Define umbra and penumbra. Then label the umbra and the penumbra on the diagram below. Umbra: Penumbra: Light source

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1 Lesson 3 Eclipses and Tides LA , SC.8.E.5.9, SC.8.N.1.1 Skim or scan the heading, boldfaced words, and pictures in the lesson. Identify or predict three facts you will learn from the lesson. Discuss your thoughts with a classmate. Shadows the Umbra and the Penumbra I found this on page. Define umbra and penumbra. Then label the umbra and the penumbra on the diagram below. Umbra: Penumbra: Umbra Penumbra Solar Eclipses I found this on page. NGSSS Check Why does a solar eclipse occur only during a new moon? SC.8.E.5.9 Light source Compare information about solar eclipses. Definition: Total eclipse: Ball Solar Eclipses Phase during which a solar eclipse can occur: Partial eclipse: Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 45

2 Lesson 3 Eclipses and Tides (continued) I found this on page. Label the diagram of a solar eclipse. Use these terms: Sun Moon penumbra partial solar eclipse Earth umbra total solar eclipse Earth Penumbra Moon Sun Umbra Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide I found this on page. Lunar Eclipses I found this on page. NGSSS Check When can a lunar eclipse occur? SC.8.E.5.9 Explain why solar eclipses do not occur every month. Organize information about lunar eclipses. Definition: Total eclipse: Lunar Eclipses Phase during which it can occur: Partial eclipse: 46 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

3 Lesson 3 Eclipses and Tides (continued) I found this on page. Explain why you can still see the Moon during a total lunar eclipse. Tides I found this on page. Organize information about tides. Tides Definition Force that causes tides Where low tide occurs I found this on page. NGSSS Check Why is the Sun s effect on tides less than the Moon s effect? SC.8.E.5.9 Where high tide occurs How often high tide occurs Compare spring tides and neap tides. Draw the position of the Moon, the Sun, and Earth during a spring tide and a neap tide. Spring Moon phases during which they occur: Types of Tides Neap Moon phases during which they occur: Suppose that the Moon were smaller in size but greater in mass than it is now. How would that affect solar eclipses and tides? Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 47

4 Review The Sun-Earth-Moon System Chapter Wrap-Up Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Use this checklist to help you study. Complete your Foldables Chapter Project. Study this chapter in your Notebook. Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter. THINK ABOUT IT! Summarize It Reread the Think About It question and the lesson Key Concepts. Draw the Earth-Moon-Sun system in the space below. Use arrows to show the rotation and revolution of Earth and the Moon. On the lines below your drawing, describe a cycle that is caused by the motions of Earth and the Moon. Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide Challenge Work with a partner to create a moving model of the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Use your model to demonstrate tides, phases of the Moon, seasons, and other cycles caused by motions of Earth around the Sun and the Moon around Earth. 48 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

5 5 Earth in Space and Time Phases of the Moon SC.8.N.1.1, SC.8.E.5.9 The Moon appears slightly different every night of its 29.5-day lunar cycle. The Moon s appearance changes as Earth and the Moon move. Depending on where the Moon is in relation to Earth and the Sun, observers on Earth see only part of the light the Moon reflects from the Sun. Question How do the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth cause the phases of the Moon? Materials foam ball pencil lamp stool Safety Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 2. Hold a foam ball that represents the Moon. Make a handle for the ball by inserting a pencil about two inches into the ball. Your partner will represent an observer on Earth. Have your partner sit on a stool and record observations during the activity. 3. Place a lamp on a desk or other flat surface. Remove the shade from the lamp. The lamp represents the Sun. 4. Turn on the lamp and darken the lights in the room. Do not touch the bulb or look directly at it after the lamp is turned on. 5. Position the Earth observer s stool about 1 m from the Sun. Position the Moon m from the observer so that the Sun, Earth, and the Moon are in a line. The student holding the Moon holds the Moon so it is completely illuminated on one half. The observer records the phase and what the phase looks like. Draw a data table below to record all observations. Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 49

6 Big Idea Lab continued 6. Move the Moon clockwise about one-eighth of the way around its orbit of Earth. The observer swivels on the stool to face the Moon and records the phase. 7. Continue the Moon s orbit until the Earth observer has recorded all the Moon s phases. 8. Return to your positions as the Moon and Earth observer. Choose a part in the Moon s orbit that you did not model. Predict what the Moon would look like in that position, and check if your prediction is correct. 9. Explain Use your observations to explain how the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth produce the different phases of the Moon. Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide Lab Tips Make sure the observer s head does not cast a shadow on the Moon. The student holding the Moon should hold the pencil so that he or she always stands on the unlit side of the Moon. Analyze and Conclude 10. The Big Idea Why is half of the Moon always lit? Why do you usually see only part of the Moon s lit half? Remember to use scientific methods. Make Observations Ask a Question Form a Hypothesis Test your Hypothesis Analyze and Conclude Communicate Results 11. Draw Conclusions Based on your observations, why is the Moon not visible from Earth during the new-moon phase? 50 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

7 Big Idea Lab continued 12. Summarize Which parts of your model were waxing phases? Which parts were waning phases? 13. Think Critically During which phases of the Moon can eclipses occur? Explain. Communicate Your Results Create a poster of the results from your lab. Illustrate various positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth, and draw the phase of the Moon for each. Include a statement of your hypothesis on the poster. Extension The Moon is not the only object in the sky that has phases when viewed from Earth. The planets Venus and Mercury also have phases. Research the phases of these planets and create a calendar that shows when the various phases of Venus and Mercury occur. Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 51

8 Big Idea Lab Notes Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide 52 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

9 Study Guide Use Vocabulary Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs. 1. revolution, orbit 2. rotation, rotation axis 3. solstice, equinox 4. waxing phases, waning phases 5. umbra, penumbra 6. solar eclipse, lunar eclipse 7. tide, phase Link Vocabulary and Key Concepts Use vocabulary terms from the chapter to complete the concept map below. around the Sun in a type of motion called 8. in a closed path called a(n) 9. which causes changes in sea level called Earth moves in a spinning motion called summer and winter each to begin on a(n) around a line called a(n) whose tilt causes the seasons and casts a shadow that the Moon sometimes travels into causing a(n) 15. spring and fall each to begin on a(n) Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 53

10 Chapter 1 Review Understand Key Concepts Circle the correct answer below. Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide 1. Which property of the Sun most affects the strength of gravitational attraction between the Sun and Earth? SC.8.E.5.4 A. mass B. radius C. shape D. temperature 2. Which would be different if Earth rotated from east to west but at the same rate? SC.8.E.5.9 A. the amount of energy striking Earth B. the days on which solstices occur C. the direction of the Sun s apparent motion across the sky D. the number of hours in a day 3. In the image below, which season is the northern hemisphere experiencing? SC.8.E.5.9 Rotation axis 23.5 N S A. fall C. summer B. spring D. winter 4. Which best explains why Earth is colder at the poles than at the equator? SC A. Earth is farther from the Sun at the poles than at the equator. B. Earth s orbit is not a perfect circle. C. Earth s rotation axis is tilted. D. Earth s surface is more tilted at the poles than at the equator. 5. How are the revolutions of the Moon and Earth alike? SC.8.E.5.4 A. Both are produced by gravity. B. Both are revolutions around the Sun. C. Both orbits are the same size. D. Both take the same amount of time. 6. Which moon phase occurs about one week after a new moon? SC.8.E.5.9 A. another new moon B. first quarter moon C. full moon D. third quarter moon 7. Why is the same side of the Moon always visible from Earth? SC.8.E.5.9 A. The Moon does not revolve around Earth. B. The Moon does not rotate. C. The Moon makes exactly one rotation for each revolution around Earth. D. The Moon s rotation axis is not tilted. 8. About how often do spring tides occur? SC.8.E.5.9 A. once each month B. once each year C. twice each month D. twice each year 9. If a coastal area has a high tide at 7:00 A.M., at about what time will the next low tide occur? SC.8.E.5.9 A. 11:00 A.M. B. 1:00 P.M. C. 3:00 P.M. D. 7:00 P.M. 10. Which type of eclipse would a person standing at point X in the diagram below see? SC.8.E.5.9 A. partial lunar eclipse B. partial solar eclipse C. total lunar eclipse D. total solar eclipse X 54 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

11 Chapter 1 Review continued Critical Thinking Use the lines below to respond to the following questions. 11. Outline the ways Earth moves and how each affects Earth. SC.8.E Create a poster that illustrates and describes the relationship between Earth s tilt and the seasons. SC.8.E Contrast Why can you see phases of the Moon but not phases of the Sun? SC.8.E.5.9 S July January 14. Interpret Graphics The figure above shows the Sun s position in the sky at noon in January and July. Is the house located in the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere? Explain. SC.8.E.5.9 E N Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 55

12 Chapter 1 Review continued Critical Thinking Use the lines below to respond to the following questions. 15. Illustrate Make a diagram of the Moon s orbit and phases. Include labels and explanations with your drawing. SC.8.E.5.9 Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide 16. Differentiate between a total solar eclipse and a partial solar eclipse. SC.8.E Generalize the reason that solar and lunar eclipses do not occur every month. SC.8.E Role Play Write and present a play with several classmates that explains the causes and types of tides. SC.8.E The Sun-Earth-Moon System

13 Chapter 1 Review continued 19. Survey a group of at least ten people to determine how many know the cause of Earth s seasons. Write a summary of your results, including a main idea, supporting details, and a concluding sentence. SC.8.E.5.9 Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 57

14 Chapter 1 Review continued Review the Big Idea 20. At the South Pole, the Sun does not appear in the sky for six months out of the year. When does this happen? What is happening at the North Pole during these months? Explain why Earth s poles receive so little solar energy. SC.8.E.5.9 Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide 21. A solar eclipse, shown in the time-lapse photo on page 39 in your textbook, is one phenomenon that the motions of Earth and the Moon produce. What other phenomena do the motions of Earth and the Moon produce? SC.8.E.5.9 Math Skills Convert Units MA.6.A When the Moon is 384,000 km from Earth, how far is the Moon from Earth in miles? 23. If you travel 205 mi on a train from Washington D.C. to New York City, how many kilometers do you travel on the train? 24. The nearest star other than the Sun is about 40 trillion km away. About how many miles away is the nearest star other than the Sun? 58 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

15 Science Benchmark Practice Mark your answer in the answer bubbles below each question. Multiple Choice 1 What keeps Earth in orbit around the Sun? SC.8.E Which diagram illustrates the Moon s third quarter phase? SC.8.E.5.9 F A tilt of its axis B gravitational attraction to the Sun C gravitational attraction to the Moon G D gravitational attraction to the Sun and the Moon H Use the diagram below to answer question 2. Time 1 S S E Time 2 2 What happens between times 1 and 2 in the diagram above? SC.8.E.5.9 F Days grow shorter and shorter. E G The season changes from fall to winter. H The region begins to point away from the Sun. I The region gradually receives more solar energy. 3 How many times larger is the Sun s diameter than Earth s diameter? SC.8.E.5.9 A about 10 times larger B about 100 times larger C about 1,000 times larger D about 10,000 times larger N N I 5 Which accurately describes Earth s position and orientation during summer in the northern hemisphere? SC.8.E.5.9 A Earth is at its closest point to the Sun. B Earth s hemispheres receive equal amounts of solar energy. C The north end of Earth s rotational axis leans toward the Sun. D The Sun emits a greater amount of light and heat energy. 6 Why does the Sun s energy warm Earth more at the equator than at the poles? SC.8.E.5.9 F The equator has tropical rain forests. G Sunlight is less spread out near the equator. H Sunlight is more spread out near the equator. I The equator lacks ice, which reflects the Sun s energy. Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 59

16 NGSSS for Science Benchmark Practice continued 7 During one lunar cycle, the Moon SC.8.E.5.9 A completes its east-to-west path across the sky exactly once. 10 Which does the entire Moon pass through during a partial lunar eclipse? SC.8.E.5.9 F Earth s penumbra B completes its entire sequence of phases. C progresses only from the new-moon phase to the full-moon phase. G Earth s umbra H the Moon s penumbra I the Moon s umbra D revolves around Earth twice. Use the diagram below to answer question 8. Use the diagram below to answer questions 11 and 12. A Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide Earth Moon 8 What does the flag in the diagram above represent? SC.8.E.5.9 F high tide G low tide H neap tide I spring tide 9 During which lunar phase might a solar eclipse occur? SC.8.E.5.9 A first quarter moon B full moon C new moon D third quarter moon 11 Where are the neap tides indicated in the above diagram? SC.8.E.5.9 A A and B B B and C C A and C D C and D 12 Where are the spring tides indicated in the above diagram? SC.8.E.5.9 F B and C G C and D H B and D I A and C D C B 60 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

17 Benchmark Mini-Assessment Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer. 1. Which image shows the December solstice? SC.8.E.5.9 A S N 2. Which process produces large amounts of energy within the Sun? SC.8.E.5.5 F nuclear fission G nuclear fusion H Earth s motion around the Sun I the Sun s gravitational pull E D B A D C B S C S D S E E E N N N 3. Which arrow in the image above indicates the path Earth would take if the Sun disappeared? SC.8.E.5.4 A A B B C C D D 4. What causes the seasons? SC.8.E.5.9 F the changes in the tilt of Earth s rotation axis G the force of the Sun s gravitational pull on Earth H the great distance Earth is from the Sun I the tilt of Earth s axis as it moves around the Sun Extend Your Learning Turn the page to Learn Out Loud Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 61

18 Think, Discuss, Share Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide From My Teacher 62 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

19 Benchmark Mini-Assessment Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer. 1. An object the size of Mars hit Earth. Use the image below to answer questions 3 and Vaporized rock was ejected into space The debris cooled and clumped together. 1. The above four steps show how the Moon was formed. Which statement below is step 3? SC.8.E.5.4 A Debris fell back to Earth, which caused craters. B Maria were formed by the impacts of large objects. C The Sun burned up most of the rocky debris. D Vaporized rock formed a ring around Earth. 2. The Moon is visible because it SC.8.E.5.9 F reflects light from Mars. G reflects light from Earth. H reflects light from the stars. I reflects light from the Sun. Sunlight 3. Which numbers indicate the phases during which the Moon is waning? SC.8.E.5.9 A 1, 5 B 2, 3, 4 C 5, 6, 7 D 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 4. Which number indicates how the Moon is seen from Earth during the second week of the lunar cycle? SC.8.E.5.9 F 1 G 3 H 5 I 7 Extend Your Learning Turn the page to Learn Out Loud Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 63

20 Think, Discuss, Share Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide From My Teacher 64 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

21 Benchmark Mini-Assessment Chapter 1 Lesson 3 Multiple Choice Bubble the correct answer. A Low tide High tide Earth A High tide Moon 1. According to the image above, what type of eclipse is occurring at the point labeled A on the globe? SC.8.E.5.9 Low tide A B C D partial lunar eclipse partial solar eclipse total lunar eclipse total solar eclipse 2. Why don t solar eclipses happen every month? SC.8.E.5.9 F Earth s orbit around the Sun is at an angle, which keeps Earth out of the Moon s shadow. G Earth s tilt on its rotation axis keeps it from falling into the Moon s shadow during most months. H The Moon s orbit is irregular, and most of the time the Moon is too far away to cast a shadow on Earth. I The Moon s orbit is tilted compared to Earth s orbit, so Earth is not in the Moon s shadow most months. 3. According to the image above, how will the tide at Point A change over the next 12 hours? SC.8.E.5.9 A The tide will change from low tide to high tide. B The tide will change from high tide to low tide. C The tide will change from high tide to low tide and back to high tide. D The tide will change from low tide to high tide and back to low tide. 4. A partial solar eclipse is seen at locations in SC.8.E.5.9 F Earth s penumbra. G Earth s umbra. H the Moon s penumbra. I the Moon s umbra. Extend Your Learning Turn the page to Learn Out Loud Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Sun-Earth-Moon System 65

22 Think, Discuss, Share Benchmark Practice Chapter Review Study Guide From My Teacher 66 The Sun-Earth-Moon System

23 Notes Study Guide Chapter Review Benchmark Practice The Solar System 67

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