IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies

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1 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies Houck et al., ApJ, 2005 Weedman et al., ApJ, 2005 Lutz et al., ApJ, 2005 Astronomy 671 Jason Marshall

2 Opening the IR Wavelength Regime for Discovery One of the primary objectives of the Spitzer Space Telescope was to search for new categories of sources Mid-IR surveys provide an ideal method to search for such objects since they given a systematic way to observe large areas of the sky One category of such interesting sources are those which are infrared bright but optically faint, as would be expected from a large population of dusty sources These sources were first detected (photometric, not spectroscopic) by deep IRAS (Houck 1984) and ISO (Dole 2001) surveys A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 2

3 Opening the IR Wavelength Regime for Discovery The desire to make spectroscopic observations of these sources was one factor driving the design of the IRS to include the ability to perform low-res spectroscopy in the MIR The sources of interest are too faint for efficient highresolution spectroscopy The ultimate goal then was to be able to use the IRS to determine the redshift of these sources based upon their dust continuum features Once the redshift was known, their bolometric luminosities could then be estimated A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 3

4 MIPS Survey of the Bootes Field MIPS observations (24 um) were performed over a 9 degrees 2 area of the Bootes field from the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey Produced a catalogue of sources with 24 um flux densities down to 0.3 mjy The field also has deep optical imaging (B, R, and I) and radio (20 cm) data available This data set therefore allows the selection of optically faint (or invisible) but infrared bright sources A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 4

5 Houck et al. (2005) Sample Selection Criteria for source selection Minimum flux density limit > 0.75 mjy (24 um) I > 24 (Vega magnitude) 4273 MIPS24 source meet the 24 um limit, of which 114 meet the I band criteria Further restrict the sample to exclude sources that are too near a bright galaxy or located within a cluster of faint galaxies 31 total sources met these criteria and were observed with the IRS 17 of these observations yielded sufficiently good spectra to obtain redshift estimates A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 5

6 Houck et al. (2005) IRS Spectra & Template Fitting The spectra were fit (with the redshift as the free parameter) with a number of templates derived from IRS spectra of IRAS F Deeply enshrouded AGN (?) Arp 220 Obscured AGN + Starburst Mrk 231 Moderately obscured AGN NGC 7714 Un-obscured Starburst The best-fit template gives z A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 6

7 Houck et al. (2005) Understanding the Sample All sources with redshift fits have 1.7 < z < 2.8 Is this redshift range a surprise? Selecting for optically faint (invisible) sources forces z > 1 (So that highly obscured rest-frame UV comes into the observed frame optical bands) For 1.0 < z < 1.6, the 24 um band falls right within the 10 um silicate absorption feature so no sources won t be detected at 24 um ( 24 um dropouts ) For z > 3.1, the mid-ir features (PAHs and silicate) move out of the IRS spectral range so only featureless continua are observed So, the observed redshift range is quite expected A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 7

8 Houck et al. (2005) The Nature of the Sources These sources are observationally faint, but their high redshifts requires them to be intrinsically very luminous (in fact, hyper-luminous) Assuming the local templates are good into the far-ir, the observed sources have an average infrared luminosity of L IR ~2x10 13 L Sun This is comparable to the luminosities of the highredshift SCUBA sources However, the SCUBA sources have 24 um luminosities a factor of 3-5 lower than the MIPS sources The MIPS sources must therefore be hotter, in that they have a greater quantity of hot dust, therefore producing a flatter spectrum This is consistent with the MIPS sources being powered mostly by AGN activity instead of star formation (as is though to be the case for SCUBA sources) A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 8

9 Houck et al. (2005) The Nature of the Sources Spectra of two SCUBA-identified sources were reported by Lutz et al. (2005) Both of these sources show PAH featues (?), consistent with Starburst activity (also consistent with the MIPS/SCUBA slope differences) A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 9

10 Houck et al. (2005) The Nature of the Sources The luminosities of the MIPS sources, combined with their optical faintness, requires large intrinsic extinctions greater than that which is observed in the local ULIRG population i.e. scaling a local template, such as Arp 220, to the luminosity of a MIPS source gives too high an optical luminosity, requiring higher extinction than is observed in the Arp 220 SED What then is the nature of these sources? Most (76%) are fit well by the IRAS F template, which is a deeply embedded AGN (Spoon et al., 2004) Thus, it seems that most of the MIPS sources are even more highly embedded AGN It is probably not surprising that most are AGN, since only the upper end of the luminosity function was observed, as required by the sample selection criteria A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 10

11 Weedman et al. (2005) This study uses a similar selection criteria (objects from the same survey), except radio observations are also required The q values (log[f 24um / f 20cm ]) for 17 of 18 sources are consistent with Starburst activity But little PAH emission is seen in them Should we then interpret these sources to be radioquiet AGNs, with small amounts of star-formation, which dominates the radio (?) A671 IRS Spectroscopy of z~2 Galaxies 11

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