt Was evealed in 92, Giving Context Stern/March 09

8 Stern/March 09 But Make No Mistake These Dwarfs Are Not Small Bodies They Are Sizeable Worlds

9 So What Makes Small Planets Different From Larger Planets? They are smaller and more numerous than larger planets. Often their orbits are more elliptical and/or more inclined. But that s about it.

10 Stern/March 09 And What Do Small Planets Have In Common with Larger Cousins? They are believed to have formed like Earth, Mars, & Venus. They are made of rock and ice as are both Earth and Mars. Many have moons like other planets. Many likely have cores like all of the known larger planets. Some have atmospheres just like larger planets. Their surfaces are solid again, like the terrestrial planets. They are expected to have active surface geology & even tectonics as do the terrestrial planets. Simply Put Small Planets Have No Distinguishing Intrinsic Characteristics From Larger Planets

11 Stern/March 09 And What Do Small Planets Have In Common with Larger Cousins? Except Their Size. They are believed to have formed like Earth, Mars, & Venus. They are made of rock and ice as are both Earth and Mars. Many have moons like other planets. Many likely have cores like all of the known larger planets. Some have atmospheres just like larger planets. Their surfaces are solid again, like the terrestrial planets. They are expected to have active surface geology & even tectonics as do the terrestrial planets. Simply Put Small Planets Have No Distinguishing Intrinsic Characteristics From Larger Planets

12 Since 92 Nothing Less Than A Revolution Has Transpired Nicolaus Copernicus

13 ur View of the Solar System s Architecture Is Transformed

14 Stern/March 09 And So Has Our View of the Solar System s Population The 21 st Century View: 4 Terrestrial Planets 4 Giant Planets Perhaps 1000 Dwarf Planets Comets & Asteroids

15 But the Revolution in New Planet Types Continues, Afar

16 Including Hot Jupiters

17 Including Pulsars with Planets

18 And Systems With Highly Eccentric Orbits

19 And Even Super Earths & Balsa-Wood Density Giants OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb is a super-earth extrasolar planet, weighing 5.5 Earth masses. And TrES-4 is 84% the mass of Jupiter but with an average density of only about 0.24 gm/cm 3.

20 What Is The Message Here? The diversity of planetary types both far and near is exploding before our eyes. Host stellar, orbital, and compositional, atmospheric types, as well as planetary sizes range over wide parameter space. And our own Earth has been further displaced as an archetype or centerpiece.

21 Somewhere, I Think, Copernicus is Smiling

22 And Planet Classification Is a Challenge Now Upon Us How shall the milieu be organized? What properties determine planethood? What subtypes make most sense? And who should decide?

23 In 2006 the IAU Voted A Controversial Planet Definition 1. A celestial body that: is in orbit around the Sun, 2. Has sufficient mass so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and 3. Has "cleared the neighborhood" around its orbit. A non-satellite body fulfilling only the first two of these criteria is classified as a "dwarf planet", whilst a nonsatellite body fulfilling only the first criterion is termed a "small solar system body."

24 What s The Problem With Dynamical Clearing? First, it has nothing to do with the attributes and nature of the body. Worse, it depends on the stellar mass and the system s age: M planet > ~G -3/4 T system M * 1/4 a planet 9/4 Which fundamentally biases against both young and distant planets. Consider: A reordering the planets in our system would change which objects are classified as planets!

25 DO WE JUDGE A HOUSE A HOME BASED ON ITS LOCATION?

26 OR BASED ON ITS ATTRIBUTES?

27 AND DO WE JUDGE A STAR A STAR BASED ON ITS ATTRIBUTES?

28 Should a Planet Be More Massive To Qualify The Farther Out It Orbits? Planets: Capable of Clearing Clearing By Scattering + H.F. Levison (2006) Stern/March 09 Not Capable of Clearing Clearing By Accretion If Earth were at 40 AU, it would not be an IAU planet!

29 Imagine: This Does Not Always Qualify as a Planet EARTH

30 Is It Really So Hard? Stern/March 09??????????????????????

31 I Have a Different Test: My Star Trek Test. Stern/March 09

32 SO ENTER GPD: AN ATTRIBUTE-BASED DEFINITION The Geophysical Planet Definition (GPD) says a planet is 1. A celestial body that: has sufficient mass so that it can assume a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape due to its gravity overwhelming material strength. 2. But with insufficient mass to initiate sustained fusion in its interior at any time.

33 AND WHERE IS THIS HYDROSTATIC DIVIDING LINE? Planets: Capable of HSE Not

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35 WHAT S SO ATTRACTIVE ABOUT THE GPD DEFINITION? It s simple, intuitive, and far less ambiguous. It embraces a diversity of planetary sizes and types which share a fundamental physical trait in common: shape controlled by gravity rather than material strength. It does not rely on having a complete census of a system to classify its objects. Objects do not reclassify based on orbital location. Instead, objects are classified purely on the basis of their nature, as are stars, stellar remnants, etc.

36 AND WITH THE GPD DEFINITION, AN EARTH IS ALWAYS A PLANET

37 Stern/March 09 A Census Gives 20 Solar Orbiting Planets, 2/3 of Which Are Dwarfs The Terrestrials: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The Giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Rocky & Icy Dwarfs: Ceres, Pallas, Juno, Vesta, Pluto, Charon, Quaoar, Ixion, EL61, Eris, Makemake, and Sedna. Science Is About Discovering New Paradigms

38 And Some Planet Orbiting Planets Too Stern/March 09 The Terrestrials: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The Giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The Rocky & Icy Dwarfs: Ceres, Pallas, Juno, Vesta, Pluto, Charon, Quaoar, Ixion, EL61, Eris, Makemake, and Sedna. And Satellite Planets, Like: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan, Triton, & Luna. Science is About Discovering New Paradigms.

39 Science Reaches Consensus One Scientist at a Time

40 Stern/March 09 Nicolaus Copernicus

41 Stern/March 09 BACKUPS

42 Stern/March 09 Planet Classification

43 Some Planets Are Small and Some Are Large Stern/March 09

44 Stern/March 09 Just As Some Stars Are Large and Some Are Small

45 Stern/March 09 RECENT TRENDS IN PLANET CLASSIFICATON Two Broad Themes Have Been Advanced: 1. Dynamical i.e., Location Based. 2. Intrinsic i.e., Attribute Based.

46 Stern/March 09 OR DO WE BASE THAT ON ITS LOCATION?

47 Stern/March 09 SO DISCOVERING PLUTO LED TO THREE SEPARATE REVOLUTIONS The Discovery of The Kuiper Belt The Thir And Largest Zone of Our Planetary System.

48 Stern/March 09 SO DISCOVERING PLUTO LED TO THREE SEPARATE REVOLUTIONS The Discovery of The Kuiper Belt The Thir And Largest Zone of Our Planetary System. The Discovery That the Planets Migrated Fr Their Formation Sites.

49 Stern/March 09 SO DISCOVERING PLUTO LED TO THREE SEPARATE REVOLUTIONS The Discovery of The Kuiper Belt The Thir And Largest Zone of Our Planetary System. The Discovery That the Planets Migrated Fr Their Formation Sites. And the Discovery of a Third Class of Planets: The Dwarfs, Which Dominate the Solar System s Population.

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51 Stern/March 09

52 Stern/March 09 THE GEOPHYSICAL PLANET DEFINITION Is also parallel to the definition of stars in ways that unifies planet classification with other astronomical bodies: 1. Stars are stars based on a single unifying attribute (ability to burn elements by fusion), without regard to orbit or location or size. 2. The ability to do fusion is fundamentally a gravitational criterion varying only with regard to composition.

53 Stern/March 09 And So, So Much More