The CTA project at Irfu. Pierre Brun Conseil Scientifique de l Irfu 13 May 2016

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1 The CTA project at Irfu Pierre Brun Conseil Scientifique de l Irfu 13 May 2016

2 Gamma-ray astronomy Probe non-thermal phenomena Locate acceleration sites of cosmic rays Understand acceleration mechanisms Cosmology New physics Gamma-ray telescopes in space & ground-based Fermi (SAp) H.E.S.S. (SPP-SAp) Links with lower energies : XMM, Integral (SAp) At SAp : LEPCHE & LISIS, collab w/ CosmoStat, Asterics Synergy with SVOM, SKA CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

3 Cherenkov telescopes : principles time 50 ns < 5ns 200 m Dim light : large collection areas Short signal : fast recording cameras Background dominated : shower imaging and stereoscopy CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

4 2004-present : H.E.S.S. Khomas Plateau, Namibia 1800 m a.s.l. 5 telescopes 4 x 110 m 2 1 x 615 m 2 10 % energy resolution 0.1 angular resolution Effective area ~10,000 m2 30 GeV 50 TeV 3-5 FoV First ever hybrid array of Cherenkov telescopes CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

10-2 a b Flux (TeV cm 2 E -11 10 Sgr A* Sgr A* -12 10 Figure 1: VHE -ray image of

Left panel: The black lines outline the Nature regions used to531, calculate 476

A section of 66 is excluded from the annuli (see Methods).

Right panel: Zoomed view of the inner 70 pc and the contour of the region used to

Figure 3: VHE Constraints on dark matter particle candidates parameters are given

The red lines show the numerical computations assuming that + - DM W W file s -1 )

emission ( 10) Model (best fit): Diffuse emission 68% CL Model: Diffuse emission E

6 PeV 95% CL Model: Diffuse emission E cut,p HESS J1745-290 = 0.

The Y axis shows fluxes multiplied by a factor E 2, where E is the energy on the X

The vertical and horizontal error bars show the 1 statistical error and bin size,

The 1 confidence bands of the best-fit spectra of the diffuse and HESS J1745-290

5 H.E.S.S. highlights in Saclay Discovery of a PeVatron at the Galactic center s -1 ) a b Flux (TeV cm 2 E Sgr A* Sgr A* Figure 1: VHE -ray image of the Galactic Centre region. The colour scale indicates counts per pixel. Left panel: The black lines outline the Nature regions used to531, calculate 476 the CR(2016) energy density throughout the central molecular zone. A section of 66 is excluded from the annuli (see Methods). White contour lines indicate the density distribution of molecular gas, as traced by its CS line(e. emission Moulin, 30. The inset shows SPP) the simulation of a point-like source. Right panel: Zoomed view of the inner 70 pc and the contour of the region used to extract 6 the spectrum of the diffuse 1 10 Energy (TeV) emission. Figure 3: VHE Constraints on dark matter particle candidates parameters are given in Methods. The red lines show the numerical computations assuming that + - DM W W file s -1 ) 3 (cm v σ h, DM DM τ + τ Einasto profile Diffuse emission ( 10) Model (best fit): Diffuse emission 68% CL Model: Diffuse emission E cut,p = 2.9 PeV 90% CL Model: Diffuse emission E cut,p = 0.6 PeV 95% CL Model: Diffuse emission E cut,p HESS J = 0.4 PeV -ray spectra of the diffuse emission and HESS J The Y axis shows fluxes multiplied by a factor E 2, where E is the energy on the X axis, in units of TeVcm 2 s 1. The vertical and horizontal error bars show the 1 statistical error and bin size, respectively. Arrows represent 2 flux upper limits. The 1 confidence bands of the best-fit spectra of the diffuse and HESS J are shown in red and blue shaded areas, respectively. Spectral -rays result from the decay of neutral pions produced by proton-proton interactions. The fluxes of the diffuse emission spectrum and models are multiplied by 10. Best limits to date for TeV-scale WIMPs 9 relic density Observed, this work Expected 68% Containment 95% Containment Thermal relic density Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (V. Lefranc, E. Moulin, SPP) m DM (TeV) CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

6 H.E.S.S. highlights in Saclay Galactic plane survey Astron. Astrophys. (2016), in prep. (F. Brun, SPP) CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

7 H.E.S.S. highlights in Saclay Galactic plane survey 77 sources, 60 discoveries at TeV scale H.E.S.S. CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

8 H.E.S.S. highlights in Saclay Galactic plane survey CTA CTA : probe the entire Galaxy Number of sources x 10 Population studies High-energy limit of cosmic accelerators H.E.S.S. CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

9 The CTA project Aims : x 10 sensitivity Full-sky coverage Better angular resolution Extended energy range Observatory mode Reliability How-to : 120 telescopes 3 classes 2 sites : North + South CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

10 Sites Probable sites, negotiation started : North : La Palma (Canary Islands) South : Paranal ESO (Chile) Work on infrastructures Responsibility Saclay (F. Mirabel, Th. Stolarczyk) Ended 2015 CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

11 Array layouts Layouts of arrays being finalized North : 4 Large (LST) 15 Medium (MST) South : 4 LST 25 MST 70 Small (SST) 1000 m 1000 m CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

12 Flux sensitivity : Southern array example Widened energy range Improved sensitivity H.E.S.S. 50 h CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

13 Performance : sensitivity to transient events CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

14 CTA organization International consortium 176 countries ~1400 members, ~400 FTEs (29%) In France Funding agencies : CNRS(INSU, IN2P3), CEA(Irfu), Observatoire de Paris 11 CNRS laboratories, 4 CEA divisions 170 members, ~60 FTEs (35%) At Irfu 30 members, ~14 FTEs (47%) Half physicists, half engineers & technicians CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

15 CTA funding and French contribution CTA costs 400 M : 297 M FTEs Staging options currently debated First stage of construction with 250 M total Remaining could be available during stage 1 construction French contribution : ~45 M investment 2/3 in-kind, do not include manpower Funding in discussion w/ ministry, formal TGIR request in prep. Not before 2018 Main French projects : NectarCAM MST camera Data management SST, LST, mirrors, CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

16 Timeline for CTA construction 1 Pre-production MST with NectarCAM + Irfu mirrors in La Palma : discussions on-going CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

17 Organization at Irfu Astrophysics division (SAp) Resp. Th. Stolarczyk Particle physics division (SPP) Resp. J-F. Glicenstein Electronics, Detectors & Computing (SEDI) Resp. E. Delagnes General Engineering (SIS) Resp. C. Veyssière Irfu coordination : P. Brun (SPP) Irfu project manager : M. Fesquet (SEDI) FTEs per division (permanent) : SPP : 2.8 SEDI : 6.3 SAp : 2.5 SIS : 0.6 CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

18 Responsibilities in the CTA consortium Irfu members well present in CTA organization Main responsibilities J-F. Glicenstein : NectarCAM consortium head scientist K. Kosack : Pipeline WG convener E. Moulin : Convener astroparticle physics Other responsibilities M. Fesquet : NectarCAM project manager F. Schüssler : use cases WG coordinator B. Peyaud : MST CEA mirrors CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

19 Physics at Irfu Solid experience from H.E.S.S., Fermi, XMM, Integral, Antares Theory papers & collaborations with IPhT and others Strong input in key science projects Ambitious physics programs on proprietary observation time Irfu contributed to define key science programs Definition of observation programs Irfu main contributions : Dark matter (Editor of the dark matter KSP document : E. Moulin) Galactic center (Editor of the GC KSP document : K. Kosack) Axions Cosmology Populations study, Galactic Accretion, acceleration, binaries, Multi-messengers, multi-wavelength and alerts Transient events CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

20 Construction projects Data management MST cameras MST mirrors Since 2008 some projects left : Site infrastructure (finished) Mirror study & tests for SST (finished) Telescope structure & mechanics Array energy management LST mirrors CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

21 DATA MANAGEMENT CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

position, ID Images, spectra, lightcurves Catalogues Challenges

22 Data management Data volume is huge (Trigger rate ~30 khz) x (channels) = O(10) GB/s Need to reduce x Software must be robust, real-time End products Energy, position, ID Images, spectra, lightcurves Catalogues Challenges Background-dominated Atmosphere Energy-dependent PSF and FoV Source confusion CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

23 CTA data pipeline Coordination of the pipeline subproject Strong involvement in : Definition of common framework Data formats CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

Real-time analysis Quick looks Data management :

Contribution to coordination of use-cases Image and signal

original methods Calibration De-noising Event

confusion, wide fields Focus on extended sources,

w/ CosmoStat group High-level data release (catalogues)

group Toute la galaxie visible (à 10 33-34 erg/s)

24 Real-time analysis Quick looks Data management : activities Alerts (strong link with SVOM local group) Contribution to coordination of use-cases Image and signal processing w/ advanced techniques γ/p separation w/ original methods Calibration De-noising Event reconstruction Science tools and analysis Source confusion, wide fields Focus on extended sources, morphology, collab. w/ CosmoStat group High-level data release (catalogues) Aim at being efficient on early data / early science r group Toute la galaxie visible (à erg/s) Population x 5 75 > 300 (500?) sources galactiques 9 21 mars 2016 Rencontre Irfu/SAp 1 er catalogue 18 mois Catalogue complet < 3 ans CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

25 MIRRORS FOR MEDIUM-SIZE TELESCOPES CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

26 Mirrors for Middle-sized telescopes 40 MSTs = ~3600 mirror facets (=mirrors) CTA specifications defined in terms of Global reflectivity Focal length Point-spread function (PSF) Mechanical properties (robustness, weight, balance, ) Aging (coating, shape,...) Proposal from Irfu : produce 1/3 of MST mirrors Other proposals from Italy, Poland All designs fulfill specifications Sharing it foreseen CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

27 Mirrors : concept R&D started in 2008 : many processes tested 2011 : Technology transfer to a private company Mirrors cold formed on a pre-shaped mold All glass + Aluminum honeycomb + glue Glass sheet Side walls Back face Honeycomb Glass sheet Pads connecting to actuators CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

28 Mirrors : construction Honeycomb installation Vacuum chamber Spherical mold Glass sheet installation Aluminized Mirror Mirror Installation 28 CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

29 Mirrors : test facility in Saclay Light source at 2F Image at 2F PhD 1 PhD 2 Point Source Use of 28mm diameter photodiodes PhD 3 PhD 4 Image PhD 5 CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

30 Mirrors : mechanical & aging tests Thermal cycling Impacts Air-thighness Thermal chamber in DESY Zeuthen CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

Mirrors : pre-series 2012 : 20 mirrors with preliminary design 2015 : 50 mirrors with close-to-final design Some (20) mounted on the MST prototype Some

31 Mirrors : pre-series 2012 : 20 mirrors with preliminary design 2015 : 50 mirrors with close-to-final design Some (20) mounted on the MST prototype Some underwent mechanical & aging tests Mechanical MST prototype DESY - Zeuthen 2016 : 50 more mirrors to equip the first MST CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

32 CAMERAS FOR MEDIUM-SIZE TELESCOPES CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

33 Cameras 40 MSTs must be equipped with cameras Proposal to build 16 cameras Number of cameras limited by fuding Irfu solution : analog camera Based on the know-how from H.E.S.S. Central part is the Nectar chip, Irfu design Another MST camera proposal from Germany : FlashCAM All cameras fulfill CTA specifications Interchangeable Could go to either North or South sites US consortium also develops own camera CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

34 NectarCAM Weight : 1.93 t Size : 2.8 x 2.9 x 1.15 m Field of view pixels PMT modules CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

NectarCAM development plan - Pre-construction (design validation): ends 2016 - Pre-production: build the NectarCAM qualification model 2015-2018 - Production of 15 more

35 NectarCAM development plan - Pre-construction (design validation): ends Pre-production: build the NectarCAM qualification model Production of 15 more cameras : , funding by French TGIR today Production flow Pre-production Production # cameras 1 (QM) CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

36 NectarCAM Front-end electronics Focal plane Instrumentation Module Based on nectar chip Now used in H.E.S.S. Mechanics, cooling Test benches Trigger Calibration CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

37 NectarCAM consortium 15 institutes, 3 countries (France, Spain, Germany) 50 active members Central role of Irfu : management and integration Focal plane instrumentation: IPAG (Grenoble), IRAP (Toulouse), ICC-UB (Barcelona) Cooling and Mechanics: CIEMAT (Madrid), IRFU (Saclay), LLR (Palaiseau) Readout and digitization: LPNHE (Paris), IRFU (Saclay), ICC-UB (Barcelona) Local trigger: ICC-UB, IFAE (Barcelona), CIEMAT (Madrid), UCM-GAE (Madrid), DESY Global trigger/clock: UCM-GAE (Madrid), APC (Paris), DESY (Zeuthen) Data acquisition, event builder: CPPM (Marseille), LUPM (Montpellier) Control, safety, services: LAPP (Annecy), IFAE (Barcelona), LLR (Palaiseau) Calibration: LLR (Palaiseau), LUPM (Montpellier), IPNO (Orsay) Management, Systems Engineering, Product Assurance: IRFU (Saclay), LAPP (Annecy), LLR (Palaiseau), APC (Paris), IRAP (Toulouse) Integration: IRFU (Saclay) CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

NectarCAM prototyping strategy Sub-component prototyping (2011-2015) Full module

validated, first trigger tests Thermal prototype, temperature control (2014)

19-module holder (LLR) Thermal prototype (LLR/IRFU) 5 modules (IRFU)

38 NectarCAM prototyping strategy Sub-component prototyping ( ) Full module assembly ( ) 5-module cluster ( ): front-end/backplane validated, first trigger tests Thermal prototype, temperature control (2014) 19-module mini-camera ( ): validation and choice of camera trigger 19-module holder (LLR) Thermal prototype (LLR/IRFU) 5 modules (IRFU) Qualification model ( ), likely to be installed on first MST in La Palma CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

39 Integration of production cameras Irfu takes responsibility for the integration of the cameras Control room 500 m 2 equipped Located at Irfu (Saclay) Dark room 19-module prototype first tested electrically, then in dark room CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

40 NectarCAM component tests Event builder computer CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

41 Digital trigger setup CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

Funding of qualification model ~800 k obtained from

project (P2IO) Management, interface avec NectarCAM

with IAC (Spain) in 2016 Purchase of NectarCAM

Installa:on on site, astronomical data Interface w/

42 Funding of qualification model ~800 k obtained from French LABEX : - P2IO - OCEVU - OSUG2020 CANEVAS project (P2IO) Management, interface avec NectarCAM Simula:on performances Possible signature of a MoU with IAC (Spain) in 2016 Purchase of NectarCAM components Integra:on, valida:on & calibra:on Installa:on on site, astronomical data Interface w/ Paris-Saclay Preformance simula:ons CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

43 Summary Leading role in science Experience from Fermi, H.E.S.S., X-ray observatories, Strong input in defining the CTA science case Well-mastered techniques Irfu designs (camera, mirrors, software) Competent engineers & technicians Test benches built in-house to control prototyping Strong management capabilities Data & NectarCAM demonstrate management capacity of complex projects w/ many labs involved CS Irfu - CTA - 13 May

Cherenkov Telescope Array Status Report. Salvatore Mangano (CIEMAT) On behalf of the CTA consortium

Cherenkov Telescope Array Status Report Salvatore Mangano (CIEMAT) On behalf of the CTA consortium Outline Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) Expected Performance of CTA