Review of previous concepts!! Earth s orbit: Year, seasons, observed constellations, Polaris (North star), day/night lengths, equinoxes
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1 Review of previous concepts!! Earth s orbit: Year, seasons, observed constellations, Polaris (North star), day/night lengths, equinoxes Celestial poles, celestial equator, ecliptic, ecliptic plane (Fig 1-13 through 1-15 in Comins), precession, solar and sidereal day Moon s orbit: Phases of the moon, sidereal month, synodic (lunar) month Eclipses: (Fig 1-22 through 1-24, Comins) Lunar: penumbral, partial, total Solar: annular, partial, total Scales of the Universe: Proton (~10-15 ) meters, size of observable universe: (~10 26 ) meters. AU (Astronomical Unit) and LY (Light Year) PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 1
2 Why the stars move West East 4 mins/night PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 2
3 Additional rotation due to orbit PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 3
4 Celestial Equator and Ecliptic tropic of Cancer tropic of Capricorn PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 4
5 Tracking of the sun over a year Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri 5 PHYS 162 Lecture 2a
6 Solar System Sun plus 8 (or 9 with Pluto) planets many of which have moons Plus debris : comets, asteroids, meteors, etc Outer debris: Ort cloud, Kuiper belt, scattered disc We ll go over historical understanding of motion (which is complicated when viewed from the Earth) and later look at Solar System formation, planetary atmospheres, and planets discovered in other star systems PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 6
7 Solar System Distances to sun NOT to scale PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 7
8 Sun vs Earth. 100 times larger radius! 1,000,000 times larger volume and 300,000 times larger mass PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 8
9 Solar System - Orbits PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 9
10 cs Mean Distance from Sun Sidereal Orbital Period Mass AU P e M e Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 10
11 Planets before telescopes Five planets can be seen without a telescope. Ancients (Babylonia, Egypt) included Sun and Moon as planets! gave names to days of week FRENCH ENGLISH Sun Dimanche Sunday Moon Lundi Monday Mars Mardi Tuesday (Germanic) Mercury Mercredi Wednesday (Germanic) Jupiter Jeudi Thursday (Germanic) Venus Vendredi Friday (Germanic) Saturn Samedi Saturday PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 11
12 Planetary Motion Planets move relative to stars motion is odd as sometimes East to West but mostly West to East against the background of stars (E to W called retrograde motion) Historically large problem explaining planets motion PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 12
13 Planetary Motion - Retrograde Mars: Sept 2009 through June 2010 PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 13
14 If we assume Earth and Mars orbit Sun, easy to explain as it takes Earth 1 year to orbit but Mars 1.9 years! sometimes Mars is ahead and sometimes behind Earth PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 14
15 Models of the Solar System Ptolemaic Geocentric Earth centered Earth at center and motionless Sun and other planets orbit the Earth on circles within circles. Copernican - Heliocentric Sun centered Sun at center and motionless Earth and other planets orbit Sun (Kepler found later the orbits are ellipses) Both models were considered by Greeks 2200 years ago. Use of experimental observations to resolve about 400 years ago helped start modern science PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 15
16 Hellenistic Culture (~500 B.C.) Ancient Astronomy Inherited astronomical records from Babylonia constructed a cosmological model, not just practical! natural philosophy Thales (~480 B.C.) used data to predict eclipses Eratosthenes (220 B.C.) Greeks knew the Earth was round from shadow on Earth during lunar eclipses. Eratosthenes measured the circumference of the Earth. PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 16
17 Ancient Astronomy (con t) Heraclides (330 B.C.) developed the first Solar System model, beginning of the Geocentric versus Heliocentric Aristarchus (270 B.C.) developed the Heliocentric theory Problems: Earth in motion? Can t feel it Geocentric seemed more natural No parallax seen in stars! But made many predictions including relative distance of Moon and Sun from Earth Angle A was off prediction 20X too small PHYS 162 Lecture 2a Indicated that stars were farther away from Earth than Sun.
18 Ptolemy (220 A.D.) Ancient Astronomy (con t) Librarian of Alexandria. Resurrected Heraclides geocentric theory and combined with centuries of data on planetary motions! formulated complete description of the Solar System that explained/predicted the apparent motion Unfortunately, the Ptolemy framework was extremely complicated in order to explain retrograde motion. PHYS 162 Lecture 2a
19 Ptolemy (220 A.D.) Though complicated, worked well enough for the quality of data at the time prevailed for 1400 years Ancient Astronomy (con t) Retrograde motion of Mars PHYS 162 Lecture 2a
20 Copernicus (1500 s) Modern Astronomy Reinvented the heliocentric theory and challenged Church doctrine. However, Copernicus also used circular orbits and had to resort to epicycles and deferents to explain retrograde motions. In fact, Copernicus was forced to use more epicycles than Ptolemy, i.e. a more complicated system of circles on circles. Retrograde motion of Mars PHYS 162 Lecture 2a
21 Planetary Motion Experimental observations (made prior to telescopes) was used to understand motion of the planets Lead to Kepler s 3 laws of planetary motion Provided experimental observations which are later explained by physics developed by Galileo, Newton and others PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 21
22 Models of the Solar System Ptolemaic Geocentric Consistent with Biblical Creation The Church adopted Aristotle s scientific methods and Ptolemy's model into its own doctrine. Earth at center and motionless Sun and other planets orbit the Earth on circles within circles. Think Tilt-a- Whirl at Cornfest PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 22
23 Sun at center Copernican - Heliocentric All planets move about Sun on epicycles (circles on circles) Earth revolves on axis once per day Catholic Church adopts Ptolemaic as revealed truth in 13th Century. Copernican model published in 1543 with detailed comparisons to observations (after Copernicus death so Church would not punish him) PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 23
24 Copernican vs Geocentric vs Catholic Church Bruno was burned at the stake in 1600 in Rome for stating Copernicus was correct "Innumerable suns exist; innumerable earths revolve around these suns in a manner similar to the way the seven planets revolve around our sun. Living beings inhabit these worlds." Giordano Bruno Campo d Fiore Rome also has farmer s market and 4 nice restaurants PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 24
25 Other Models Tycho Brahe s - Earth at center but other planets orbit the Sun (effectively the same as Copernican) Kepler s - Sun at center with planets orbitting the Sun in elliptical paths CORRECT Differentiate models by comparing predictions with observations SCIENTIFIC METHOD need best observations as possible PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 25
26 Kepler s Laws of Motion Kepler figured out correct orbital shape and determined some relationships between the orbits of different planets A big step was realizing that Earth s orbit about the Sun also wasn t a circle mostly he used relative location of Mars after repeated orbits around the Sun (Mars is close and so has the most accurate measurements) PHYS 162 Lecture 2a 26
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