From Illinois to Minnesota in 1/400 of a second
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1 From Illinois to Minnesota in 1/400 of a second Debbie Harris Fermilab PARTICLE DAY 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 1
2 What is this all about? What s a neutrino? Where do they come from? How do you make them? Why would you send them from Fermilab (in Illinois) to Minnesota? 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 2
3 Neutrinos are Everywhere Neutrinos are tiny particles with no charge that weigh less than any other particle we know about (except for light) There are more neutrinos than any other particle in the universe by more than a billion! (except for light) 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 3
4 How did they get here? Neutrinos are made all the time: In the Beginning As the sun shines As the supernova explodes As the banana splits Every time atoms fall apart or come together 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 4
5 So why haven t I heard of them before? One neutrino can go through a distance of 200 earths before interacting! ν Someone only figured out they might exist in ~1930 (Pauli) Seen for the first time in 1956 by putting a detector near a nuclear reactor (Reines and Cowan) 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 5
6 How can humans make neutrinos? Nuclear Reactors Huge amount of energy leaves reactor as neutrinos! Make a beam of particles that decay to neutrinos Start with particles you already have: protons Give the protons energy with an accelerator Slam high energy protons against a target to make new unstable particles Focus! Give the particles free space to fly through so they can decay instead of interact 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 6
7 So what s the catch? Since neutrinos interact so rarely (1 in a billion ) Have to make a lot of them (billions) Have to give them a lot of chances to interact (huge detectors) 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 7
8 How can you shoot a beam to Minnesota? Imagine you have a laser, and you want to shoot from here to Boston What direction would you point your flashlight? (hint: the earth is round) 735 km The neutrino beam has to go at that same angle (3.5 o down from horizon) 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 8
9 Digging a hole towards Minnesota Using the latest in subway line excavation, we built a huge tunnel 2/3 mile long, 21 diameter 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 9
10 Filling the hole towards Minnesota Have to lower magnets weighing many tons down the shafts Have to put a big pipe down the shaft Have to pour concrete all around the decay pipe to use as shielding for all the stuff that gets made that hits the walls Have to put a near detector in the last section of the hole 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 10
11 Getting the Protons to the target 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 11
12 Target and shielding.9m of graphite, has to absorb the power of 200 hair dryers on a spot 2mm in diameter! Hint: to do this, Need lots of cooling 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 12
13 Focusing what comes off the target Has to be able to take 200,000 Amps! Better cool this too! 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 13
14 What else gets made? When these unstable particles decay, they make neutrinos and muons There are also some protons left over that went straight through the target Want separate detectors to measure both! absorber 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 14
15 How can you see a neutrino? These three neutrinos (ν s) are associated with three charged particles, who are as different in size as Squirrel (e: electron) Lion (μ: muon) Elephant (τ: tau) ν p e,μ,or τ n You can t see the neutrino, but you can see their partners 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 15
16 Neutrino Detectors Because neutrinos interact so rarely, need LOTS of detector Far detector: 5400 tons of Steel and scintillator 2½ stories tall! ½ mile underground in Soudan Mine, MN Near detector: 5x Smaller, 1000 times closer 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 16
17 Why are you sending neutrinos from Illinois to Minnesota? There are three kinds of neutrinos, and there is evidence that they can change from one kind to another e μ τ For these neutrinos, need to wait ~1/400 of a second: if you re traveling the speed of light, this means about 450 miles 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 17
18 Why study changing neutrinos? Neutrinos changing from one flavor to another might tell us about why there is so much more matter than antimatter in the universe Why we have so many particles that have such very different weights 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 18
19 Anatomy of an experiment Design Construction Commission does everything work the way you planned? Take the data Analyze the data Publish your results Sounds familiar, doesn t it? 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 19
20 How long does this take? Design can take several years Getting funding takes time Construction: Detectors were 1-2 year long projects Beamline took 4 years! (including all the underground construction) Commission: 6 months? Run: 3 to 5 years Analyze data: depends, but can be a few more years Moral: need to be patient, or work on more than one experiment at once 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 20
21 Who is on this experiment? ~250 physicists and engineers 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 21
22 So what do I have to do with all this? I have been on this experiment for 5 years Proton Detectors Before the target: how many do we need? After the target: can one be built to survive? Muon Detectors What can they tell us about the neutrinos? How big, how many do we need? We re just now starting to take data, so now I get to see how well everything works 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 22
23 First Protons to the beamline: December 3 In 10 carefully planned shots, Got the proton beam all the way From the Main Injector to the End of the decay pipe Hit the monitor dead center to within an inch, a mile from where the protons started! 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 23
24 First Neutrinos seen in Near Detector January 21 Put target in the way of the protons, make the particles that decay to neutrinos See muons (made with neutrinos) right away See neutrinos by 4 th time we sent protons to the target 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 24
25 First neutrinos seen in Far Detector: March 20 Learn how to send 10 TRILLION protons to the target every 3 seconds Learn how to cool everything the protons hit fast enough Roughly every protons, should get a neutrino in Minnesota 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 25
26 First Neutrino from Illinois Arrived 2.5msec after sending protons to target This is a high energy lion-type neutrino! 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 26
27 Do all lab experiments work perfectly? Leaky Target the target has pipes around it that carry water to cool it On March 23, discovered a leak What does it look like to the detector at the end of the beamline? 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 27
28 Fixing the problem 6 weeks later, we came up with a solution (pushing on the hole from the other side) and we are starting to run again (see next far detector neutrino event) What happens with a target that had water in it? How long will the leak stay plugged? How quickly can we build all the spare parts we need? 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 28
29 More neutrinos arriving daily This looks like a lion (with low energy) 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 29
30 So what have I learned? Be prepared: you ll never predict what will go wrong with your experiment but something will go wrong Lots of things will work just like you predicted but it will seem like magic anyway Stay tuned, we ll learn soon if we see neutrinos changing! 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 30
31 So what have you learned? Questions? Please ask!!! Or visit 16 May 2005 Debbie Harris, PARTICLE DAY 31
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