How Eclipses Occur, and the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse
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1 How Eclipses Occur, and the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse Dr. Bill Blair JHU Quarknet Presentation July 25, 2017 (with thanks to the STScI Office of Public Outreach for some of the graphics)
2 Eclipses through History...
3 Moon Phases and Orbit NOAO
4 Synodic Month = days SUN
5
6 Lunar Phases and Geometry
7 Lunar Eclipse Sun Earth Moon Approx. Relative Size of Earth and Moon: Moon fits in earth s shadow with room to spare!
8
9 Lunar eclipse visible from anywhere on the night-side of earth
10 Lunar Eclipse Time Series
11 Penumbra Umbra
12 Why is the moon red in Lunar Eclipse?
13 Solar Eclipse Sun Moon Earth Angular Size of Sun and Moon are nearly the same! (Only a small portion of the sunlit side of earth can see, however.)
14
15 This is the geometry......but of course not to scale!
16 Earth s diameter (8000 miles) is about 4 times the Moon s diameter (2200 miles)
17 The Moon is located about 240,000 miles (30 Earth diameters) away. (Now think about the shadows needed to cause eclipses!) (Yardstick demo)
18 (sun)
19 Why Not Eclipses Every Month? Eclipse Ingredients Moon Phase Full moon (lunar) or new moon (solar) Orbital plane alignment Moon crossing Earth-Sun plane Earth-Moon Distance (apogee, perigee, or inbetween) Affects apparent (angular) size of moon
20 Moon s orbital plane is tipped ~5 o to Earth s Need full or new moon to occur along the intersection of the orbit planes for eclipses!
21 Otherwise the shadows miss their targets!
22 Moon s orbit is slightly elliptical, so its angular size changes during its orbit. a > b a b
23 Anthony Ayiomamitis
24 Annular Eclipse (February 2017)
25 Annular Solar Eclipse Views
26 Solar Eclipse Phenomenology NASA
27
28 Partial eclipse showing large sunspot group Partial phases last about 3 hours total. (Totality is in the middle of this time if you are on the center line.)
29 Partial eclipse showing large sunspot group Earth to scale
30 Diamond Ring Effect
31 Baily s Beads (Sunlight passing through lunar valleys on the moon s limb) Pierre Arpin
32 Baily s Beads Time Series Richard Nugent
33 Total Eclipse showing solar corona Klaus Kemmerich
34 Coronal structure depends on solar activity level HAO / NCAR
35 Solar Chromosphere and Prominences Luc Viatour
36 A Realistic Naked Eye View...
37 Solar Eclipse Viewed from Space
38 DSCOVR / NASA
39 DSCOVR / NASA
40 DSCOVR / NASA
41 DSCOVR / NASA
42 DSCOVR / NASA
43 DSCOVR / NASA
44 DSCOVR / NASA
45 DSCOVR / NASA
46 DSCOVR / NASA
47 DSCOVR / NASA
48 DSCOVR / NASA
49 August 21, 2017 Where Will You Be?
50
51 Total Solar Eclipse August 21, 2017 Greatest eclipse at 18:25 UT Duration 2 min 40 sec Totality path is 71 miles wide Partial eclipse across North America
52
53 Observing the Eclipse Eclipse calculator by city: fractional coverage and timing:
54 Observing the Eclipse Eclipse calculator by city: fractional coverage and timing:
55 Safety First Looking directly at the Sun is unsafe! Use certified solar filters, or eclipse glasses SUNGLASSES ARE NOT ENOUGH! Only one exception Can look directly at Sun during total eclipse Don t look directly at Sun during partial eclipse!
56 Indirect Viewing (Partial phases)
57 For pinhole cameras, the image is inverted.
58 Use what you have available to create your own pinhole cameras. Lucia Garcia
59 The Eclipse of 1919 and General Relativity
60 General Relativity 1915 Einstein: mass warps space Light that passes near the Sun will bend Background star positions should shift slightly due to the mass of the sun
61 (Effect is greatly exaggerated in this example!)
62 Background stars could not be seen or measured until the sun was blocked!
63 General Relativity Tested 1915 Einstein mass warps space Light that passes near the Sun will bend 1919 Expeditions to measure star positions during total solar eclipse and compare to earlier pictures of the field. Result: Deviations matched predictions General Relativity passed eclipse test!
64 Gravitational lens example as observed with Hubble
65 August eclipse planets and stars
66 Questions?
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