Optical Telescopes. Not *INVENTED* by Galileo, but he was the first to point it at the sky in 1609.

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1 Telescopes!

2 Optical Telescopes Not *INVENTED* by Galileo, but he was the first to point it at the sky in 1609.

3 The Purpose of a Telescope Gather as much light as possible Reveal as much detail as possible Magnify observed object

4 Two Kinds of Optical Telescope Refracting Reflecting

5 Refracting Earliest/original model Not used professionally anymore Collects & focuses light through lenses Flaws: -impurities in the glass - limits on length, size - glass blocks some light frequencies.

6 Reflecting Invented by Newton Collect & focus light using reflective, curved mirrors Current professional standard Can be WAY LARGER than refracting telescopes Limitations: Mirror size and perfection

7 Reflecting Telescopes Um Newtonian Focus Cassegrain Focus Coudé Focus Adjustable

8

9 Light-Gathering Power of Telescopes Larger area of mirror or lens collects more light More light means: - Brighter image - Better resolution (sharpness of image) Area of a circle = πr 2 = π(d/2) 2 = (π/4)*d 2 Example: Compare a 5 mirror to a 10 mirror d= 5, A= (π/4)*25 d= 10, A= (π/4)*100

10 Refracting Magnification = Objective Focal Length Ocular Focal Length. Example: Objective F.L. = 50 cm Ocular F.L. =.5 cm 50 = 100 x.5

11 Reflecting Magnification = Primary Mirror Focal Length Ocular lens Focal Length. Example: Primary F.L. = 60 cm Ocular F.L. = 3 cm 60 = 20 x 3

12 Improvements in Telescope Digital Pictures Technology Better and more efficient than holding up photographic film for an exposure CCD Charge Coupled Device collects 70% of the light that hits it. Photographic plates: only 2% of the light!

13 Improvements in Telescope Technology Active Optics The Earth is always moving the sky is always shifting! Computers control the orientation of the primary mirror to keep it pointed at the same spot over time. Automatically tracks an object in the sky!

14 Improvements in Telescope Technology Adaptive Optics Many tiny computerized pistons constantly support and reshape the mirror. The mirror can adjust for atmospheric disturbances in real time. Twinkling: caused by changes in density in layers of air

15 Improvements in Telescope Technology Interferometery Combining images from different telescopes An array of telescopes spread out can act like one big telescope covering that WHOLE AREA! Keck Telescopes

16 Non-optical telescopes All other Electromagnetic waves? Usually converted to false color images for human eyes Red = most intense Violet = least intense Black = no radiation present

17 Radio Telescopes Karl Jansky, 26 years old 1932 at Bell Labs Discovers radio waves coming from the sun & space! Constellation Sagitarius = middle of the galaxy!

18 Radio Telescopes Curved dish collects radio waves & focuses them at an antenna receiver tuned to the right frequency Bigger dish, more info, sharper image Alone, not as good resolution as light Interferometery is used often Largest Arecibo, in Puerto Rico

19 Arecibo, in Puerto Rico Dish is 1,000 ft. across

20 Radio Telescopes Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico 27 individual dishes, 82 ft in diameter

21

22 Radio waves pass through clouds of gas and dust, allowing us to see things otherwise blocked from our view.

23 Infrared Telescopes Sense heat from the Universe Use mirrors to reflect rays, just like optical telescopes Telescopes must be located in dry areas (or outer space), where moisture cannot absorb the heat

24 Spitzer Space Telescope, in orbit around the Earth Cooled by LHe, shielded from the Sun s heat. The Helix Nebula, Infrared above, visible light below.

25 Visible Light Hubble Space Telescope ? James Webb Space Telescope 2018 Launch Date Video Link

26 Ultraviolet Telescopes Many objects that emit UV don t emit visible light at all Telescopes must be space-based, since UV is mostly blocked by atmosphere (thankfully!) Uses similar mirror system like other telescopes

27 Extreme UV Explorer (EUVE), launched in 1992 Triangulum galaxy (VL and UV)

28 X Ray Telescopes X rays blocked by atmosphere telescopes must be space based No mirror collection process Photons are too powerful they go THROUGH the mirror. Designed to collect photons at an angle

29 Chandra X Ray Observatory Launched in 1999 Gives fantastic pictures Still in heavy use today Named for Subramayan Chandrasekhar

30 Galaxy NGC 1365 Below: X ray Right: Visible Light

31 Gamma Ray Telescopes Also can t penetrate atmosphere, telescopes must be space based Too powerful even for angle collection, other methods must be used - Photon absorption by crystals - Observing atomic reactions (gamma rays colliding with matter to create electrons and positrons)

32 Gamma Ray Telescopes Swift space telescope launched by NASA in 2004 Searching for Gamma Ray Bursts most powerful sources of energy in the Universe! Also views in UV and visible light

33 Telescopes for...gravity?!?! Gravity is NOT part of the EM spectrum! Einstein s theory of General Relativity says that mass warps space-time Therefore, moving masses should cause ripples and waves in the fabric of reality We are searching for signs of these gravity waves

34

35 LIGO laser interferometer gravitational-wave observatory Multiple observatories located around the Earth to triangulate sources of waves L shape 2.5 miles long in each direction

36 Giant system of suspended mirrors and lasers, looking for subtle shifts in gravity

37 World Telescope Collaborative Groups of 2 Presentation Research your assigned telescope Access the class Google presentation and create 3 slides for your telescope in the format shown at the front of the document. Make sure all slides are in the correct order, and don t mess with other groups slides!

38 Name of Telescope Dates of operation Country/Organization of origin Location What part of the EM spectrum? Size of collector Purpose Interesting/supplementary facts

39 Name of Telescope Insert a picture(s) of the telescope

40 Name of Telescope Insert pictures taken by the telescope. Include captions that describe what the picture are of. If the telescope hasn t been built yet, skip this slide.

41 1. Hubble 2. James Webb 3. Chandra X-Ray Observatory 4. HAARP 5. Spitzer 6. Kepler 7. HET DEX (Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment) 8. Arecibo 9. VLA (Very Large Array) 10. Keck 11. VLT (Very Large Telescope) 12. GTC (Gran Telescopio Canarias) 13. GMT (Giant Magellan Telescope) 14. ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array) 15. Large Binocular Telescope

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