CASSEGRAIN TELESCOPE

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1 CASSEGRAIN TELESCOPE Interactive Physics Simulation Page 01

2 How does a telescope collect and magnify light? We describe the shape of a telescope by its f/#, roughly speaking the ratio of its length to its diameter. Telescopes with high f/# are great for magnifying small images. Telescopes with short f/# are best for looking at faint objects. Telescopes with large mirror diameters are best of all - but they're more expensive! In a Cassegrain telescope, light bounces off a large mirror then a smaller mirror - passing through a hole in the first mirror! By folding the light back you fit a long telescope in a small space, at the expense of some of your ability collect light. Let's investigate the science behind this. When a light ray from a distant planet enters a Cassegrain telescope, bounces first off the concave primary mirror, then off the convex secondary mirror. An image of the distant object is formed. The eyepiece allows you to view the image with high magnification. At each bounce, the light ray simply obeys the law of reflection. Imagine a line perpendicular to the surface of the mirror where the ray bounces. We call this a normal line. The law of reflection states that a ray makes equal angles on each side of the normal line. To access this physics simulation visit: Page 02

3 Primary Diameter - This slider adjusts the area of the primary collecting mirror of the telescope. The greater the area, the more light the telescope intercepts from the sky. A larger mirror allows us to see a greater number of faint stars and other celestial objects than a smaller mirror. Primary Focal Ratio - This slider adjusts the focal ratio of the telescope, which is the ratio of the focal length of the system to the diameter of the telescope. Optical systems with smaller focal ratios are known as "fast" systems, and the angles of reflection are relatively high. Optical systems with higher focal ratios are known as "slow" systems, and the angles are smaller. Eyepiece Focal Length - This slider adjusts the focal length of the eyepiece of the telescope. Shorter eyepieces can allow for higher magnification, but also limit the field of view of the system. Try different combinations of eyepiece, f/#, and mirror diameter to find the best possible system for observing Jupiter. To access this physics simulation visit: Page 03

4 Adjust the sliders so that it can collect the most light from the sky. ( The greater the primary area of the telescope, the more light the telescope intercepts from the sky.) Adjust the sliders to create a slow optical system, in which the angles of reflection are relatively low. ( Optical systems with higher focal ratios are known as slow systems, and the angles are smaller.) Adjust the sliders to get highest magnification of Jupiter possible. ( Adjust the primary diameter slider, the primary focal ratio slider, and the eyepiece focal length slider and press play until the image of Jupiter through the telescope eye scope is at its largest possible size.) To access this physics simulation visit: Page 04

5 Challenge ME! What f/# and eyepiece combination give you the highest magnification? Why can we consider a mirror to be 'basically flat' at the part where a given ray hits it? What does a bigger diameter mirror get you? Need Help? Check out the Cassegrain Telescope Walkthrough video at: << Link >> To access this physics simulation visit: Page 05

6 What should I look for when buying a telescope? Most retail telescopes have sufficient magnification to see planets, the Moon, etc., as well as possible given that we live with a turbulent, blurry atmosphere. Where telescopes differ is their aperture size - or mirror size - the diameter of the system is what is important. The larger the aperture, the more light the telescope intercepts and redirects to your eye. This makes faint objects appear brighter. Do all telescopes use mirrors? It is possible to use lenses rather than mirrors - in fact, early telescopes did just that. The problem is that lenses have a lot of mass and so take time to cool down at night - as they cool, they change shape. So lenses take a long time to settle down thermally. Mirrors can be quite thin, and so can settle their temperature much more rapidly. What's more, telescope mirrors redirect and fold the light back and forth, making the overall length of the telescope smaller; lenses redirect light but it largely continues traveling in the same direction. Refracting telescopes, which use lenses, tend to be longer. Which is the best telescope on Earth? There is no single best telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope is the largest space-based observatory. Because it is outside the Earth's atmosphere, the images it produces are not limited by the fuzziness of the Earth's turbulent atmosphere. However, getting a big aperture telescope to orbit is costly - there are much larger telescopes on the ground. These large telescopes, like the Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, are placed at dry, high-altitude sites with very few clouds so that they get as little blurring from the atmosphere as possible. How can I memorize the constellations? One way to do it is to start with just one or two constellations and get to know them very well. Orion, the great winter constellation, is a nice place to start. In summer, the teapot of Sagittarius is a familiar sight at night. Once you get to know a single constellation, get to know its neighbors. Orion is neighbored by Taurus and Gemini. Sagittarius is close to Scorpius. Once you have a few constellations and their major stars memorized, you'll start to notice patterns in their motion. The patterns you see stay with you your whole life - amateur astronomy is a rewarding and fun hobby. To access this physics simulation visit: Page 06

7 Physics Concepts Click on the link below to learn more. Concave Mirrors - Convex Mirrors - Mirrors- Law of Reflection- To access this physics simulation visit: Page 07

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