Using the HR Diagram to Measure the Star Formation Histories of Galaxies. Tammy Smecker-Hane University of California, Irvine
|
|
- Lesley Mathews
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Using the HR Diagram to Measure the Star Formation Histories of Galaxies Tammy Smecker-Hane University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 1
2 Outline 1. Stellar Evolution Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (HRD) or Color- Magnitude Diagram (CMD) 2. Determining the Age of Star Clusters & Field Stars What they tell us about Galaxy Evolution (SMC, LMC, M33) In a star cluster, stars have different masses but each has the same distance, age, and chemical composition Field stars probe the whole range in ages The Physics Governing Stars & Stellar Evolution 1. Gravity Surface Gravity g = GM/R 2 2. Nuclear Fusion Net reaction: 4 H He + γs s + e + s + νs Only happens in the core of the star (r < 0.25 R) 3. Energy Transport Radiative Transport in the core (photons move the energy outward) Convective Transport at large radii (physical motion of gas moves the energy outward) 2
3 The Physics Governing Stars & Stellar Evolution 4. Pressure Ideal Gas Law: P = ρkt/<m> 5. Hydrostatic Equilibrium At every radius in the star, the force exerted by the outward gas pressure must balance the weight of the material on top Theoretical Stellar Evolutionary Models successfully predict the properties of the Sun and other stars from these basic inputs! The Interior of a Star 3
4 The Interior of a Star The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (HRD) The Main Stages of Stellar Evolution Note: By convention, the T eff axis in an HRD is reversed. Hotter, bluer stars are to the left and cooler, redder stars are to the right. 4
5 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (HRD) Massive Stars change T eff at fixed L when they evolve and become Supergiant stars Low Mass Stars change in both T eff and L when they evolve and become Red Giant stars Star Clusters As the cluster ages, stars evolve off the main-sequence, go through their various evolutionary stages, then they die and disappear from the HR Diagram 5
6 Quiz on Cluster Ages Here is a table of the temperatures of stars at the main sequence turnoff in four clusters. Which cluster is the oldest? Cluster A B C D Name Orion NGC Tuc M 67 eff ( K) 22,000 9,000 5,000 7,000 T eff Hipparcos Catalog: Stars Nearest the Sun The Sun is a very typical star. Most of the stars are seen places where they spend the longest time. Stellar Lifetimes: 90% on MS, ~5% on RGB, ~5% HB 6
7 Main Sequence Lifetime Lifetime = Energy Available / Rate Used t MS M / L The mass M dictates the L of a star. In fact, L M 3.5 for most main sequence stars. Therefore, t MS M / L M / M 3.5 M -2.5 MS = yrs x (M/M ) -2.5 t MS Main Sequence Lifetime Stars have masses from 0.08 M < M < 130 M What is the main sequence lifetimes of a 10 M star? t MS = 32 million yr What is the lifetime of a 0.5 M star? t MS = 56 Gyr, which is > the age of the Universe, 13.7 Gyr! All low mass stars with m < 0.85 M that ever formed in a galaxy is still there. Measuring the # stars at different parts of the HR Diagram can tell you a galaxy s star formation history Hess Diagram: : diagram showing the density of stars in bins of color & magnitude in an HR Diagram 7
8 Apply HRD to Star Clusters Star Cluster: a group of stars with different masses that formed at roughly the same time from the same gas cloud. All the stars have the same chemical composition, age and distance Globular Cluster M80 Open Cluster NGC 2420 Milky Way Star Clusters 150 Globular Clusters: Gyr, metal-poor, stellar halo Thousands of Open Clusters: 0 to ~10 Gyr old, approxi- mately solar metallicity,, disk 8
9 Metallicity A star s properties (L, T, R, t MS ) also depend on the chemical composition of the star. Nomenclature: X = the fraction by mass of H = M H /M Y = the fraction by mass of He Z = fraction by mass of metals (>H,He) [Fe/H] = log [ (X Fe /X H ) / (X Fe /X H ) ] ~ log (Z/Z ) Sun: Z = (1.9%) and [Fe/H]=0 [Fe/H] = 1 1/10 solar [Fe/H] = 2 1/100 solar M30 A Metal-Poor, Galactic Globular Cluster 9
10 Globular Cluster M30 Ground-based photometry taken with the CTIO 4m (Smecker- Hane, et al.) Horizontal Branch Stars (core He burning) MSTO (sensitive to age) Main Sequence (unevolved stars) Red Giant Branch Nomenclature: Apparent Magnitude: m = -2.5 log(flux) + m 0 e.g., UBVRI, m V V Color: (B - V) m B -m V Absolute Magnitude: M m M + A λ 5 log(d/10 pc) M M = -2.5 log(l/l ) Extinction: A λ Reddening: E(B V) A B A V B V = (B V) 0 + E(B V) Distance Modulus: (m M) 0 Distances in pc; 1 pc = 3.2 lyr Globular Cluster M30 10
11 Globular Cluster M30 Vandenberg et al. (2002) stellar evolutionary model isochrone Comparing the observed fiducial points to the theoretical isochrone allows you to deteremine the cluster s reddening, distance, & age (chemical composition) d = 81 pc Globular Clusters Two different clusters with about the same age, but very different chemical abundances ( 25)( M30: [Fe/H] = Tuc: [Fe/H] =
12 Star Clusters Star Clusters are useful (although( biased) probes of the stellar populations of galaxies First an explanation of the classification scheme for galaxies Spiral Galaxies: : thin, rotating disk & bulge Elliptical Galaxies: : entirely stars, little or no HI gas, shape supported by velocity dispersions of the stars Dwarf Galaxies: : galaxies fainter than M B = -16, such as the LMC & SMC or the dsphs Dwarf Irregular (dir( dir): : gas rich dwarfs Dwarf Spheroidal (dsph):: all stars, no HI gas Four Galaxies are visible here M31, the Andromeda Galaxy M32 NGC 205 Stars in our own Milky Way Gary Stephens 12
13 The Fornax dsph Galaxy Two Star Clusters in the Fornax dsph 13
14 Open Cluster C in the Fornax dsph Globular Cluster 4 in the Fornax dsph 14
15 Star Clusters Some very interesting pieces of information about galaxy evolution come from studying the star clusters in galaxies Nearly all the Milky Way globular clusters have ages of Gyr although they span a range of chemical abundances. Initially, the Milky Way formed very chaotically globulars were probably born out of violent collisions, similar to the bright, compact clusters we see forming in star-burst galaxies today. Star Clusters Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation predict that large galaxies form first, and small galaxies form later. But what do we see in nearby galaxies? All galaxies have Gyr old stars! There are no late blooming galaxies in the Local Group (galaxies with d < 1 Mpc), although their star formation histories are very different. The Milky Way, LMC, Fornax and Sagittarius dsphs have globular clusters that are essentially co-eval eval,, Gyr in age. However the SMC has only 1 globular cluster, and its age is Gyr younger than in other galaxies. 15
16 Large and Small Magellanic Clouds Large and Small Magellanic Clouds LMC/SMC are interacting with one another as they orbit the Milky Way; bridge & tidal tails HI Maps - neutral hydrogen gas (M. Putman) Magellanic Stream 16
17 The Stellar Populations of the SMC HST survey of star clusters and field stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud done by a large collaboration: Gallagher, Grebel, Nota, Tosi, Sabbi, Glatt,, etc. including myself Goals: Accurately measure the ages (±0.5( Gyr) and distances of star clusters in the SMC Use the star clusters to trace the evolution of the metallicity over time in this dwarf galaxy Use the field stars to derive the star formation and metal enrichment history Identify how cluster formation compares to the star formation SMC Globular Cluster NGC 121 Glatt, et al. (2008) Assumed [Fe/H] spec = 1.46 Dartmouth Isochrones (Dotter et al. 2007) [α/fe] = +0.2 (m-m) 0 = d = 61.9 kpc age = 10.5 ± 0.5 Gyr 17
18 SMC Cluster NGC 121 Glatt, et al. (2008) 5 isochrones displayed at 0.5 Gyr intervals age = 10.5 ± 0.5 Gyr SMC Star Clusters NGC 121 has an age of 10.5 Gyr and [Fe/H] = 1.46 ( intermediate( intermediate metallicity) NGC 121 is the only globular cluster in the SMC, and is its oldest star cluster Disruption of Clusters? Total disruption is not likely for globulars because of their very high spatial density So is the SMC a young galaxy? No. 18
19 The Stellar Populations of the SMC 6 SMC Field Star Areas in Gallagher et al. The Stellar Populations of the SMC Field Stars in 6 SMC Locations (Sabbi,, et al. 2009) Z = Ages = 50, 100, & 500 Myr Z = Ages = 3, 5, & 12 Gyr 19
20 The Stellar Populations of the SMC Full analysis of the CMDs is not complete yet, but simply from comparing the CMDs to isochrones, we find that the SMC does have Gyr old stars. Just not that many. Thus the SMC had a slow start to its formation which maybe a reason so few globular clusters formed in it. Mapping the Spatial Distribution of SMC in 3D Using Star Clusters delta [deg] NGC411 NGC416 BS90 NGC419 Kron 28 Kron 44 NGC152 NGC alpha [deg] Lindsay 38 NGC121 Kron 3 Lindsay distances [kpc] age [Gyr] 20
21 Age-Metallicity Relationship in SMC 0.5 Kayser et al Parisi et al Da Costa et al [Fe/H] [dex] (CG97) 1 Bica et al age [Gyr] Large Magellanic Cloud 21
22 LMC Star Clusters LMC Star Clusters show a large age gap.. Only 1 cluster has an age of 3-13 Gyr, e.g., Da Costa (2002) 43 Large Magellanic Cloud Smecker-Hane, Cole, Gallagher & Stetson (2002) imaged star fields in the LMC with the WFPC2 on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Derived SFHs for the Bar and Disk 1 fields from the # stars as a function of magnitude on the main-sequence 5% of WFPC2 area shown at right; mean separation of stars with V 25 mag is ~ 6 pix =
23 Large Magellanic Cloud LMC Disk LMC Bar 23
24 A Differential Hess Diagram LMC Field Stars Black = Larger # stars in the Bar Field White = Larger # stars in the Disk 1 Field V I LMC Field Stars Bar: Open Histogram Disk 1: Hatched Histogram Bar Formation 24
25 LMC Field Stars SFR of the LMC Disk 1 field was nearly constant with time, not varying by more than a factor of 2, in the last ~ 1 to 14 Gyr SFH of the LMC Bar field is very different from that of the Disk 1 field Initial formation of the bar ~ 4 to 6 Gyr ago, exact age depends on the assumed metallicity SFR in last 1 to 2 Gyr also has been high in Bar We note a distinct lack of metal-poor stars in both fields, but not a lack of old stars Stellar Populations of Galaxies Collisions of proto-galactic fragments early in the evolution of galaxies are thought cause dissipation of energy & funneling of gas to the centers, which may create galactic bulges (red, old stars ) In addition, early merging of the proto-galacitc fragments and later the continual canniblizaton of dwarf galaxy satelites are thought to make the stellar halos of galaxies out of merger debris 25
26 Hierarchical Formation of Galaxies ΛCDM N-body N simulation (dark matter only) of the evolution of a Milky Way type galaxy from Bullock & Johnston (2005) Questions: Stellar Populations of Galaxies Do all galaxies have stellar halos? What about a bulge-less less spiral like M33? Do the ages and metallicities of the stars in the halos match the predictions of sophisticated hierarchical galaxy formation simulations, and can they be tested over a range of galaxy luminosity? 26
27 With Michael Hood, Matt Teig, Annette Ferguson & Mike Irwin, and myself Spectra taken w/ Keck II 10-m telescope and the DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS) M33 Spectroscopic Survey The areas studied in different parts of this project DEIMOS spectrscopic fields are the long & narrow fields. 27
28 M33 Spectroscopic Survey Dispersion = 0.47 Å/pix, Resolution = 1.8 Å Exposure time = 3 hrs Average S/N per pixel = 6 (3.5 to 15) Average Velocity Error = 9 km/s Field of View over which slits are placed is 16.3 x 5.0 Multiplexing is key to getting to our eventual goal: observing 400 M33 RGB stars M33 Spectroscopic Survey Initial runs selected stars for spectroscopy based on Ferguson et al. s photometric survey (Ferguson et al. 2006) Judge whether or not M33 or Milky Way stars after the fact using our DDO51 photometry Kinematic results presented here for 173 stars which are likely M33 members based on DDO51 photometry and relative densities of stars in the Hess diagrams of the cleaned MWay and M33 CMDs 28
29 Spectra of the Calcium Lines 3 Calcium Absorption Lines: Wavelength star s s velocity along the line of sight Depth abundance of Calcium in the star (Ca/H) Heliocentric Velocity vs Position Angle 29
30 M33 Velocity Results Thin Disk Intrinsic σ = 15 km/s The Stellar Halo of M33 Omitting Rotating Disk Stars ( v < 35 km/s), what is the intrinsic dispersion in heliocentric velocity? N = 34 stars Simple Calculation: <Vhelio> = 170 km/s RMS implies a Halo intrinsic σ = 72 km/s 30
31 M33 Star Clusters M33 does have a population of star clusters that have much higher velocity dispersion than the HI disk (Chandar et al. 2002) Clusters w/ age > 1 Gyr have σ = 68 km/s However only 18 clusters have kinematics that are inconsistent with disk rotation Conclusions 1. The Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) Diagram is a very valuable tool that allows us to measure distances, reddening and ages of star clusters and stellar populations of galaxies 2. Application to Star Clusters and Field Stars in Galaxies Milky Way, LMC, Fornax dsph and Sagittarius dsph all have globular clusters that are Gyr in age. SMC has only 1 globular cluster and it is only 10.5 ± 0.5 Gyr old, however it does have field stars that span the fulll range in age from 0 12 Gyr. The SMC started forming slowing, then after Gyr the star formation rate increased, and this gas-rich dwarf galaxy is still actively forming stars today. 31
32 Conclusions 2. Application to Star Clusters and Field Stars in Galaxies LMC formed stars at nearly a constant rate throughout the age of the Universe, probably had a burst about Gyr ago when the bar formed. Galaxies form star clusters at different rates than they form field stars. The formation rate of clusters is not the same as the star formation rate. Star clusters can be very useful probes of the age- metallicity relationship in a galaxy, overcoming the degeneracies in age/metallicity inherent in the CMD, but you need to study field stars to determine a galaxy s s star formation histiory. 3. More about that in tomorrow s lecture Thank you for your attention. Do you have any Questions? 32
The Star Clusters of the Magellanic Clouds
The Dance of Stars MODEST-14 The Star Clusters of the Magellanic Clouds Eva K. Grebel Astronomisches Rechen-Institut Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg Star Clusters in the Magellanic Clouds!
More informationStellar Populations in the Local Group
Stellar Populations in the Local Group Recall what we ve learned from the Milky Way: Age and metallicity tend to be correlated: older -> lower heavy element content younger -> greater heavy element content
More informationUniversity of Naples Federico II, Academic Year Istituzioni di Astrofisica, read by prof. Massimo Capaccioli. Lecture 16
University of Naples Federico II, Academic Year 2011-2012 Istituzioni di Astrofisica, read by prof. Massimo Capaccioli Lecture 16 Stellar populations Walter Baade (1893-1960) Learning outcomes The student
More informationLecture 30. The Galactic Center
Lecture 30 History of the Galaxy Populations and Enrichment Galactic Evolution Spiral Arms Galactic Types Apr 5, 2006 Astro 100 Lecture 30 1 The Galactic Center The nature of the center of the Galaxy is
More informationIntro to SQL. Two components. Data Definition Language (DDL): create table, etc. Data Manipulation Language (DML):
Intro to SQL Two components Data Definition Language (DDL): create table, etc. Data Manipulation Language (DML): select, insert, delete, update, etc. The basic SELECT statement: Select From Where A1, A2,...AN
More informationThe Milky Way. Overview: Number of Stars Mass Shape Size Age Sun s location. First ideas about MW structure. Wide-angle photo of the Milky Way
Figure 70.01 The Milky Way Wide-angle photo of the Milky Way Overview: Number of Stars Mass Shape Size Age Sun s location First ideas about MW structure Figure 70.03 Shapely (~1900): The system of globular
More informationGalaxy classification
Galaxy classification Questions of the Day What are elliptical, spiral, lenticular and dwarf galaxies? What is the Hubble sequence? What determines the colors of galaxies? Top View of the Milky Way The
More informationReview of stellar evolution and color-magnitude diagrams
Review of stellar evolution and color-magnitude diagrams The evolution of stars can be used to study the properties of galaxies Very characteristic features pinpoint at the age (chemistry) of the stars
More informationFrom theory to observations
Stellar Objects: From theory to observations 1 From theory to observations Given the stellar mass and chemical composition of a ZAMS, the stellar modeling can, in principle, give the prediction of the
More informationChapter 7: From theory to observations
Chapter 7: From theory to observations Given the stellar mass and chemical composition of a ZAMS, the stellar modeling can, in principle, predict the evolution of the stellar bolometric luminosity, effective
More informationChapter 14 The Milky Way Galaxy
Chapter 14 The Milky Way Galaxy Spiral Galaxy M81 - similar to our Milky Way Galaxy Our Parent Galaxy A galaxy is a giant collection of stellar and interstellar matter held together by gravity Billions
More informationChapter 8: Simple Stellar Populations
Chapter 8: Simple Stellar Populations Simple Stellar Population consists of stars born at the same time and having the same initial element composition. Stars of different masses follow different evolutionary
More informationSimple Stellar Populations
Stellar Objects: Simple Stellar Populations 1 Simple Stellar Populations 1 Theoretical isochrones Update date: December 14, 2010 Simple Stellar Population consists of stars born at the same time and having
More informationAstro2010 Science White Paper: The Galactic Neighborhood (GAN)
Astro2010 Science White Paper: The Galactic Neighborhood (GAN) Thomas M. Brown (tbrown@stsci.edu) and Marc Postman (postman@stsci.edu) Space Telescope Science Institute Daniela Calzetti (calzetti@astro.umass.edu)
More informationStellar Populations in the Galaxy
Stellar Populations in the Galaxy Stars are fish in the sea of the galaxy, and like fish they often travel in schools. Star clusters are relatively small groupings, the true schools are stellar populations.
More informationZoccali et al. 2003, A&A, 399, 931. Overview of (old) Galactic components. bulge, thick disk, metal-weak halo. metallicity & age distribution
Chap.3 The nature of Galactic components Overview of (old) Galactic components bulge, thick disk, metal-weak halo Globular clusters metallicity & age distribution Satellite galaxies spatial and metallicity
More informationGalaxies. The majority of known galaxies fall into one of three major classes: spirals (78 %), ellipticals (18 %) and irregulars (4 %).
Galaxies Collection of stars, gas and dust bound together by their common gravitational pull. Galaxies range from 10,000 to 200,000 light-years in size. 1781 Charles Messier 1923 Edwin Hubble The distribution
More informationClicker Question: Galaxy Classification. What type of galaxy do we live in? The Variety of Galaxy Morphologies Another barred galaxy
Galaxies Galaxies First spiral nebula found in 1845 by the Earl of Rosse. Speculated it was beyond our Galaxy. 1920 - "Great Debate" between Shapley and Curtis on whether spiral nebulae were galaxies beyond
More informationSubstructure in the Stellar Halo of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy
Substructure in the Stellar Halo of the Andromeda Spiral Galaxy Raja Guhathakurta University of California Observatories (Lick, Keck, TMT) University of California at Santa Cruz M31 s extended stellar
More informationAgenda for Ast 309N, Sep. 27. Measuring Masses from Binary Stars
Agenda for Ast 309N, Sep. 27 Quiz 3 The role of stellar mass Ages of star clusters Exam 1, Thurs. Oct. 4 Study guide out on 9/28 Next topic: brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets 1 This image of the central
More informationA100H Exploring the Universe: Discovering Galaxies. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100H Exploring the Universe: Discovering Galaxies Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy astron100h-mdw@courses.umass.edu April 05, 2016 Read: Chap 19 04/05/16 slide 1 Exam #2 Returned by next class meeting
More informationAge Dating A SSP. Quick quiz: please write down a 3 sentence explanation of why these plots look like they do.
Color is only a weak function of age after ~3Gyrs (for a given metallicity) (See MBW pg 473) But there is a strong change in M/L V and weak change in M/L K Age Dating A SSP Quick quiz: please write down
More informationComponents of Galaxies Stars What Properties of Stars are Important for Understanding Galaxies?
Components of Galaxies Stars What Properties of Stars are Important for Understanding Galaxies? Temperature Determines the λ range over which the radiation is emitted Chemical Composition metallicities
More informationStellar Populations: Resolved vs. unresolved
Outline Stellar Populations: Resolved vs. unresolved Individual stars can be analyzed Applicable for Milky Way star clusters and the most nearby galaxies Integrated spectroscopy / photometry only The most
More informationExam # 3 Tue 12/06/2011 Astronomy 100/190Y Exploring the Universe Fall 11 Instructor: Daniela Calzetti
Exam # 3 Tue 12/06/2011 Astronomy 100/190Y Exploring the Universe Fall 11 Instructor: Daniela Calzetti INSTRUCTIONS: Please, use the `bubble sheet and a pencil # 2 to answer the exam questions, by marking
More informationChapter 25: Galaxy Clusters and the Structure of the Universe
Chapter 25: Galaxy Clusters and the Structure of the Universe Distribution of galaxies Evolution of galaxies Study of distant galaxies Distance derived from redshift Hubble s constant age of the Universe:
More informationSurface Brightness of Spiral Galaxies
Surface Brightness of Spiral Galaxies M104: SA N4535: SAB LMC: dwarf irregular,barred Normal 1/4-law+exp fits An example of surface brightness profile. The top curve is the sum of exp disk+1/4-bulge. The
More informationASTRON 449: Stellar (Galactic) Dynamics. Fall 2014
ASTRON 449: Stellar (Galactic) Dynamics Fall 2014 In this course, we will cover the basic phenomenology of galaxies (including dark matter halos, stars clusters, nuclear black holes) theoretical tools
More informationRemember from Stefan-Boltzmann that 4 2 4
Lecture 17 Review Most stars lie on the Main sequence of an H&R diagram including the Sun, Sirius, Procyon, Spica, and Proxima Centauri. This figure is a plot of logl versus logt. The main sequence is
More informationLecture 24: Testing Stellar Evolution Readings: 20-6, 21-3, 21-4
Lecture 24: Testing Stellar Evolution Readings: 20-6, 21-3, 21-4 Key Ideas HR Diagrams of Star Clusters Ages from the Main Sequence Turn-off Open Clusters Young clusters of ~1000 stars Blue Main-Sequence
More informationLecture Three: Stellar Populations. Stellar Properties: Stellar Populations = Stars in Galaxies. What defines luminous properties of galaxies
Lecture Three: ~2% of galaxy mass in stellar light Stellar Populations What defines luminous properties of galaxies face-on edge-on https://www.astro.rug.nl/~etolstoy/pog16/ 18 th April 2016 Sparke & Gallagher,
More informationThe Local Group of Galaxies
The Local Group of Galaxies Two large spiral galaxies Milky Way & Andromeda (Messier 31 or M31) Distance between them: D = 700 kpc = 2.3 x 10 6 light yrs Each large spiral galaxy has several smaller satellite
More informationNew insights into the Sagittarius stream
New insights into the Sagittarius stream EWASS, Turku July 8th, 213 Martin C. Smith Shanghai Astronomical Observatory http://hubble.shao.ac.cn/~msmith/ Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal(ish) Since its discovery
More informationFrom theory to observations
Stellar Objects: From theory to observations 1 From theory to observations Update date: December 13, 2010 Given the stellar mass and chemical composition of a ZAMS, the stellar modeling can, in principle,
More informationHubble sequence galaxy classification scheme, originally based on appearance, but correlates with other properties as well.
Normal Galaxies (Ch. 24) Here we will cover topics in Ch. 24 up to 24.4, but then skip 24.4, 24.5. The sections we are skipping are all about processes that occur in the centers of galaxies, so I d like
More informationAn analogy. "Galaxies" can be compared to "cities" What would you like to know about cities? What would you need to be able to answer these questions?
An analogy "Galaxies" can be compared to "cities" What would you like to know about cities? how does your own city look like? how big is it? what is its population? history? how did it develop? how does
More informationAnnouncement: Quiz Friday, Oct 31
Announcement: Quiz Friday, Oct 31 What is the difference between the giant, horizontal, and asymptotic-giant branches? What is the Helium flash? Why can t high-mass stars support themselves in hydrostatic
More informationStars and their properties: (Chapters 11 and 12)
Stars and their properties: (Chapters 11 and 12) To classify stars we determine the following properties for stars: 1. Distance : Needed to determine how much energy stars produce and radiate away by using
More informationM31 Color Mag Diagram Brown et al 592:L17-L20!
The physical origin of the form of the IMF is not well understood Use the stellar mass-luminosity relation and present day stellar luminosity function together with a model of how the star formation rate
More informationNormal Galaxies (Ch. 24) + Galaxies and Dark Matter (Ch. 25) Symbolically: E0.E7.. S0..Sa..Sb..Sc..Sd..Irr
Normal Galaxies (Ch. 24) + Galaxies and Dark Matter (Ch. 25) Here we will cover topics in Ch. 24 up to 24.4, but then skip 24.4, 24.5 and proceed to 25.1, 25.2, 25.3. Then, if there is time remaining,
More informationThe Night Sky. The Universe. The Celestial Sphere. Stars. Chapter 14
The Night Sky The Universe Chapter 14 Homework: All the multiple choice questions in Applying the Concepts and Group A questions in Parallel Exercises. Celestial observation dates to ancient civilizations
More informationASTRO 310: Galactic & Extragalactic Astronomy Prof. Jeff Kenney
ASTRO 310: Galactic & Extragalactic Astronomy Prof. Jeff Kenney Class 3 January 23, 2017 The Milky Way Galaxy: Vertical Distributions of Stars & the Stellar Disk disks exist in many astrophysical systems
More informationThe Distances and Ages of Star Clusters
Name: Partner(s): Lab #7 The Distances and Ages of Star Clusters 0.1 Due July 14th Very few stars are born isolated. Instead, most stars form in small groups, known as clusters. The stars in a cluster
More informationView of the Galaxy from within. Lecture 12: Galaxies. Comparison to an external disk galaxy. Where do we lie in our Galaxy?
Lecture 12: Galaxies View of the Galaxy from within The Milky Way galaxy Rotation curves and dark matter External galaxies and the Hubble classification scheme Plotting the sky brightness in galactic coordinates,
More informationGalaxies. Lecture Topics. Lecture 23. Discovering Galaxies. Galaxy properties. Local Group. History Cepheid variable stars. Classifying galaxies
Galaxies Lecture 23 APOD: NGC 3628 (The Hamburger Galaxy) 1 Lecture Topics Discovering Galaxies History Cepheid variable stars Galaxy properties Classifying galaxies Local Group 2 23-1 Discovering Galaxies
More informationHR Diagram, Star Clusters, and Stellar Evolution
Ay 1 Lecture 9 M7 ESO HR Diagram, Star Clusters, and Stellar Evolution 9.1 The HR Diagram Stellar Spectral Types Temperature L T Y The Hertzsprung-Russel (HR) Diagram It is a plot of stellar luminosity
More informationGalaxies. Hubble's measurement of distance to M31 Normal versus other galaxies Classification of galaxies Ellipticals Spirals Scaling relations
Galaxies Hubble's measurement of distance to M31 Normal versus other galaxies Classification of galaxies Ellipticals Spirals Scaling relations Cepheids in M31 Up to 1920s, the Milky Way was thought by
More informationWarm-up on board. Sketch problem 1 from the HW. Which star: i) Is largest? Is second smallest? Could be the same size as D? Bright A.
Warm-up on board Sketch problem 1 from the HW. Bright A C Which star: L D i) Is largest? ii) iii) Is second smallest? Could be the same size as D? Dim Hot B T = Main Sequence E Cool Why are stars seen
More informationThe Great Debate: The Size of the Universe (1920)
The Great Debate: The Size of the Universe (1920) Heber Curtis Our Galaxy is rather small, with Sun near the center. 30,000 LY diameter. Universe composed of many separate galaxies Spiral nebulae = island
More informationDistance Measuring Techniques and The Milky Way Galaxy
Distance Measuring Techniques and The Milky Way Galaxy Measuring distances to stars is one of the biggest challenges in Astronomy. If we had some standard candle, some star with a known luminosity, then
More informationDust [12.1] Star clusters. Absorb and scatter light Effect strongest in blue, less in red, zero in radio.
More abs. Dust [1.1] kev V Wavelength Optical Infra-red More abs. Wilms et al. 000, ApJ, 54, 914 No grains Grains from http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~draine/dust/dustmix.html See DraineH 003a, column
More informationTHE GALACTIC BULGE AND ITS GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: MOS. B. Barbuy
THE GALACTIC BULGE AND ITS GLOBULAR CLUSTERS: MOS B. Barbuy IAG - Universidade de São Paulo Outline: Interest of studies on Galactic bulge and globulars Data available on metallicity,, kinematics in field
More information25.2 Stellar Evolution. By studying stars of different ages, astronomers have been able to piece together the evolution of a star.
25.2 Stellar Evolution By studying stars of different ages, astronomers have been able to piece together the evolution of a star. Star Birth The birthplaces of stars are dark, cool interstellar clouds,
More informationStellar Systems with HST
Stellar Systems with HST (With European Impact) Topics: Surprizing Globular Clusters in the Milky Way The MW Bulge and its Globulars The Bulge, Halo, Stream and Disk of Andromeda Bulges at high redshifts
More informationTechniques for measuring astronomical distances generally come in two variates, absolute and relative.
Chapter 6 Distances 6.1 Preliminaries Techniques for measuring astronomical distances generally come in two variates, absolute and relative. Absolute distance measurements involve objects possibly unique
More informationMilky Way S&G Ch 2. Milky Way in near 1 IR H-W Rixhttp://online.kitp.ucsb.edu/online/galarcheo-c15/rix/
Why study the MW? its "easy" to study: big, bright, close Allows detailed studies of stellar kinematics, stellar evolution. star formation, direct detection of dark matter?? Milky Way S&G Ch 2 Problems
More informationReview of stellar evolution and color-magnitude diagrams
Review of stellar evolution and color-magnitude diagrams The evolution of stars can be used to study the properties of galaxies Very characteristic features pinpoint at the age (chemistry) of the stars
More informationChapter 10: Unresolved Stellar Populations
Chapter 10: Unresolved Stellar Populations We now consider the case when individual stars are not resolved. So we need to use photometric and spectroscopic observations of integrated magnitudes, colors
More informationToday. Lookback time. ASTR 1020: Stars & Galaxies. Astronomy Picture of the day. April 2, 2008
ASTR 1020: Stars & Galaxies April 2, 2008 Astronomy Picture of the day Reading: Chapter 21, sections 21.3. MasteringAstronomy Homework on Galaxies and Hubble s Law is due April 7 th. Weak Lensing Distorts
More informationStars, Galaxies & the Universe Lecture Outline
Stars, Galaxies & the Universe Lecture Outline A galaxy is a collection of 100 billion stars! Our Milky Way Galaxy (1)Components - HII regions, Dust Nebulae, Atomic Gas (2) Shape & Size (3) Rotation of
More informationGlobular Clusters in LSB Dwarf Galaxies
Globular Clusters in LSB Dwarf Galaxies New results from HST photometry and VLT spectroscopy Thomas H. Puzia Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics in collaboration with Margarita E. Sharina SAO, Russian Academy
More informationTest #2 results. Grades posted in UNM Learn. Along with current grade in the class
Test #2 results Grades posted in UNM Learn D C B A Along with current grade in the class F Clicker Question: If the Earth had no Moon then what would happen to the tides? A: The tides would not be as strong
More informationChapter 19 Galaxies. Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Each dot is a galaxy of stars. More distant, further into the past. halo
Chapter 19 Galaxies Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Each dot is a galaxy of stars. More distant, further into the past halo disk bulge Barred Spiral Galaxy: Has a bar of stars across the bulge Spiral Galaxy 1
More informationASTR Look over Chapter 15. Good things to Know. Triangulation
ASTR 1020 Look over Chapter 15 Good things to Know Triangulation Parallax Parsecs Absolute Visual Magnitude Distance Modulus Luminosity Balmer Lines Spectral Classes Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram Main
More informationDirected Reading A. Section: The Life Cycle of Stars TYPES OF STARS THE LIFE CYCLE OF SUNLIKE STARS A TOOL FOR STUDYING STARS.
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading A Section: The Life Cycle of Stars TYPES OF STARS (pp. 444 449) 1. Besides by mass, size, brightness, color, temperature, and composition, how are stars classified? a.
More informationGalaxies. Need a (physically) meaningful way of describing the relevant properties of a galaxy.
Galaxies Aim to understand the characteristics of galaxies, how they have evolved in time, and how they depend on environment (location in space), size, mass, etc. Need a (physically) meaningful way of
More information1924: Hubble classification scheme 1925: Hubble measures Cepheids (Period-Luminosity) in Andromeda case closed
Galaxies 1920 - Curtis-Shapley debate on nature of spiral nebulae - distribution in the sky: zone of avoidance Curtis: extinction Shapley:? - apparent brightness of stars(?) observed in some nebulae Shapley:
More informationLate Stages of Stellar Evolution. Late Stages of Stellar Evolution
Late Stages of Stellar Evolution The star enters the Asymptotic Giant Branch with an active helium shell burning and an almost dormant hydrogen shell Again the stars size and luminosity increase, leading
More information11 days exposure time. 10,000 galaxies. 3 arcminutes size (0.1 x diameter of moon) Estimated number of galaxies in observable universe: ~200 billion
11 days exposure time 10,000 galaxies 3 arcminutes size (0.1 x diameter of moon) Estimated number of galaxies in observable universe: ~200 billion Galaxies with disks Clumpy spiral shapes Smooth elliptical
More informationSpatial distribution of stars in the Milky Way
Spatial distribution of stars in the Milky Way What kinds of stars are present in the Solar neighborhood, and in what numbers? How are they distributed spatially? How do we know? How can we measure this?
More informationMajor Review: A very dense article" Dawes Review 4: Spiral Structures in Disc Galaxies; C. Dobbs and J Baba arxiv "
The Components of a Spiral Galaxy-a Bit of a Review- See MBW chap 11! we have discussed this in the context of the Milky Way" Disks:" Rotationally supported, lots of gas, dust, star formation occurs in
More informationUsing Globular Clusters to. Study Elliptical Galaxies. The View Isn t Bad... Omega Centauri. Terry Bridges Australian Gemini Office M13
Using Globular Clusters to Omega Centauri Study Elliptical Galaxies Terry Bridges Australian Gemini Office 10,000 1,000,000 stars up to 1000 stars/pc3 typical sizes ~10 parsec Mike Beasley (IAC, Tenerife)
More informationGalaxies. CESAR s Booklet
What is a galaxy? Figure 1: A typical galaxy: our Milky Way (artist s impression). (Credit: NASA) A galaxy is a huge collection of stars and interstellar matter isolated in space and bound together by
More information24.1 Hubble s Galaxy Classification
Chapter 24 Galaxies Units of Chapter 24 24.1 Hubble s Galaxy Classification 24.2 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space 24.3 Hubble s Law 24.4 XXActive Galactic Nuclei XXRelativistic Redshifts and Look-Back
More informationLecture Outlines. Chapter 25. Astronomy Today 7th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outlines Chapter 25 Astronomy Today 7th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Chapter 25 Galaxies and Dark Matter Units of Chapter 25 25.1 Dark Matter in the Universe 25.2 Galaxy Collisions 25.3 Galaxy Formation
More informationLecture Two: Galaxy Morphology:
Lecture Two: Galaxy Morphology: Looking more deeply at the Hubble Sequence Galaxy Morphology How do you quantify the properties of galaxies? and how do you put them in groups which allow you to study physically
More informationStudying stars in M31 GCs using NIRI and GNIRS
Studying stars in M31 GCs using NIRI and GNIRS Ricardo Schiavon Gemini Observatory GSM 2012 San Francisco July 19, 2012 Collaborators Andy Stephens (Gemini) Nelson Caldwell (SAO) Matthew Shetrone (HET)
More informationClicker Question: Clicker Question: What is the expected lifetime for a G2 star (one just like our Sun)?
How Long do Stars Live (as Main Sequence Stars)? A star on Main Sequence has fusion of H to He in its core. How fast depends on mass of H available and rate of fusion. Mass of H in core depends on mass
More informationThe Composition of the Old, Metal-Rich Open Cluster, NGC 6791
The Composition of the Old, Metal-Rich Open Cluster, NGC 6791 Liz Jensen --- Smith College, REU at IFA, University of Hawaii 2006 Mentor: Ann M. Boesgaard --- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii
More informationStellar Fossils: Globular clusters as probes of the galaxy
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Public Talks Astrophysics 7-1-2011 Stellar Fossils: Globular clusters as probes of the galaxy Shane L. Larson Utah State University Follow this and additional works
More informationOther stellar types. Open and globular clusters: chemical compositions
Other stellar types Some clusters have hotter stars than we find in the solar neighbourhood -- O, B, A stars -- as well as F stars, and cooler stars (G, K, M) Hence we can establish intrinsic values (M
More informationComponents of the Milky Way Galaxy
Chapter 2 Components of the Milky Way Galaxy This chapter gives an overview of the two major baryonic constituents in our Galaxy; the stars, and the interstellar matter. This discussion describes mainly
More informationChapter 11 Surveying the Stars
Chapter 11 Surveying the Stars Luminosity Luminosity: Rate of energy emitted by star every second. Apparent brightness (flux): Amount of energy passing through every second per unit area. Luninosity =
More informationPopulation synthesis models
Population synthesis models From stellar evolution models to synthetic populations in the Milky Way Léo Girardi OAPadova INAF Italy LIneA Rio de Janeiro Brazil GAIA/ITN School, Tenerife, Sep 2013 Léo Girardi
More informationAstr 5465 Feb. 6, 2018 Characteristics of Color-Magnitude Diagrams
Astr 5465 Feb. 6, 2018 Characteristics of Color-Magnitude Diagrams Preliminaries: Shape of an Isochrone (Distribution at a Given Age) Depends on the Bandpasses Used to Construct the CMD The Turn-off Absolute
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a preprint version which may differ from the publisher's version. For additional information about this
More informationHeading for death. q q
Hubble Photos Credit: NASA, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) Heading for death. q q q q q q Leaving the main sequence End of the Sunlike star The helium core The Red-Giant Branch Helium Fusion Helium
More information1. Basic Properties of Stars
1. Basic Properties of Stars This is the Sun during a total eclipse. The Sun, our closest star, is very much representative of the objects that we will study during this module, namely stars. Much of the
More informationThe physics of stars. A star begins simply as a roughly spherical ball of (mostly) hydrogen gas, responding only to gravity and it s own pressure.
Lecture 4 Stars The physics of stars A star begins simply as a roughly spherical ball of (mostly) hydrogen gas, responding only to gravity and it s own pressure. X-ray ultraviolet infrared radio To understand
More informationThe Birth Of Stars. How do stars form from the interstellar medium Where does star formation take place How do we induce star formation
Goals: The Birth Of Stars How do stars form from the interstellar medium Where does star formation take place How do we induce star formation Interstellar Medium Gas and dust between stars is the interstellar
More informationExtracting the Star Formation History of Composite Stellar Populations
Extracting the Star Formation History of Composite Stellar Populations Jenny Richardson 29/03/07 1 What is a Composite Stellar Population? A simple stellar population (SSP) consists of stars with uniform
More informationThe Classification of Galaxies
Admin. 11/9/17 1. Class website http://www.astro.ufl.edu/~jt/teaching/ast1002/ 2. Optional Discussion sections: Tue. ~11.30am (period 5), Bryant 3; Thur. ~12.30pm (end of period 5 and period 6), start
More informationSpiral Structure. m ( Ω Ω gp ) = n κ. Closed orbits in non-inertial frames can explain the spiral pattern
Spiral Structure In the mid-1960s Lin and Shu proposed that the spiral structure is caused by long-lived quasistatic density waves The density would be higher by about 10% to 20% Stars, dust and gas clouds
More informationClicker Question: Clicker Question: Clicker Question: Clicker Question: What is the remnant left over from a Type Ia (carbon detonation) supernova:
Test 3 results D C Grades posted in cabinet and Grades posted on-line B A F If you are not properly registered then come see me for your grade What is the ultimate origin of the elements heavier than helium
More informationmidterm exam thurs june 14 morning? evening? fri june 15 morning? evening? sat june 16 morning? afternoon? sun june 17 morning? afternoon?
Prof. Jeff Kenney Class 11 June 11, 2018 midterm exam thurs june 14 morning? evening? fri june 15 morning? evening? sat june 16 morning? afternoon? sun june 17 morning? afternoon? observing session tomorrow
More informationNumber of Stars: 100 billion (10 11 ) Mass : 5 x Solar masses. Size of Disk: 100,000 Light Years (30 kpc)
THE MILKY WAY GALAXY Type: Spiral galaxy composed of a highly flattened disk and a central elliptical bulge. The disk is about 100,000 light years (30kpc) in diameter. The term spiral arises from the external
More informationChapter 15: Surveying the Stars
Chapter 15 Lecture Chapter 15: Surveying the Stars Surveying the Stars 15.1 Properties of Stars Our goals for learning: How do we measure stellar luminosities? How do we measure stellar temperatures? How
More informationChap.6 Formation and evolution of Local Group galaxies
Chap.6 Formation and evolution of Local Group galaxies Properties of LG galaxies Formation history of LG galaxies Models to solve missing satellites problem Formation of Andromeda galaxy Future prospects
More informationGaia Revue des Exigences préliminaires 1
Gaia Revue des Exigences préliminaires 1 Global top questions 1. Which stars form and have been formed where? - Star formation history of the inner disk - Location and number of spiral arms - Extent of
More informationOur Galaxy. We are located in the disk of our galaxy and this is why the disk appears as a band of stars across the sky.
Our Galaxy Our Galaxy We are located in the disk of our galaxy and this is why the disk appears as a band of stars across the sky. Early attempts to locate our solar system produced erroneous results.
More information