AST 105 The Important Things

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1 AST 105 The Important Things

2 I. Science A process not a litany of facts Non-dogmatic Knowing Why or How a process occurs is more important than remembering facts. Our understanding may start out wrong, but science is self-correcting

3 Assumption of Uniformity Physical laws and constants do not change with time or location.

4 Ockham s Razor Given two explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest is generally to be preferred. Or, Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS)

5 II. Your Planet

6 Equilibrium Heat input from Sun Equilibrium temperature set by Distance to Sun Greenhouse atmosphere We are one with the cosmos

7 Climate Change Timescales set by: Solar evolution (10 9 years) Terrestrial Processes ( years) Human activities (<100 years)

8 Influence of the Sun on Earth Solar Flares Coronal Mass Ejections

9

10 Be Afraid. Be Very Afraid.

11 Dangerous Orbits Earth occasionally gets hit Significant impacts every years The big one is coming

12 Perilous Times Humanity is engaged in an uncontrolled experiment. What happens when the temperature of the planet rises 2-4 o C within a century? The planet will survive. Life will adapt. Will we?

13 III. Estimation A useful skill the world can be quantified

14 IV. Physics

15 Gravity F G = Gm 1 m 2 /d 2 The weakest of the 4 forces Controls the matter-dominated universe

16 Mass Use Newton's Law of Gravitation: M = v 2 r/g (for an object in a circular orbit with velocity v at a distance r from an object of mass M) v: from Doppler shifts r: from angular separation x distance

17 Energy Potential Energy U Kinetic Energy K Virial Theorem: 2K+U=0 E=mc 2

18 Conservation Laws Energy Momentum Angular Momentum

19 Equilibrium Opposing forces are balanced. Planets and stars are in equilibrium because pressure or centripetal forces oppose gravity. Nonetheless, things change. Most evolution (change) is slow

20 Radiation The speed of light c is constant Photons carry energy: E = hν Photons have wavelengths and frequencies: λν = c Photons are emitted and absorbed by electrons

21 Kirchoff's Laws Mechanisms for the emission and absorption of photons continuum emission: hot opaque object emission lines: hot transparent gas absorption lines: cool transparent gas superposed on a hot continuum

22 Blackbodies An opaque source in thermal equilibrium emits a blackbody spectrum. The shape of the spectrum depends only upon the temperature T The wavelength of peak brightness ~ T Luminosity ~ area x T 4 All opaque sources, from people to planets to stars, approximate blackbodies.

23 V. The Solar System Sun 4 Terrestrial planets 4 Gas giant planets Debris Asteroids (minor planets) KBOs and TNOs Comets Meteors

24 Remote observations: Telescopes Collect light Provide spatial resolution Sloan SDSS 2.5m

25 In-Situ Measurements The Solar System is close enough to explore using spacecraft. Planetary astronomy now involves Geology Meteorology Someday oceanography?

26 Formation of the Solar System Related to star formation Controlled by: Conservation of angular momentum The condensation sequence Observed around other stars

27 VI. Other Solar Systems Over 3000 exoplanets now confirmed Over 2000 exoplanet candidates Most systems unlike the Solar System

28 The End of Science? Solar System Exploration continues Spacecraft are: On Mars In the asteroid belt Orbiting Jupiter In the Kuiper Belt New large telescopes are under construction

29 Astrobiology: Follow the Water Mars Icy Moons

30 VII. The Big Questions Where are we? When are we? Where did we come from? What is the neighborhood like? Where are they? Where do we go from here?

31

32 Final Exam Thursday December 20 8:00 AM - 10:45 AM ESS 001

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