Galaxies & Introduction to Cosmology
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1 Galaxies & Introduction to Cosmology
2 Other Galaxies: How many are there? Hubble Deep Field Project 100 hour exposures over 10 days Covered an area of the sky about 1/100 the size of the full moon Probably about 100 billion galaxies visible to us!
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4 About 1,500 galaxies in this patch alone Angular size ~ 2 minutes of arc
5 Other Galaxies there are ~ 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe measure distances to other galaxies using the periodluminosity relationship for Cepheid variables Type I supernovae also used to measure distances Predictable luminosity a standard candle Other galaxies are quite distant Andromeda (M31), a nearby (spiral) galaxy, is 2 million light-years away and comparable in size to Milky Way Island universes in their own right
6 Hubble Classification Scheme Edwin Hubble (~1924) grouped galaxies into four basic types: Spiral Barred spiral Elliptical Irregular There are sub-categories as well
7 Spirals (S) All have disks, bulges, and halos Type Sa: large bulge, tightly wrapped, almost circular spiral arms Type Sb: smaller bulge, more open spiral arms Type Sc: smallest bulge, loose, poorly defined spiral arms
8 Barred Spirals (SB) Possess an elongated bar of stars and interstellar mater passing through the center
9 Elliptical (E) No spiral arms or clear internal structure Essentially all halo Vary in size from giant to dwarf Further classified according to how circular they are (E0 E7)
10 S0/SB0 Intermediate between E7 and Sa Ellipticals with a bulge and thin disk, but no spiral arms
11 Galaxy Formation Not very well understood More complicated than stellar formation, and harder to observe Formation of galaxies begins after Big Bang Different than star formation because galaxies may collide and merge
12 Galaxies are probably built up by mergers Contrast to break up of clouds in star formation Our own Milky Way is eating up the neighboring Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy Galaxy Formation
13 Galaxy Mergers Start with high density of small proto-galaxies Galaxies merge and turn into bigger galaxies Actual photo (HST): lots of small galaxies
14 The Mass of the Galaxy Can be determined using Kepler s 3 rd Law Solar System: the orbital velocities of planets determined by mass of Sun Galaxy: orbital velocities of stars are determined by total mass of the galaxy contained within that star s orbit Two key results: large mass contained in a very small volume at center of our Galaxy Much of the mass of the Galaxy is not observed consists neither of stars, nor of gas or dust extends far beyond visible part of our galaxy ( dark halo )
15 Galaxy Masses Rotation curves of spiral galaxies comparable to milky way Masses vary greatly
16 The Missing Mass Problem Dark Matter is dark at all wavelengths, not just visible light The Universe as a whole consists of up to 25% of Dark Matter! Strange! What is it? Brown dwarfs? Black dwarfs? Black holes? Neutrinos? Other exotic subatomic particles? Actually: Most of the universe (70%) consists of Dark Energy Even stranger!
17 Missing Mass Problem Actual data Hypothetical Keplerian motion Keplerian Motion: more distance from center less gravitational pull slower rotational speed
18 The Tully-Fisher Relation A relation between the rotation speed of a spiral galaxy and its luminosity The more mass a galaxy has the brighter it is the faster it rotates the wider the spectral lines are Measuring rotation speed allows us to estimate luminosity; comparing to observed (apparent) brightness then tells us the distance
19 Beyond the Galactic Scale Clusters of Galaxies The Local Group The Virgo Cluster
20 Superclusters: Clusters of Galaxy Clusters
21 Strings, filaments, voids Reflect structure of the universe close to the Big Bang Largest known structure: the Great Wall (70 Mpc 200 Mpc!) Beyond Superclusters
22 Latest Results from the 2dF Survey
23 Cosmology The part of astronomy (and astrophysics) that deals with the greatest structures in the universe and the evolution of the universe itself!
24 Cosmological Questions What is in the universe? How do these things interact? How does the universe change in time? Is there a beginning? Is there an end?
25 What s in the Universe? THE UNIVERSE clusters and superclusters galaxies like the Milky Way quasars Stars nebulae molecular clouds star clusters Solar System black holes pulsars Sun planets moons comets meteors asteroids dust terrestrial jovian voids Big..small
26 So, why is the night sky dark? (Olbers Paradox) Conclusion: either Universe is not infinite or Universe changes in time
27 Observation III: Everything is moving away from us! Measure spectrum of galaxies and compare to laboratory measurement lines are shifted towards red This is the Doppler effect: Red-shifted objects are moving away from us
28 Hubble s Law The final rung on the cosmic distance ladder Hubble s observations (1920 s): Light from distant galaxies is redshifted The more distant the galaxy, the greater the red-shift Interpretation: Galaxies are moving away from us More distant galaxies are moving faster The universe is expanding, carrying the galaxies with it!
29 Doppler Shifts of Galaxies Hubble, 1929
30 Hubble s Law Velocity = H 0 Distance Distance = Velocity /H 0 H 0 = (68 ± 1) km/sec/mpc is Hubble s constant Compare to distance = velocity time Appears the universe exploded from a single point in the past the Big Bang Age of the universe is 1/H 0 or about 14 billion years
31 Example Object that is 2 Mpc away recesses with v = H d = (68 km/s/mpc) (2Mpc) = 136 km/s Object that is receding with 27,200 km/s has distance d = v/h = (27,200 km/s)/ (68 km/s/mpc) = 400 Mpc
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