ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY REVIEW QUESTIONS

Transcription

1 1. Which process is responsible for the greatest loss of energy from Earth's surface into space on a clear night? A) condensation B) conduction C) radiation D) convection 2. Which type of land surface will most likely absorb the greatest amount of incoming solar radiation? A) rough, dark-colored surface B) rough, light-colored surface C) smooth, dark-colored surface D) smooth, light-colored surface Base your answers to questions 3 and 4 on the diagram below, which represents the greenhouse effect in which heat energy is trapped in Earth's atmosphere 3. The Earth surface that best absorbs short-wave solar radiation has which characteristics? A) black and rough B) black and smooth C) white and rough D) white and smooth 4. Which type of radiation from Earth is the long-wave radiation absorbed by greenhouse gases? A) ultraviolet B) visible light C) infrared D) radio waves 5. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength? A) ultraviolet B) gamma rays C) visible light D) radio waves 6. Which color of the visible light spectrum could have a wavelength of centimeter? A) green B) orange C) yellow D) red

2 7. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of centimeter? A) ultraviolet B) infrared C) radio waves D) microwaves 8. Radiation with the wavelength centimeters is usually visible as what color? A) violet B) blue C) green D) yellow 9. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of 10 7 meter? A) gamma rays B) ultraviolet C) infrared D) radio waves 10. Which form of electromagnetic radiation has wavelengths between 10 6 meter and 10 7 meter? A) gamma B) short wave C) visible light D) infrared 11. What is the approximate wavelength of infrared radiation given off by Earth's surface? A) m B) 10 8 m C) 10 4 m D) 10 2 m 12. Which form of electromagnetic energy has a wavelength of meter? A) ultraviolet B) infrared C) FM and TV D) shortwave and AM radio 13. The wavelength of visible light is closest to A) 10 6 m B) 10 4 m C) 10 6 m D) 10 8 m 14. Most of which type of electromagnetic radiation is given off by Earth's surface at night? A) gamma rays B) ultraviolet light C) visible light D) infrared rays 15. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the shortest wavelength? A) ultraviolet B) gamma rays C) radio waves D) visible light 16. In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is most of Earth's outgoing terrestrial radiation? A) infrared B) visible C) ultraviolet D) x-rays 17. Which color of the visible light has the shortest wavelength? A) violet B) green C) yellow D) red

3 18. The diagram below represents the spectral lines from the light of an element in a laboratory on Earth. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of spectral lines from the same element when it was observed by Edwin Hubble in the light of one of the distant galaxies? A) B) C) D) 19. Which form of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength? A) ultraviolet rays B) visible light C) gamma rays D) radio waves 20. Most of the solar radiation absorbed by Earth s surface is later radiated back into space as which type of electromagnetic radiation? A) x ray B) ultraviolet C) infrared D) radio wave 21. Which type of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelength? A) infrared radiation B) radio wave radiation C) ultraviolet radiation D) x-ray radiation

4 22. Which graph best represents the relative wavelengths of the different forms of electromagnetic energy? A) B) C)

5 D) 23. Which color of the visible spectrum has the shortest wavelength? A) violet B) blue C) yellow D) red 24. Which type of land surface would probably reflect the most incoming solar radiation? A) light colored and smooth B) light colored and rough C) dark colored and smooth D) dark colored and rough 25. Scientists are concerned about the decrease in ozone in the upper atmosphere primarily because ozone protects life on Earth by absorbing certain wavelengths of A) x-ray radiation B) ultraviolet radiation C) infrared radiation D) microwave radiation 26. Which part of the Sun's electromagnetic spectrum has the longest wavelength? A) radio wave radiation B) infrared radiation C) visible light radiation D) x-ray radiation 27. The diagram below shows the types of electromagnetic energy given off by the Sun. The shaded part of the diagram shows the approximate amount of each type actually reaching Earth's surface. Which conclusion is best supported by the diagram? A) All types of electromagnetic energy reach Earth's surface. B) Gamma rays and x-rays make up the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy reaching Earth's surface. C) Visible light makes up the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy reaching Earth's surface. D) Ultraviolet and infrared radiation make up the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy reaching Earth's surface. 28. In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelengths? A) gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light B) radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays C) x-rays, infrared rays, blue light, gamma rays D) infrared rays, radio waves, blue light, red light

6 A) molecular collisions B) density currents C) electromagnetic waves D) red shifts 29. Energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth mainly by 30. What is the basic difference between ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation? A) half-life B) temperature C) wavelength D) wave velocity 31. Compared to the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, the wavelength of infrared radiation is A) shorter B) longer C) the same 32. When electromagnetic energy travels from air into water, the waves are bent due to the density differences between the air and water. This bending is called A) reflection B) refraction C) scattering D) absorption

7 33. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams and graphs below. The diagrams show the general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle latitudes during both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph shows the percentage of insolation reflected by the Earth's surface at different latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere in winter. The radiation that passes through the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface has the greatest intensity in the form of A) visible-light radiation B) infrared radiation C) ultraviolet radiation D) radio-wave radiation

8 34. The diagram below shows part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Which form of electromagnetic energy shown on the diagram has the lowest frequency and longest wavelength? A) AM radio B) infrared rays C) red light D) gamma rays 35. Which statement about electromagnetic energy is correct? A) Violet light has a longer wavelength than red light. B) X-rays have a longer wavelength than infrared waves. C) Radar waves have a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet rays. D) Gamma rays have a shorter wavelength than visible light. 36. Which is the major source of energy for most Earth processes? A) radioactive decay within the Earth's interior B) convection currents in the Earth's mantle C) radiation received from the Sun D) earthquakes along fault zones 37. All forms of electromagnetic energy have A) transverse wave properties B) the same temperature C) the same wavelength D) their own half-life 38. Which source provides the most energy for atmospheric weather changes? A) radiation from the Sun B) radioactivity from the Earth's interior C) heat stored in ocean water D) heat stored in polar ice caps 39. Compared to the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, the wavelength of infrared radiation is A) shorter B) longer C) the same 40. What happens to most of the sunlight that strikes a dark-colored area of the Earth's surface? A) It is reflected and scattered as potential energy. B) It is reflected and diffused as ultraviolet radiation. C) It is absorbed and reflected as light. D) It is absorbed and reradiated as heat. 41. As the temperature of an object approaches absolute zero (0º K), the amount of electromagnetic energy radiated by the object will A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same 42. Changing the shingles on the roof of a house to a lighter color will most likely reduce the amount of solar energy that is A) scattered B) absorbed C) reflected D) refracted 43. The energy radiated from the Sun consists of a A) narrow range of wavelengths, with ultraviolet radiation having the greatest intensity B) narrow range of wavelengths, with infrared radiation having the greatest intensity C) wide range of wavelengths, with visible radiation having the greatest intensity D) wide range of wavelengths, with x-ray radiation having the greatest intensity 44. An object that is a good radiator of electromagnetic waves is also a good A) insulator from heat B) reflector of heat C) absorber of electromagnetic energy D) refractor of electromagnetic energy

9 45. An object that is a good absorber of electromagnetic energy is also a good A) reflector of electromagnetic energy B) refractor of electromagnetic energy C) radiator of electromagnetic energy D) convector of electromagnetic energy 46. Infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light are all part of the solar spectrum. The basic difference between them is their A) wavelength B) speed C) source D) temperature 47. The graph below represents the relationship between the intensity and wavelength of the Sun's electromagnetic radiation. 49. Which of the sources of energy listed below is most nearly pollution free? A) nuclear B) solar C) coal D) natural gas 50. Which process releases 334 Joules (J) of energy for each gram of water? A) melting B) freezing C) vaporization D) condensation 51. During which phase change does water release the most heat energy? A) freezing B) melting C) condensation D) vaporization 52. When water vapor condenses, how much heat energy will be released into the atmosphere? A) 2260 joules/gram B) 334 joules/gram C) 4.18 joules/gram D) 2.11 joules/gram Which statement is best supported by the graph? A) The infrared radiation given off by the Sun occurs at a wavelength of 2,000 angstroms. B) The maximum intensity of radiation given off by the Sun occurs in the visible region. C) The infrared radiation given off by the Sun has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation. D) The electromagnetic energy given off by the Sun consists of a single wavelength. 48. How does the amount of heat energy reflected by a smooth, dark-colored concrete surface compare with the amount of heat energy reflected by a smooth, light-colored concrete surface? A) The dark-colored surface will reflect less heat energy. B) The dark-colored surface will reflect more heat energy. C) The dark-colored surface will reflect the same amount of heat energy.

10 53. The diagram below shows a student heating a pot of water over a fire. The arrows represent the transfer of heat. Letter A represents heat transfer through the metal pot, B represents heat transfer by currents in the water, and C represents heat that is felt in the air surrounding the pot. Which table correctly identifies the types of heat transfer at A, B, and C? A) B) C) D) 54. The map below shows four locations in a temperature field. The temperature of each location is given in degrees Celsius. Heat energy will normally flow from A) A to B B) A to C C) B to D D) D to C 55. The greatest amount of energy would be gained by 1,000 grams of water when it changes from A) water vapor to liquid water B) liquid water to water vapor C) liquid water to ice D) ice to liquid water 56. Pieces of lead, copper, iron, and granite, each having a mass of 1 kilogram and a temperature of 100ºC, were removed from a container of boiling water and allowed to cool under identical conditions. Which piece most likely cooled to room temperature first? A) copper B) lead C) iron D) granite

11 57. Friction occurring at an interface always produces a A) transformation of energy B) form of pollution C) chemical change D) phase change 58. When a heat source loses energy, that energy is A) reflected by a heat sink B) refracted by a heat sink C) scattered by a heat sink D) absorbed by a heat sink 59. The data table below shows the temperatures of two similar objects for 10 minutes after the objects were placed near each other. Which statement is best supported by the data? A) Some of the heat energy lost by object B was gained by object A. B) Most of the heat energy lost by object A was gained by the environment. C) Both objects lost heat energy. D) Both objects gained heat energy. 60. An insulated cup contains 200 milliliters of water at 20ºC. When 100 grams of ice is added to the water, heat energy will most likely flow from the A) water to the ice, and the temperature of the mixture will drop below 20ºC B) water to the ice, and the temperature of the mixture will rise above 20ºC C) ice to the water, and the temperature of the mixture will drop below 20ºC D) ice to the water, and the temperature of the mixture will rise above 20ºC 61. Which statement best describes the pattern of energy flow in a closed system? A) Energy flows out of the system. B) Energy flow is cyclical, so that equilibrium is never reached. C) Energy flows from energy sinks to energy sources. D) Energy flows from energy sources to energy sinks. 62. Which statement best describes the major heat flow associated with an iceberg as it drifts south from the Arctic Ocean into warmer water? A) Heat flows from the water into the ice. B) Heat flows from the ice into the water. C) A state of equilibrium exists, with neither ice nor water gaining or losing energy. D) Heat flows equally from the ice and the water into the surrounding air. 63. Heat energy transfer will normally occur between two objects that are close to each other if the objects have different A) specific heats B) temperatures C) masses D) densities 64. The diagram below shows a sealed container holding 250 milliliters of water at 80 C. The air above the water had an original temperature of 18 C. Assuming that the container does not transfer heat, which statement most accurately describes the energy exchanges inside the container? A) The air gains more heat energy than the water loses. B) The air gains less heat energy than the water loses. C) The air gains the same amount of heat energy that the water loses. D) No energy is exchanged between the water and the air.

12 65. As a lake's water temperature decreases on a cloudy night, what occurs at the interface between the lake's surface and the air above the lake? A) Energy given up by the lake is lost directly to outer space. B) More energy is gained by the lake than is gained by the air. C) The temperature of the air remains constant. D) Energy is gained by the air from the lake. 66. An ice cube is placed in a glass of water at room temperature. Which heat exchange occurs between the ice and the water within the first minute? A) The ice cube gains heat and the water loses heat. B) The ice cube loses heat and the water gains heat. C) Both the ice cube and the water gain heat. D) Both the ice cube and the water lose heat. 67. The diagram below shows temperature values at various points in a solid piece of aluminum. Toward which point will heat flow from point P? A) A B) B C) C D) D 68. Which diagram best represents heat transfer mainly by the process of conduction? A) B) C) D)

13 69. Which type of surface absorbs the greatest amount of electromagnetic energy from the Sun? A) smooth, shiny, and light colored B) smooth, shiny, and dark colored C) rough, dull, and light colored D) rough, dull, and dark colored 70. The cross section below shows two compartments of water of equal volume insulated by Styrofoam and separated by a metal dividing wall, forming a closed energy system. When the temperature of the water in compartment A decreases by 10 C, the temperature of the water in compartment B will A) remain unchanged B) decrease by only 5 C C) decrease by approximately 10 C D) increase by approximately 10 C 71. What is the primary method of heat transfer through solid rock during contact metamorphism? A) advection B) convection C) absorption D) conduction 72. The diagram below shows a solid iron bar that is being heated in a flame. The primary method of heat transfer in the solid iron bar is A) convection B) conduction C) absorption D) advection 73. By which process is heat energy transferred when molecules within a substance collide? A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) sublimation 74. Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by A) density differences B) molecular contact C) electromagnetic waves D) movement through a vacuum 75. Which statement is the best example of heat energy transfer by conduction? A) Heat energy is transferred from the bottom to the top of a lake. B) Heat energy is transferred from the surface soil to the rocks below. C) Heat energy is transferred from the Earth's surface to the upper atmosphere. D) Heat energy is transferred from the Sun to the Earth. 76. Heat energy from the lower latitudes is transferred to colder Earth regions by planetary wind circulation mainly through the process of A) conduction B) radiation C) convection D) reflection

14 77. The diagram below shows a laboratory box used to demonstrate the process of convection in the atmosphere. Which diagram has arrows that show the direction of airflow that occurs when the candle is burning? A) B) C) D) 78. The air above a burning candle is heated and rises. Which table correctly identifies the type of heat transfer within the rising air and the change in air density above the burning candle? A) B) C) D) 79. The upward movement of air in the atmosphere generally causes the temperature of that air to A) decrease and become closer to the dewpoint B) decrease and become farther from the dewpoint C) increase and become closer to the dewpoint D) increase and become farther from the dewpoint

15 80. The cross section of a house is shown below. Open stairways allow air to move from one floor to another. The ridge vent is an opening in the roof that allows air to move in or out of the attic. During a windless summer day, the air inside this house is warmed by the Sun. In which cross section do the arrows show the most likely air movement when the windows are opened?

16 A) B) C) D)

17 A) 81. On a day with no wind, the air temperature outside a house is 10 C. The air temperature inside the house in 18 C. Which diagram best represents the air circulation pattern that is most likely to occur when a window of the house is first opened? B) C) D)

18 82. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth's atmosphere located between 30 N and 30 S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. The air movement shown in the cross section is due to the process of A) condensation B) conduction C) evaporation D) convection 83. The cross sections below show different patterns of air movement in Earth's atmosphere. Air temperatures at Earth's surface are indicated in each cross section. Which cross section shows the most likely pattern of air movement in Earth's atmosphere that would result from the surface air temperatures shown? A) B) C) 84. Which atmospheric conditions would cause smoke from a campfire on a beach to blow toward the ocean? A) warm air over the land and cool air over the ocean B) humid air over the land and dry air over the ocean C) low-density air over the land and high-density air over the ocean D) high air pressure over the land and low air pressure over the ocean 85. During which process does heat transfer occur because of density differences? A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) reflection D)

19 86. Which diagram shows the normal pattern of water movement that occurs when density differences transfer energy within the beakers? A) B) 88. Which diagram best represents the direction of convection currents around the burning wood of a campfire? A) B) C) D) C) D) 89. The diagram below shows a melting ice cube. 87. Base your answer to the following question on the diagrams below. Diagram I shows a house located in Michigan. Diagram II shows a solar collector that the homeowner is using to help heat the house. Air leaves the outlet of the solar collector because the air within the solar collector becomes A) cooler and less dense B) cooler and more dense C) warmer and less dense D) warmer and more dense Which statement best describes the energy transfer? A) The meltwater is a heat source and the surrounding air is a heat sink. B) The meltwater and ice cube are both heat sources C) The ice cube and surrounding air are both heat sources. D) The ice cube is a heat sink and the surrounding air is a heat source.

20 90. The diagram below represents a large beaker of water being heated to demonstrate convection. 93. Water is being heated in a beaker as shown below. The movement of water upward from A toward B results primarily from A) differences in density in the water B) air movement across the surface of the water C) capillary action within the water D) the shape of the beaker 91. Which diagram correctly indicates why convection currents form in water when water is heated? A) B) Which drawing shows the most probable movement of water in the beaker due to the heating? A) B) C) D) 94. Which process is primarily responsible for the transfer of energy by air currents within the Earth's atmosphere? A) convection B) radiation C) absorption D) conduction C) D) 92. A piece of a plant in a classroom fishtank moved upward and across the tank, away from the water heater. When the plant reached the other side of the tank, it sank before moving back toward the heater. What type of energy transfer does this movement represent? A) convection B) conduction C) refraction D) radiation

21 95. The diagram below represents the circulation of air above Earth's surface at a coastal location during the day and at night. This local air movement is best described as an example of A) conduction between Earth's surface and the atmosphere above it B) condensation of water vapor during the day, and evaporation of water during the night C) convection resulting from temperature and pressure differences above land and water D) greater radiation from the warmer ocean during the day and from the warmer land at night 96. The diagrams below represent a laboratory model used to demonstrate convection currents. Each model shows a burning candle in a closed box with two open tubes at the top of the box. Which diagram correctly shows the air flow caused by the burning candle? A) B) C) D) 97. Most of the electromagnetic energy radiated from Earth s surface is in the form of A) ultraviolet rays B) infrared rays C) gamma rays D) x rays 98. Which process produces the energy that allows the stars of the universe to radiate visible light? A) convection B) nuclear fusion C) insolation D) radioactive decay 99. Which process transfers energy primarily by electromagnetic waves? A) radiation B) evaporation C) conduction D) convection 100. During nighttime cooling, most of the energy radiated by Earth s oceans into space is A) ultraviolet rays B) gamma rays C) visible light rays D) infrared rays

22 101. Which method of energy transfer is primarily responsible for energy being lost from Earth into space? A) conduction B) convection C) solidification D) radiation 102. By which process do light rays pass through window glass? A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) compression Base your answers to questions 103 through 105 on the diagram below. The diagram shows the pattern of air movement within a closed room At which location in the room will the density of the air be greatest? A) F B) B C) C D) E 104. Which type of energy transfer is indicated by the arrows in the diagram? A) insolation B) conduction C) convection D) radiation 105. What color should the heat source in the room be painted in order to radiate the most heat? A) red B) black C) green D) silver 106. Water vapor crystallizes in the atmosphere to form snowflakes. Which statement best describes the exchange of heat energy during this process? A) Heat energy is transferred from the atmosphere to the water vapor. B) Heat energy is released from the water vapor into the atmosphere. C) Heat energy is transferred equally to and from the water vapor. D) No heat energy is exchanged between the atmosphere and the water vapor Which action would help an air-conditioner use less energy on a hot, sunny summer day? A) opening draperies and blinds B) adding insulation in the walls and ceiling C) turning on lights and heat-producing appliances D) replacing light-colored roofing materials with dark-colored ones 108. By which process does starlight travel through space? A) absorption B) conduction C) convection D) radiation 109. Which group of substances is arranged in order of decreasing specific heat values? A) iron, granite, basalt B) copper, lead, iron C) dry air, water vapor, ice D) liquid water, ice, water vapor 110. What best explains why, in early spring, ice remains longer on Lake Erie than on the surrounding land areas when the air temperature is above freezing? A) Water has a higher specific heat than land. B) Energy is needed for water to evaporate. C) Cool winds from the surrounding land cool the ice on the lake. D) Air temperature does not affect water temperature During which phase change will the greatest amount of energy be absorbed by 1 gram of water? A) melting B) freezing C) evaporation D) condensation

23 A) condensation B) freezing C) evaporation D) melting 112. During which process does water gain the most heat energy? 113. How many joules are required to evaporate 1 gram of boiling water? A) 4 B) 335 C) 2260 D) Equal volumes of the four samples shown below were placed outside and heated by energy from the Suns rays for 30 minutes. The surface temperature of which sample increased at the slowest rate? A) water B) copper pennies C) basaltic sand D) iron fragments 115. Which process requires water to gain 2260 Joules of energy per gram? A) vaporization B) condensation C) melting D) freezing 116. When 1 gram of liquid water at 0 Celsius freezes to form ice, how many total Joules of heat are lost by the water? A) 4.18 B) 2.11 C) 334 D) Which phase change requires water to gain 2260 Joules per gram? A) solid ice melting B) liquid water freezing C) liquid water vaporizing D) water vapor condensing 118. Land surfaces of Earth heat more rapidly than water surfaces because A) more energy from the Sun falls on land than on water B) land has a lower specific heat than water C) sunlight penetrates to greater depths in land than in water D) less of Earth s surface is covered by land than by water 119. During which phase change of water is the most energy released into the environment? A) water freezing B) ice melting C) water evaporating D) water vapor condensing 120. On a clear summer day, the surface of land is usually warmer than the surface of a nearby body of water because the water A) receives less insolation B) reflects less insolation C) has a higher density D) has a higher specific heat 121. Liquid water can store more heat energy than an equal amount of any other naturally occurring substance because liquid water A) covers 71% of Earth s surface B) has its greatest density at 4 C C) has the higher specific heat D) can be changed into a solid or a gas

24 122. The same amount of heat energy is added to equal masses of lead, iron, basalt, and water at room temperature. Assuming no phase change takes place, which substance will have the smallest change in temperature? A) lead B) iron C) basalt D) water 123. Which diagram correctly shows the processes that change the states of matter? A) Base your answers to questions 126 and 127 on the diagram below. Soil and water were heated for 10 minutes from a starting temperature of 20 C. B) C) D) 126. After the heat lamp is turned off and removed from the area, how will the cooling rates of the soil and water compare? A) The soil will cool faster because it is a good reflector. B) The soil will cool faster because it has a lower specific heat. C) The water will cool faster because it is a good absorber. D) The water will cool faster because it has a higher specific heat What were the rates of heating for the soil and water? A) soil: 1.8º C/min; water: 0.4º C/min B) soil: 9º C/min; water: 2º C/min C) soil: 20º C/min; water: 20º C/min D) soil: 38º C/min; water: 24º C/min 124. A large amount of latent heat is absorbed by water during A) evaporation B) freezing C) condensation D) precipitation 125. Insolation is often converted into potential energy by A) evaporation of water from the oceans B) formation of fog in a valley C) freezing of water droplets on a highway D) precipitation of rain from a thunderstorm

25 Base your answers to questions 128 through 132 on the diagrams below which show the steps used to determine the amount of heat held by equal masses of iron, copper, lead, and granite The granite sample is transferred from the boiling water to the room-temperature water. Why is the total heat lost by the granite greater than the total heat gained by the room-temperature water? A) The granite sample had less volume than the other samples. B) The granite sample lost some heat to the air as it was being transferred. C) Water gained heat from the insulated container. D) Water has a lower specific heat than the granite sample This method of determining the amount of heat absorbed by substances assumes that the energy lost by a heat source is A) refracted by a heat sink B) reflected by a heat sink C) absorbed by a heat sink D) scattered by a heat sink 130. The movements of water molecules that transfer heat from one place to another within the water are called A) radiation waves B) transverse waves C) conduction collisions D) convection currents 131. Why must the water be kept boiling in step B? A) All samples must be heated to the same high temperature. B) Boiling changes the melting point of the materials being tested. C) The samples must be heated above 100ºC. D) Less energy is lost during a phase change Which substance has the highest specific heat? A) copper B) granite C) iron D) lead

26 133. During which phase change does water absorb the most heat? A) freezing B) melting C) condensation D) evaporation Base your answers to questions 134 through 137 on the graph below which shows the temperatures recorded when a sample of water was heated from 100 C to 200 C. The water received the same amount of heat every minute The greatest amount of energy was absorbed by the water between points A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and E 135. What is the rate of temperature change between points C and D? A) 10 C/min B) 25 C/min C) 50 C/min D) 150 C/min 136. How many joules were required to change 10 grams of liquid water at point D to water vapor at point E? A) 300 joules B) 3,000 joules C) 22,600 joules D) 678,000 joules 137. At which point in time would most of the water be in the liquid phase? A) 1 minute B) 14 minutes C) 16 minutes D) 4 minutes 138. Water loses energy when it changes phase from A) gas to liquid B) solid to liquid C) solid to gas D) liquid to gas 139. A student placed two containers of soil in direct sunlight for 10 minutes and observed that moist soil warmed more slowly than dry soil. Which statement best explains this difference? A) The moist soil was darker and absorbed less energy. B) The water in the moist soil absorbed energy, evaporated, and cooled the soil. C) The dry soil was rougher and reflected more sunlight. D) The dry soil was lighter in color and received less energy.

27 140. Which material requires the least amount of energy to change its temperature 1ºC per gram? A) iron B) ice C) water D) lead 141. The graph below shows temperature changes in a liter of snow as heat energy is added at a constant rate. Base your answers to questions 146 through 148 on the graph below, which shows the temperature increase of samples of water, granite, iron, and lead. Each sample has a mass of 100 grams. Each sample was placed an equal distance from a light bulb and heated for a 10-minute period. This investigation was performed at room temperature under ordinary classroom conditions. During which time interval was latent heat of fusion added to the snow? A) 0-5 minutes B) 5-15 minutes C) minutes D) minutes 142. Which substance requires the greatest amount of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance 1ºC? A) solid ice B) dry air C) water vapor D) liquid water 143. An increase in latent heat can cause liquid water to A) melt B) condense C) freeze D) evaporate 144. Equal masses of basalt, copper, granite, and iron that are at room temperature are placed in boiling water. Which sample would reach the same temperature as the boiling water first? A) basalt B) copper C) granite D) iron 145. At which temperature will ice melt under normal conditions? A) 0 K B) 32 K C) 212 K D) 273 K 146. Which statement best describes the amount of energy received by the samples? A) The water received the most energy. B) The lead received the most energy. C) The granite received the most energy. D) All samples received the same amount of energy Which sample would decrease in temperature at the greatest rate after the heat source is removed? A) iron B) lead C) granite D) water 148. During the first 7 minutes of heating, approximately how many degrees did the temperature rise in the lead sample? A) 14 B) 2.3 C) 3.9 D) 4.8

28 149. What energy exchange occurs when liquid water at 0 C turns to ice at 0 C? A) The water loses energy. B) The air around the water loses energy. C) The ice gains energy. D) The air and the water both gain energy Which process requires the addition of energy to water? A) freezing of water B) cooling of water C) vaporization of water D) condensation of water 151. Which graph best illustrates the temperature changes on adjacent land and water surfaces as they are heated by the Sun from sunrise to noon on the same day? A) B) 155. What is the total number of energy required to melt 1 gram of ice at 0 C to liquid water at 0 C? A) 1 J B) 334 J C) 3340 J D) 2260 J 156. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 10. grams of granite from 20.ºC to 30.ºC? A) 7.9 J B) 10 J C) 79 J D) 100 J 157. What is the heat energy required to change 2 grams of liquid water at 100ºC to water vapor at 100ºC? A) 334 J B) 668 J C) 2260 J D) 4520 J C) D) 152. If equal masses of water in various phases (states) are compared, which phase will contain the greatest amount of stored energy (latent heat)? A) solid ice B) liquid water C) water vapor 153. Which substance has the highest specific heat? A) iron B) water C) lead D) granite 154. As heat energy is added to an open container of boiling water, the temperature of the boiling water will A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same

29 Base your answers to questions 158 through 161 on the graph below which shows the results of a laboratory activity in which a sample of ice at 50 C was heated at a uniform rate for 80 minutes. The ice has a mass of 200 grams How many Joules of heat energy would be required to melt a 5-gram piece of ice at 0ºC? A) 10.5 J B) 334 J C) 1670 J D) J 165. How much heat energy will be lost by a 2.0-gram mass of water as it cools from 40ºC to 35ºC? A) 10 J B) 8.36 J C) 41.2 J D) 80 J 166. How many Joules of energy does 1.0 gram of water lose when it freezes? A) 4.18 J B) 2.11 J C) 334 J D) 2260 J 158. During which interval of the graph is a phase change occurring? A) A to B B) E to F C) C to D D) D to E 159. Which change could shorten the time needed to melt the ice completely? A) using colder ice B) stirring the sample more slowly C) reducing the initial sample to 100 grams of ice D) reducing the number of temperature readings taken 160. What was the temperature of the water 20 minutes after heating began? A) 70 C B) 100 C C) 110 C D) 150 C 161. What was the total amount of energy absorbed by the sample during the time between points B and C on the graph? A) 334 joules B) 9,124 joules C) 26,720 joules D) 66,800 joules 162. What is the total number of Joules of heat energy gained by 3 grams of water when it is heated from 40ºC to 60ºC? A) 12.5 B) 125 C) 251 D) How much energy is required to raise the temperature of 5 grams of iron from -10ºC to +30ºC? A) 9 J B) 18 J C) 90 J D) 167 J

30 Base your answers to questions 167 through 171 on the graph below which shows the temperatures recorded when a sample of water was heated at a constant rate from 50 C to 100 C during a 20-minute period How many Joules of heat energy are required to raise the temperature of 6 grams of copper from 100C to 150C? A) 114 B) 228 C) 342 D) The seasonal shifts of Earth's planetary wind and moisture belts are due to changes in the A) distance between Earth and the Sun B) amount of energy given off by the Sun C) latitude that receives the Sun's vertical rays D) rate of Earth's rotation on its axis 174. The diagram below represents Earth and the Sun's incoming rays. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth's surface The greatest amount of energy is required to heat the sample from point A) A to point B B) B to point C C) C to point D D) D to point E 168. Between which points was the temperature changing at the greatest rate? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and E 169. Between points D and E the water most likely was A) freezing B) melting C) vaporizing D) condensing 170. The water temperature reached 65 C after the sample had been heated for approximately how many minutes? A) 5 min B) 7 min C) 3 min D) 9 min 171. How many calories of heat would be used to change the temperature of 20 grams of the water from the temperature at point C to the temperature at point D? A) 200 calories B) 540 calories C) 800 calories D) 2,000 calories Which two locations are receiving the same intensity of insolation? A) A and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and B

31 175. The diagram below indicates regions of daylight and darkness on Earth on the first day of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. Four latitudes are labeled A, B, C, and D. At which latitude is the Sun above the horizon for the least number of hours on the day shown? A) A B) B C) C D) D 176. Equal areas of which surface will absorb the most insolation? A) partially melted snowfield B) blacktop parking lot C) white sand beach D) lake surface

32 Base your answers to questions 177 through 179 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents four apparent paths of the Sun, labeled A, B, C, and D, observed in Jamestown, New York. The June 21 and December 21 sunrise and sunset positions are indicated. Letter S identifies the Sun's position on path C at a specific time of day. Compass directions are indicated along the horizon When the Sun appears to travel along path D at Jamestown, which latitude on Earth receives the most direct rays from the Sun? A) 42 N B) 23.5 N C) 0 D) 23.5 S 178. At what time of day is the Sun at position S? A) 6 a.m. B) 9 a.m. C) 3 p.m. D) 6 p.m The greatest duration of insolation in Jamestown occurs when the Sun appears to travel along path A) A B) B C) C D) D 180. Which two 23.5 latitude locations are influenced by cool surface ocean currents? A) the east coast of North America and the west coast of Australia B) the east coast of Asia and the east coast of North America C) the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America D) the west coast of North America and the west coast of South America 181. Which factor has the greatest influence on the number of daylight hours that a particular Earth surface location receives? A) longitude B) latitude C) diameter of Earth D) distance from the Sun

33 182. Which graph best shows the length of a shadow cast from sunrise to sunset by a flagpole in New York State? A) B) C) D) 183. In New York State, the risk of sunburn is greatest between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. on summer days because A) the air temperature is hot B) the angle of insolation is high C) Earth's surface reflects most of the sunlight D) the Sun is closest to Earth 184. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents Earth in its orbit around the Sun. The position of Earth on the first day of each season is labeled A, B, C, and D. At which location are the Sun's noontime rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the Tropic of Cancer? (23.5 N)? A) A B) B C) C D) D

34 185. Which graph best represents the general relationship between latitude and average surface temperature? A) B) C) D) 186. In New York State, summer is warmer than winter because in summer New York State has A) fewer hours of daylight and receives low-angle insolation B) fewer hours of daylight and receives high-angle insolation C) more hours of daylight and receives low-angle insolation D) more hours of daylight and receives high-angle insolation 187. Very cold climates occur at Earth s North and South Poles because the polar regions A) are usually farthest from the Sun B) absorb the greatest amount of insolation C) receive the most hours of daylight D) receive low-angle insolation

35 188. Which graph best shows the general relationship between the altitude of the noontime Sun and the intensity of insolation received at a location? A) B) C) D) 189. The average temperature at Earth s equator is higher than the average temperature at Earth s South Pole because the South Pole A) receives less intense insolation B) receives more infrared radiation C) has less land area D) has more cloud cover

36 190. In which diagram is the observer experiencing the greatest intensity of insolation? A) B) C) 193. On which day of the year would the intensity of insolation at Kingston, New York, most likely be greatest? A) March 21 B) June 21 C) September 23 D) December If Earth s axis were tilted 35 instead of 23.5, the average temperatures in Vermont would most likely A) decrease in both summer and winter B) decrease in summer and increase in winter C) increase in summer and decrease in winter D) increase in both summer and winter 195. How many times will the Sun s perpendicular rays cross Earth s Equator between March 1 of one year and March 1 of the next year? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) The diagram below shows the noontime shadow cast by a vertical post located in New York State. D) 191. If Earth s axis were tilted less than 23.5, which seasonal average temperature change would occur in New York State? A) Spring and fall would be cooler. B) Spring and fall would be warmer. C) Winter would be cooler. D) Summer would be cooler The coldest climates on Earth are located at or near the poles primarily because Earth s polar regions A) receive mostly low-angle insolation B) receive less total yearly hours of daylight C) absorb the greatest amount of insolation D) are usually farthest from the Sun Which letter indicates a location west of the post? A) A B) B C) C D) D

37 197. Which graph best represents the relationship between the angle of insolation and the intensity of insolation? A) B) 199. The diagram below represents Earth at a specific position in its orbit as viewed from space. The shaded area represents nighttime. C) D) 198. The diagram below shows a classroom demonstration. Two identical flashlights were placed in the positions shown and they illuminated areas of varying size, A and B, on a classroom globe. Thermometers were then placed at the center of each illuminated area to measure the rate of temperature increase. Readings were taken over a period of 30 minutes. Which Earth latitude receives the greatest intensity of insolation when Earth is at the position shown in the diagram? A) 0 B) 23 N C) 55 N D) 90 N 200. The diagram below shows the apparent path of the Sun as viewed by an observer at a certain Earth location on March 21. Students most likely observed that the temperature of area A increased at a A) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were less concentrated B) slower rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more slanted C) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays that were more perpendicular to the surface D) faster rate than the temperature of area B because area A received rays with less total energy At which latitude is the observer located? A) the Equator (0 ) B) 23 N C) 66 N D) 90 N

38 201. The average temperature at Earth s North Pole is colder than the average temperature at the Equator because the Equator A) receives less ultraviolet radiation B) receives more intense insolation C) has more cloud cover D) has a thicker atmosphere 202. The graph below shows air temperatures on a clear summer day from 7 a.m. to 12 noon at two locations, one in Florida and one in New York State To an observer in Pennsylvania, the Sun appears to rise each day somewhere along the A) northern horizon B) southern horizon C) eastern horizon D) western horizon Air temperature rose slightly faster in Florida than in New York State because Florida A) has a lower angle of insolation B) has a higher angle of insolation C) is closer to the Prime Meridian D) is farther from the Prime Meridian 203. Earth's coldest climates are near the North Pole and the South Pole mainly because, compared to the rest of Earth's surface, these regions A) receive more total hours of daylight B) receive less intense insolation C) absorb a greater amount of insolation D) are farther from the Sun

39 Base your answers to questions 205 and 206 on the map below, which shows the location of the Heat Equator for July and January. A Heat Equator is a line connecting the locations of the highest average monthly temperatures Why does the location of the Heat Equator change more over the land than over the oceans? A) Land temperatures are cooler than ocean temperatures. B) The prevailing winds change direction as they pass over land. C) Hurricanes form over oceans and cool the water surfaces. D) Oceans have a higher specific heat than land What would be the effect on the positions of the Heat Equators in July and January if the tilt of Earth's axis increased to 33.5º? A) The Heat Equator would move farther north in July and farther south in January. B) The Heat Equator would move farther south in July and farther north in January. C) Both Heat Equators would be identical to the geographic Equator at 0º latitude. D) The positions of both Heat Equators would remain in the locations shown.

40 207. The diagram below shows Earth revolving around the Sun Which diagram shows the position of the Earth relative to the Suns rays during a winter day in the Northern Hemisphere? A) B) C) At which location in Earth's orbit will the maximum surface temperatures occur in Earth's Northern Hemisphere? A) at A B) between B and C C) between D and A D) at D 208. A student in North Carolina observes the altitude of the Sun at solar noon each day from January 1 through June 1. The altitude of the Sun will A) decrease, only B) increase, only C) decrease, then increase D) increase, then decrease D) 210. The factor that contributes most to the seasonal temperature changes during 1 year in North Carolina is the changing A) speed at which the Earth travels in its orbit around the Sun B) angle at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth's surface C) distance between the Earth and the Sun D) energy given off by the Sun 211. Which angle of the Sun above the horizon produces the greatest intensity of sunlight? A) 70 B) 60 C) 40 D) The hottest climates on Earth are located near the Equator because this region A) is usually closest to the Sun B) reflects the greatest amount of insolation C) receives the most hours of daylight D) receives the most nearly perpendicular insolation

41 213. At which latitude does the Earth receive the greatest intensity of insolation on June 21? A) 0 B) 23 South C) 23 North D) 90 North 214. The diagram below shows the apparent path of the Sun for an observer in New York State The diagram below shows the noontime shadow cast by a vertical post located in New Jersey. Which letter indicates a location south of the post? For this observer, the intensity of insolation is least when the Sun is at point A) A B) B C) C D) D 215. Base your answer to the following question on the latitude and longitude system shown below. The map represents a part of the Earth's surface and its latitude-longitude coordinates. Points A through F represent locations in this area. A) A B) B C) C D) D 217. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows a post located in the Northern Hemisphere. Five different shadows, A', B', C', D', and E', are cast on a certain day by the post when the Sun is in positions A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Which location would have the greatest angle of insolation on June 21? A) A B) E C) C D) F Which statement would be true if this post were located at the Equator on March 21? A) There would be no shadows at sunrise or sunset. B) There would be no shadow at solar noon. C) Shadow C' would point north at solar noon. D) Shadow C' would point south at solar noon.

42 218. On a given day, which factors have the most effect on the amount of insolation received at a location on the Earth's surface? A) longitude and elevation B) latitude and elevation C) longitude and time of day D) latitude and time of day 219. The amount of insolation reflected from the Earth's surface at a particular time is most dependent on the A) angle of the Sun's rays B) temperature of the Earth's surface C) amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere D) distance from the Earth to the Sun 220. Which graph best represents the intensity of insolation and the surface temperature for a location at the Equator? A) B) C) D)

43 Base your answers to questions 221 through 223 on the diagrams below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagrams, labeled A, B, and C, represent equal-sized portions of the Sun's rays striking Earth's surface at 23.5 N latitude at noon at three different times of the year. The angle at which the Sun's rays hit Earth's surface and the relative areas of Earth's surface receiving the rays at the three different angles of insolation are shown Which graph best shows the duration of insolation at this location as the angle of insolation changes? A) B) C) D) 222. As the angle of the Sun's rays striking Earth's surface at noon changes from 90 to 43, the length of a shadow cast by an object will A) decrease B) increase C) decrease, then increase D) increase, then decrease 223. As viewed in sequence from A to B to C, these diagrams represent which months and which change in the intensity of insolation? A) December March June; and decreasing intensity B) December March June; and increasing intensity C) June September December; and decreasing intensity D) June September December; and increasing intensity

44 224. The diagram below shows the position of the Earth in relation to rays of light from the Sun. A, B, and C are three positions on the Earth's surface The map below shows isolines of average daily insolation received in calories per square centimeter per minute at the Earth's surface. If identical solar collectors are placed at the lettered locations, which collector would receive the least insolation? Which graph best shows the relationship between intensity of insolation and position on the Earth's surface? A) B) C) D) A) A B) B C) C D) D 227. In the diagram below, a vertical post casts shadows A, B, C, and D at four different times during the day. Which shadow was cast when this location was receiving the greatest intensity of insolation? 225. What happens to the angle of insolation on June 21 between solar noon and 6 p.m. in New York State? A) It decreases steadily. B) It increases steadily. C) It remains the same. D) It first increases and then decreases. A) shadow A B) shadow B C) shadow C D) shadow D 228. Compared to polar areas, why are equatorial areas of equal size heated much more intensely by the Sun? A) The Sun's rays are more nearly perpendicular at the Equator than at the poles. B) The equatorial areas contain more water than the polar areas do. C) More hours of daylight occur at the Equator than at the poles. D) The equatorial areas are nearer to the Sun than the polar areas are.

45 A) B) 229. Each of the sunbeams in the diagrams below contains the same amount of electromagnetic energy and each sunbeam is striking the same type of surface. Which surface is receiving the greatest amount of energy per unit area where the sunbeam strikes the surface? C) D) 230. The graph below shows the general relationship between latitude and the duration of insolation on a particular day of the year. Which date is represented by the graph? A) March 21 B) June 21 C) September 21 D) December 21

46 Base your answers to questions 231 through 233 on the graph below, which shows the amount of insolation during one year at four different latitudes on Earth's surface Why is less insolation received at the equator in June than in March or September? A) The daylight period is longest at the equator in June. B) Winds blow insolation away from the equator in June. C) The Sun s vertical rays are north of the equator in June. D) Thick clouds block the Sun s vertical rays at the equator in June This graph shows that insolation varies with A) latitude and time of day B) latitude and time of year C) longitude and time of day D) longitude and time of year 233. Why is insolation 0 cal/cm 2 /min from October through February at 90º N? A) Snowfields reflect sunlight during that time. B) Dust in the atmosphere blocks sunlight during that time. C) The Sun is continually below the horizon during that time. D) Intense cold prevents insolation from being absorbed during that time.

47 234. The table below shows the duration of insolation (hours of daylight) measured by four observers, W, X, Y, and Z, at four different Earth latitudes on both March 21 and June 21. There were clear skies at all four latitudes on both days. Which observer was located at the Equator? A) W B) X C) Y D) Z 235. The table below shows the duration of insolation at different latitudes for three different days during the year. Which dates are represented most correctly by Day 1, Day 2, and Day 3, respectively? A) March 21, September 22, December 21 B) June 21, September 22, December 21 C) September 22, December 21, March 21 D) December 21, March 21, June On June 21, some Earth locations have 24 hours of daylight. These locations are all between the latitudes of A) 0 and 23 N B) 23 N and 47 N C) 47 N and 66 N D) 66 N and 90 N

48 Base your answers to questions 237 through 239 on the diagram below, which shows the tilt of Earth on its axis in relation to the Sun on one particular day. Points A through E are locations on Earth s surface. Point D is located in Virginia. The dashed line represents Earth s axis What is the latitude of location A? A) 0 B) 23 N C) 63 S D) 90 N 238. Which diagram best represents the angle of the Sun s rays received at location C at noon on this day? A) B) C) D) 239. On this day, which location has the greatest number of hours of daylight? A) E B) B C) C D) D 240. A student in Georgia observed that the noon Sun increased in altitude each day during the first part of a certain month and then decreased in altitude each day later in the month. During which month were these observations made? A) February B) June C) September D) November

49 Base your answers to questions 241 through 244 on the graph below which represents the duration of insolation at four different latitudes on Earth on four different dates On September 23, the duration of insolation at all four locations is 12 hours. The Sun is directly overhead at which latitude? A) 0 B) 23 N C) 23 S D) 90 N 242. Buenos Aires, located at 41 S, receives the shortest duration of insolation on A) March 21 B) June 22 C) September 23 D) December At solar noon on June 22, the shadow of a vertical pole in Buenos Aires would point A) northward B) southward C) eastward D) westward 244. The total number of daylight hours during an entire year is A) greatest at 41 N B) greatest at 41 S C) different at each of the four locations D) the same at each of the four locations 245. Which graph best represents the duration of insolation during the year at the Equator? A) B) C) D) 246. On which two dates could all locations on Earth have equal hours of day and night? A) September 23 and December 21 B) December 21 and March 21 C) March 21 and June 21 D) March 21 and September In Maine, which day has the shortest duration of insolation? A) March 21 B) June 21 C) June 21 D) December 21

50 248. The diagram below shows Earth as viewed from space on December The diagrams below represent Earth's tilt on its axis on four different dates. The shaded portion represents the nighttime side of Earth. Which diagram best represents the day on which the longest duration of insolation occurs in New York State? A) B) The longest duration of insolation on December 21 will occur at A) 90 N B) 30 N C) 30 S D) 90 S 249. Locations in California are warmest in summer because sunlight in summer is A) least intense and of shortest duration B) least intense and of longest duration C) most intense and of shortest duration D) most intense and of longest duration 250. In Maine, which day has the shortest period of daylight? A) March 21 B) June 21 C) September 21 D) December 21 C) D) 252. The graph below shows the average daily temperatures and the duration of insolation for a location in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during a year. Compared to the date of maximum duration of insolation, the date of maximum surface temperature for this location is A) earlier in the year B) later in the year C) the same day of the year

51 253. When do maximum surface temperatures usually occur in the Northern Hemisphere? A) early June to mid-june B) mid-july to early August C) late August to mid-september D) mid-september to early October 254. In the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, the warmest month is usually A) February B) July C) April D) October 255. In New York State, the number of hours of daylight each day increases continuously from A) March 1 to May 1 B) June 1 to August 1 C) September 1 to November 1 D) December 1 to February Approximately how many hours of daylight are received at the North Pole on June 21? A) 0 B) 12 C) 18 D) On which date does maximum insolation usually occur in New Jersey? A) June 21 B) July 10 C) August 21 D) August Which two factors determine the number of hours of daylight at a particular location? A) longitude and season B) longitude and the Earth's average diameter C) latitude and season D) latitude and the Earth's average diameter 259. The graph below indicates the average number of daylight hours and the average surface air temperature over a 12-month period at a specific location on the Earth. Based on the graph, the highest average surface air temperature occurs A) on June 21 B) between June 21 and September 23 C) on December 21 D) between December 21 and March The ozone layer helps life on Earth because ozone A) modifies the normal El Niño weather pattern B) reflects insolation from the Sun C) absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun D) deflects winds from a straight line to a curved path 261. Ozone is important to life on Earth because ozone A) cools refrigerators and air-conditioners B) absorbs energy that is reradiated by Earth C) absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation D) destroys excess atmospheric carbon dioxide 262. When part of the ozone layer is destroyed, radiation reaches the Earth's surface in increasing amounts. Which type of radiation increases the most? A) visible light B) ultraviolet radiation C) infrared radiation D) gamma rays

52 263. Ozone gas in the Earth's atmosphere helps to protect life on the Earth. This protection is due to the ability of ozone to absorb A) radio waves B) ultraviolet radiation C) gamma radiation D) visible light 264. Equal areas of which type of Earth surface will absorb more insolation and radiate more energy back toward space in the same amount of time? A) light colored and rough B) dark colored and rough C) light colored and smooth D) dark colored and smooth 265. Compared to a light-colored rock with a smooth surface, a dark-colored rock with a rough surface will A) both absorb and reflect less insolation B) both absorb and reflect more insolation C) absorb less insolation and reflect more insolation D) absorb more insolation and reflect less insolation 266. An increase in the transparency of Earth s atmosphere is often caused by A) a decrease in cloud cover B) a decrease in solar radiation C) an increase in airborne dust particles D) an increase in the duration of insolation 267. For weeks after a series of major volcanic eruptions, Earth's surface air temperatures are often A) warmer because ash and dust decrease atmospheric transparency B) warmer because ash and dust increase atmospheric transparency C) cooler because ash and dust decrease atmospheric transparency D) cooler because ash and dust increase atmospheric transparency 268. Which change would cause a decrease in the amount of insolation absorbed at Earths surface? A) a decrease in cloud cover B) a decrease in atmospheric transparency C) an increase in the duration of daylight D) an increase in nitrogen gas 269. Most insolation striking a smooth, light-colored, solid surface is A) refracted B) transmitted C) reflected D) absorbed

53 270. The diagram below indicates the amount of solar radiation that is reflected by equal areas of various materials on Earth's surface. Which material absorbs the most solar radiation? A) grassy field B) fresh snow C) sand D) forest 271. Under identical conditions, which surface will reflect the greatest amount of insolation? A) a basaltic sand beach B) a pine tree forest C) a glacial ice sheet D) a blacktop parking lot 272. One result of a large volcanic eruption is that surface air temperatures decrease over a sizable region of Earth. This phenomenon occurs because volcanic eruptions usually decrease the A) transparency of the atmosphere B) number of dust particles entering the atmosphere C) amount of moisture in the atmosphere D) reflection of sunlight within the atmosphere 273. Compared to dull and rough rock surfaces, shiny and smooth rock surfaces are most likely to cause sunlight to be A) reflected B) refracted C) scattered D) absorbed

54 274. The diagram below shows a cylinder filled with clean water. At the left of the cylinder is a light source, and at the right of the cylinder is a meter that measures the intensity (brightness) of light as it passes through the water. One minute after the light is turned on, a mixture of sand, silt, and clay is poured into the cylinder. Which graph shows the probable change in light intensity (brightness) recorded during the 6-minute period after the light is turned on? A) B) C) D)

55 275. The graph below shows atmospheric temperature variations on Earth between 1956 and The dates of three major volcanic eruptions are indicated The data table below compares the percentage of sunlight reflected from various types of Earth surfaces. What is the most probable reason that Earth's atmospheric temperature decreased shortly after each major volcanic eruption? A) Water droplets produced by the eruptions absorbed terrestrial reradiation. B) Ozone produced by the eruptions absorbed ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. C) Volcanic dust from the eruptions blocked insolation. D) Carbon dioxide gas from the eruptions blocked terrestrial reradiation Which of the following Earth surfaces usually reflects the most incoming solar radiation? A) snow cover B) green grass C) dark soil D) lake water Which statement is best supported by the table? A) Light-colored surfaces reflect more sunlight than dark-colored surfaces. B) Rough surfaces reflect more sunlight than smooth surfaces. C) Soil surfaces reflect more sunlight than cloud surfaces. D) Vegetative surfaces reflect more sunlight than ice surfaces.

56 278. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows two identical houses, A and B, in a city in North Carolina. One house was built on the east side of a factory, and the other house was built on the west side of the factory. Both houses originally had white roofs, but the roof on house B has been blackened by factory soot falling on it over the years. Compared to the amount of insolation reflected by the roof of house A, the amount of insolation reflected by the roof of house B is A) usually less B) usually greater C) always the same D) less in summer and greater in winter

57 Base your answers to questions 279 through 282 on the diagrams and graphs below. The diagrams show the general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle latitudes during both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph shows the percentage of insolation reflected by the Earth's surface at different latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere in winter Approximately what percentage of the insolation actually reaches the ground at 45º North latitude on a clear day? A) 100% B) 80% C) 60% D) 45% 280. Which statement best explains why, at high latitudes, reflectivity of insolation is greater in winter than in summer? A) The North Pole is tilted toward the Sun in winter. B) Snow and ice reflect almost all insolation. C) The colder air holds much more moisture. D) Dust settles quickly in cold air According to the graph, on a winter day at 70º North latitude, what approximate percentage of the insolation is reflected by the Earth's surface? A) 50% B) 65% C) 85% D) 100% 282. Which factor keeps the greatest percentage of insolation from reaching the Earth's surface on cloudy days? A) absorption by cloud droplets B) reflection by cloud droplets C) absorption by clear-air gas molecules D) reflection by clear-air gas molecules

58 283. The graph below shows the air temperatures recorded at a city in the United States on two days in July: a clear day and an overcast day. Which statement best explains the differences in temperatures between the clear day and the overcast day? A) Clear skies usually accompany a warm front. B) Clear skies occur most often during nighttime hours. C) Clouds increase the amount of heat energy escaping the Earth's atmosphere at night. D) Clouds prevent much of the Sun's heat energy from reaching the Earth's surface during the daytime hours How do clouds affect the temperature at the Earth's surface? A) Clouds block sunlight during the day and prevent heat from escaping at night. B) Clouds block sunlight during the day and allow heat to escape at night. C) Clouds allow sunlight to reach the Earth during the day and prevent heat from escaping at night. D) Clouds allow sunlight to reach the Earth during the day and allow heat to escape at night If large amounts of dust are added to the atmosphere, the average air temperature will most likely A) decrease due to increased reflection of insolation B) decrease due to increased infrared absorption C) increase due to increased reflection of insolation D) increase due to increased infrared absorption 286. When visible light strikes a snow-covered, flat field at a low angle, most of the energy will be A) absorbed by the snow B) refracted by the snow C) reflected by the snow D) radiated by the snow 287. The diagram below represents what normally happens to insolation as it enters the Earth's atmosphere. An increase in cloud cover and water vapor within the Earth's atmosphere will cause an increase in A) A and B, only B) A and C, only C) C, only D) B and C, only 288. As the concentration of pollution particles in the atmosphere increases, the amount of insolation that reaches the Earth's surface will most likely A) decrease B) increase C) remain the same

59 A) conduction B) reflection C) refraction D) radiation 289. When Earth cools, most of the energy transferred from Earth s surface to space is transferred by the process of 290. Equal areas of which surface would most likely absorb the most insolation? A) smooth, white surface B) rough, white surface C) smooth, black surface D) rough, black surface 291. The diagram below shows four surfaces of equal area that absorb insolation. Which letter represents the surface that most likely absorbs the greatest amount of insolation? A) A B) B C) C D) D 292. A square meter of surface of which of these natural areas would most likely absorb the most insolation during a clear day? A) a fast-moving river B) a dark-green forest C) a beach with white sand D) a snow-covered field 293. A person in Florida worked outdoors in sunlight for several hours on a day in July. Which type of clothing should the person have worn to absorb the least electromagnetic radiation? A) dark colored with a rough surface B) dark colored with a smooth surface C) light colored with a rough surface D) light colored with a smooth surface 294. Which of these characteristics identify an Earth surface that is likely to be the best absorber of insolation? A) light colored and smooth B) light colored and rough C) dark colored and smooth D) dark colored and rough 295. Which diagram best represents visible light rays after striking a dark, rough surface? A) B) C) D) 296. Changing the color of the roof of a house from light to dark would probably increase the amount of solar energy that is A) reflected B) created C) insulated D) absorbed

60 Base your answers to questions 297 through 301 on the diagram below, which represents four stations, A, B, C, and D, in a laboratory investigation in which equal volumes of sand at the same starting temperature were heated by identical light sources. The light sources were the same distance from each station, but at different angles to the surfaces. Two thermometers were used at each station, one just above the surface and the other just below the surface. The lights were turned on for 30 minutes and then removed for the next 30 minutes. Temperatures were recorded each minute for the 60 minutes Most of the energy from the light sources was transferred to the sand by the process of A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) transpiration 298. Which station received the least intense light energy? A) A B) B C) C D) D

61 299. Which graph best represents the temperatures that would be shown by thermometers 1 and 2 at station A? A) B) C) D) 300. After the light sources were removed, the electromagnetic energy radiated by the cooling sand was mostly A) infrared rays B) ultraviolet rays C) gamma rays D) visible light rays 301. Which type of sand surface would most likely absorb the most radiation? A) dark-colored smooth surface B) dark-colored rough surface C) light-colored smooth surface D) light-colored rough surface 302. On a sunny day at the beach, the dark-colored sand gets hot while the water stays cool because the sand A) reflects less energy and has a lower specific heat than the water B) reflects less energy and has a higher specific heat than the water C) reflects more energy and has a lower specific heat than the water D) reflects more energy and has a higher specific heat than the water

62 Base your answers to questions 303 through 305 on the diagram below, which represents a cross section of the shoreline of Lake Erie The diagram below represents energy being absorbed and reradiated by the Earth Compared with the change in temperature of the water surface, the change in temperature of the land surface will be A) faster, because the land has a lower specific heat B) faster, because the land has a higher specific heat C) slower, because the land has a lower specific heat D) slower, because the land has a higher specific heat 304. From 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. each day, the land surface temperature will usually A) rise, then fall B) fall, then rise C) rise steadily D) fall steadily 305. Which characteristics of the land surface have the greatest effect on the amount of insolation the land surface absorbs? A) hardness and age B) density and hardness C) age and roughness D) roughness and color Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at B? A) insolation B) visible light C) ultraviolet rays D) infrared energy 307. What is the most likely reason for a decrease in air temperature observed between 12 midnight and 6 a.m. in New York State? A) Air pressure was decreasing. B) Cloud cover was increasing. C) The Earth was radiating heat. D) Plants were giving off water vapor.

63 308. Which graph best represents the radiation intensity and wavelengths for another Earth location that has a temperature of 10 C? A) B) C) D)

64 Base your answers to questions 308 and 309 on the graphs below which show the intensity and wavelength of radiation given off by the Earth's surface at locations A, B, and C. The temperature of the ground surface is shown for each location The diagram below shows a light source that has been heating two metal containers of air for 10 minutes. Both cups are made of the same material and are equal distances from the light source Most of the energy being given off by the ground surface at these locations is A) in the form of visible light B) in the form of gamma rays C) similar in intensity D) similar in wavelength 310. Which color is the best radiator of electromagnetic energy? A) red B) white C) black D) yellow Compared to the amount of energy reflected by the shiny cup during the 10 minutes of heating, the amount of energy reflected by the black cup is A) less B) greater C) the same 312. Which form of radiation given off by the Earth causes heating of the Earth's atmosphere? A) infrared B) ultraviolet C) visible D) X-ray 313. What is the usual cause of the drop in temperature that occurs between sunset and sunrise at most Kansas locations? A) strong winds B) ground radiation C) cloud formation D) heavy precipitation

65 A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) Four trays, each containing sand at the same temperature but with different characteristics, were placed on a sunny windowsill. The type of sand in each tray is listed below: Tray 1 -light-colored sand which is dry Tray 2 -light-colored sand which is wet Tray 3 -dark-colored sand which is dry Tray 4 -dark-colored sand which is wet After 30 minutes, which tray would probably contain the sand that had undergone the greatest temperature change? 315. Which gas is considered a major greenhouse gas? A) methane B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) nitrogen 316. Evidence supports the idea that increases in carbon dioxide and methane in Earth's atmosphere are major contributors to global warming. This is based primarily on the fact that carbon dioxide and methane are excellent absorbers of A) gamma rays B) microwaves C) visible light D) infrared radiation

66 317. The graph below shows changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth's atmosphere over a 140-year period. Carbon dioxide concentrations are shown in parts per million (ppm). This significant change in CO2 concentration is most likely caused by A) decreased cloud cover, and is predicted to decrease average global temperatures B) decreased volcanic activity, and is predicted to increase average global temperatures C) increased use of fossil fuels, and is predicted to increase average global temperatures D) increased EI Niño activity, and is predicted to decrease average global temperatures 318. An increase in which gas in Earth s atmosphere will most significantly increase global temperatures? A) methane B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) hydrogen 319. Deforestation increases the greenhouse effect on Earth because deforestation causes the atmosphere to contain A) more carbon dioxide, which absorbs infrared radiation B) less carbon dioxide, which absorbs short-wave radiation C) more oxygen, which absorbs infrared radiation D) less oxygen, which absorbs short-wave radiation

67 320. Which gas in Earth's upper atmosphere is beneficial to humans because it absorbs large amounts of ultraviolet radiation? A) water vapor B) methane C) nitrogen D) ozone 321. Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth s atmosphere increases atmospheric temperature because the carbon dioxide absorbs A) incoming solar gamma ray radiation B) incoming solar visible light radiation C) outgoing terrestrial ultraviolet radiation D) outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation 322. Which two gases have been added to Earth s atmosphere in large amounts and are believed to have increased global warming by absorbing infrared radiation? A) neon and argon B) chlorine and nitrogen C) hydrogen and helium D) methane and carbon dioxide 323. Which graph best shows the relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere and the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere. A) B) C) D) 324. Which component of Earth s atmosphere is classified as a greenhouse gas? A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) helium D) hydrogen

68 325. An increase in the amount of which atmospheric gas is thought to cause global climate warming? A) oxygen B) hydrogen C) nitrogen D) carbon dioxide 326. The diagram below shows a greenhouse The graph below shows the change in carbon dioxide concentration in parts per million (ppm) in Earth's atmosphere from 1960 to What is the primary function of the clear glass of the greenhouse? A) The glass reduces the amount of insolation entering the greenhouse. B) The glass allows all wavelengths of radiation to enter and all wavelengths of radiation to escape. C) The glass allows short wavelengths of radiation to enter, but reduces the amount of longwavelength radiation that escapes. D) The glass allows long wavelengths of radiation to enter, but reduces the amount of shortwavelength radiation that escapes A gradual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide would warm Earth s atmosphere because carbon dioxide is a A) poor reflector of ultraviolet radiation B) good reflector of ultraviolet radiation C) poor absorber of infrared radiation D) good absorber of infrared radiation 328. An increase in which gas would cause the most greenhouse warming of Earth s atmosphere? A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) hydrogen The most likely cause of the overall change in the level of carbon dioxide from 1960 to 1990 is an increase in the A) number of violent storms B) number of volcanic eruptions C) use of nuclear power D) use of fossil fuels 330. Earth s atmosphere is warmed when A) ultraviolet radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere B) x-ray radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere C) infrared radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere D) gamma radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere

69 331. The graph below represents the average yearly concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth's atmosphere from 1972 to This change in CO2 concentration most likely caused A) a decrease in the average wavelength of solar radiation B) a decrease in the thickness of Earth's atmosphere C) an increase in the absorption of long-wave heat radiation by Earth's atmosphere D) an increase in the thickness of Earth's glaciers 332. Which graph best shows the relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide contained in Earth's atmosphere and the average atmospheric temperature? A) B) C) D)

70 Base your answers to questions 333 and 334 on the graph below which shows variations in Earth's monthly temperatures from normal Earth temperatures between January 1990 and January In late summer 1991, Mt. Pinatubo, a volcano in the Philippines, exploded and sent thousands of tons of volcanic dust into the atmosphere. Scientists have suggested that Earth's average monthly temperatures for many months after the explosion generally were A) cooler than normal due to the reflection of sunlight by volcanic dust B) cooler than normal due to the formation of a hole in the ozone layer by the explosion C) warmer than normal due to the heat released into the atmosphere by the volcanic explosion D) warmer than normal due to the heat spread by convection of the volcanic dust 334. The addition of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane gas to the atmosphere changes Earth's climate. This change occurs primarily because these gases cause A) cooler temperatures by absorbing infrared radiation B) cooler temperatures by absorbing ultraviolet radiation C) warmer temperatures by absorbing ultraviolet radiation D) warmer temperatures by absorbing infrared radiation

71 Base your answers to questions 335 through 339 on the diagram and table below. The diagram shows a cross section of a solar-energy collecting system constructed as a portion of a wall of a house. It consists of an energy-absorbing surface, a clear glass covering, and air ducts through the wall into the house. The table gives the house temperatures during a spring day. No other heat source is available for the house Which diagram best represents the direction of air flow through the system under normal solar heating conditions? A) B) C) D) 336. When did the maximum air temperature occur in the house? A) just before sunrise B) just before the time of the maximum angle of insolation for the day C) just after the time of the maximum angle of insolation for the day D) just after sunset 337. In Connecticut, on which exterior wall should the solar collector be placed to receive the most insolation? A) a north-facing wall B) a south-facing wall C) an east-facing wall D) a west-facing wall 338. For maximum absorption of solar radiation, the energy-absorbing surface should be A) smooth and light colored B) smooth and dark colored C) rough and light colored D) rough and dark colored 339. What is the purpose of the clear glass covering of this solar collector? A) The glass radiates infrared energy. B) The glass radiates ultraviolet energy. C) The glass allows short-wave radiation to enter and traps long-wave reradiation. D) The glass allows long-wave radiation to enter and traps short-wave reradiation.

72 340. Why are carbon dioxide and water vapor called the greenhouse gases? A) They are found in varying amounts in Earth's atmosphere. B) They are found in fixed amounts in Earth's bedrock. C) They are good reflectors of infrared radiation. D) They are good absorbers of infrared radiation Two identical glass containers were placed in direct sunlight. The first container was filled with air and the second container was filled with a mixture of air and additional carbon dioxide. Each container was sealed with a thermometer inside. Temperatures were recorded at 2-minute intervals, as shown in the data table below Ice samples from continental glaciers provide evidence that today's atmosphere contains more carbon dioxide than ancient atmospheres did. This increase concerns scientists because increased carbon dioxide may A) cause plants to grow very rapidly B) cause a loss in the amount of radiant energy from the Sun C) contribute to a gradual warming of the atmosphere D) contribute to a rapid cooling of the oceans 343. Which diagram best shows how air inside a greenhouse warms as a result of energy from the Sun? A) B) Which statement best explains the results of this activity? A) Carbon dioxide is a good absorber of infrared radiation. B) Carbon dioxide causes a random reflection of energy. C) Carbon dioxide has no effect on the atmosphere's energy balance. D) Carbon dioxide converts some energy into potential energy. C) D)

73 344. Which diagram best represents how greenhouse gases in our atmosphere trap heat energy? A) B) C) D) 345. Why are some scientists concerned about an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? A) An increase would change the decay rate of C 14. B) An increase would cause more ultraviolet energy to strike the Earth's outer atmosphere. C) An increase would cause energy to flow from energy sinks to energy sources. D) An increase would cause an overall heating up of the Earth's atmosphere. Base your answers to questions 346 through 348 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the average percentage of insolation from 2006 to 2012 that was reflected during the summer months by the ice sheet that covers a large portion of Greenland Describe one characteristic of the ice sheet that makes it a good reflector of insolation.

74 347. Describe the general trend for the average insolation reflected by the Greenland ice sheet from 2006 to 2012 and state what can be inferred about the change in size of the Greenland ice sheet during this time period On the grid below, construct a line graph by plotting the average insolation reflected during the summer by the Greenland ice sheet from 2006 to Connect all seven plots with a line.

75 Base your answers to questions 349 through 352 on the graph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The graph shows changes in hours of daylight during the year at the latitudes of 0, 30 N, 50 N and 60 N The graph below shows a curve for the changing length of daylight over the course of one year that occurs for an observer at 50 N latitude. On this same graph, draw a line to show the changing length of daylight over the course of one year that occurs for an observer at 50 S latitude Explain why all four latitudes have the same number of hours of daylight on March 20 and September Identify the latitude shown on the graph that has the earliest sunrise on June 21. Include the units and compass direction in your answer Estimate the number of daylight hours that occur on January 1 at 40 N latitude.

76 Base your answers to questions 353 and 354 on the passage and diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a house located in New York State. Solar Heating Solar collectors in solar heating systems harness the power of the Sun to provide thermal energy for heating hot water and house interiors. There are several types of solar heating systems. The best system will depend on the geographic location and the intensity of the Sun. A solar heating system saves energy, reduces utility costs, and produces clean energy. The efficiency and reliability of solar heating systems have increased dramatically in recent years State one advantage of using solar energy instead of burning fossil fuels to produce thermal energy for your home Explain why solar energy can still be collected on cloudy days.

77 Base your answers to questions 355 through 358 on the diagram below. The diagram represents daytime and nighttime on Earth. Point X is a location on Earth's surface. Earth's rotational surface velocity is shown in miles per hour (mi/h) at specific latitudes Identify the Northern Hemisphere season that is just beginning when Earth is at the position represented in this diagram On the grid below, draw a line to show the general relationship between distance from the equator and Earth's rotational surface velocity Record, to the nearest hour, the duration of insolation at location X for one Earth rotation What is Earth's rotational surface velocity, in miles per hour, at 23.5 south latitude?

78 Base your answers to questions 359 through 361 on the experiment description and diagram below. A student was interested in how the angle of insolation affects absorption of radiation. The student took three black metal plates, each containing a built-in thermometer, and placed them at the same distance from three identical lamps. The plates were tilted so that the light from the lamps created three different angles of incidence with the center of the plates, as shown in the diagram. The starting temperatures of the plates were recorded. The lamps were turned on for 10 minutes. Then the final temperatures were recorded The metal plate at a 90 angle of incidence represents a location on Earth at solar noon on March 21. What is the latitude of this location? 360. How would the final temperatures of the three metal plates be different if the experiment was repeated using white metal plates? Explain why the white plates would have these final temperatures Explain why the metal plate at a 90 angle of incidence had a final temperature higher than the other two plates.

79 Base your answers to questions 362 and 363 on the table and map below. The table shows the duration of insolation, in hours, at Barrow, Alaska, on the twentieth day of each month during The map shows the location of Barrow at 71 N W Explain why Barrow receives 0 hours of insolation on December 20.

80 363. On the grid below, construct a line graph by plotting the data for the duration of insolation at Barrow for each date shown on the data table. Connect the plots with a line. Base your answers to questions 364 and 365 on the diagram below, which shows incoming solar radiation passing through the glass of a greenhouse and then striking the floor Describe one way the glass in the greenhouse acts like the greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere Some of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the floor. Identify the type of electromagnetic energy reradiated by the floor Explain why the surface of this parking lot usually becomes warmer from 11:00 a.m. to 12 noon each day.

81 367. Base your answer to the following question on the field map below. The field map shows temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, taken at several locations on a blacktop parking lot in New York State. The temperatures were recorded at 11:00 a.m. in early June. On the field map above, draw the 70 F and 80 F isotherms. The isotherms should be extended to the edges of the map.

82 Base your answers to questions 368 through 371 on the model and data table shown below. A student constructed a model to demonstrate how water is recycled by natural processes on Earth. The model consisted of a clear plastic tent over a pan containing a bowl of water. The model was sealed so no air could enter or leave the tent. The data table shows the observations recorded when the model was placed in direct sunlight for 60 minutes.

83 368. A student glues a Y-shaped piece of plastic, as shown below, near the top of the inside of the tent and repeats the demonstration. Drops of water are seen dripping from the bottom of the Y after 60 minutes. Which process of the water cycle is represented by the dripping water? 369. If the model is changed and the bowl of water is replaced with a green plant, by which process would the plant supply water vapor to the air inside the tent? 370. How much heat energy, in joules per gram, is released as water droplets are formed on the inside walls of the tent? 371. Identify the process that caused the water level in the bowl to decrease.

84 Base your answers to questions 372 through 374 on the data table below. A student recorded the hours of daylight and the altitude of the Sun at noon on the twenty-first day of every month for one year in Buffalo, New York.

85 372. On the same sky model above, place an asterisk (*) at the apparent position of the North Star as seen from Buffalo.

86 373. The sky model diagram above shows the apparent path of the Sun on March 21 for an observer in Buffalo, New York. Draw a line to represent the apparent path of the Sun from sunrise to sunset at Buffalo on May 21. Be sure your path indicates the correct altitude of the noon Sun and begins and ends at the correct positions on the horizon On the graph below, draw a line to represent the general relationship between the altitude of the Sun at noon and the number of hours of daylight throughout the year at Buffalo.

87 Base your answers to questions 375 through 377 on the passage below. Ozone in Earth's Atmosphere Ozone is a special form of oxygen. Unlike the oxygen we breathe, which is composed of two atoms of oxygen, ozone is composed of three atoms of oxygen. A concentrated ozone layer between 10 and 30 miles above Earth's surface absorbs some of the harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun. The amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth's surface is directly related to the angle of incoming solar radiation. The greater the Sun's angle of insolation, the greater the amount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth's surface. If the ozone layer were completely destroyed, the ultraviolet light reaching Earth's surface would most likely increase human health problems, such as skin cancer and eye damage Assuming clear atmospheric conditions, on what day of the year do people in New York State most likely receive the most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun? 376. Explain how the concentrated ozone layer above Earth s surface is beneficial to humans State the name of the temperature zone of Earth s atmosphere where the concentrated layer of ozone gas exists. Base your answers to questions 378 and 379 on the data table below, which shows the azimuths of sunrise and sunset on August 2 observed at four different latitudes. Azimuth is the compass direction measured, in degrees, along the horizon, starting from north State the relationship at sunrise between the latitude and the azimuth.

88 379. On the outer edge of the azimuth circle below, mark with an X the positions of sunrise and sunset for each latitude shown in the data table. Write the correct letter code beside each X. The positions of sunrise and sunset for 30 N have been plotted and labeled with letters A and B.

89 Base your answers to questions 380 through 383 on the diagram below, which shows Earth as seen from above the North Pole. The curved arrows show the direction of Earth's motion. The shaded portion represents the nighttime side of Earth. Some of the latitude and longitude lines have been labeled. Points A and B represent locations on Earth's surface Explain why the angle of insolation at solar noon is greater at point B than at point A Identify one possible date that is represented by the diagram If it is 4:00 p.m. at point B, what is the time at point A? 383. On the diagram above, draw a curved arrow, starting at point B, showing the general direction that planetary surface winds flow between 30 N and 60 N latitude.