Neutron Stars. are as small as a city (~10 km) But as massive as the Sun!

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1 Neutron Stars are as small as a city (~10 km) But as massive as the Sun!

2 Extra-Terrestrial Mystery...! In 1967, graduate student Jocelyn Bell helped build a radio telescope in England.! She found a source of radio waves pulsating every 1.33 seconds.! Initially dismissed as noise, she showed it was real.!...a possible signal from extraterrestrials? Jocelyn Bell Burnell! This Pulsating Radio source, called a Pulsar, was determined to be a neutron star.

3 Pulsars: Stellar Beacons! When a large star collapses to form a Neutron Star, it ends up spinning very fast.! The magnetic field also becomes concentrated...!...and emits a beam of radio waves along the magnetic poles.! But this beam is not aligned with the star s axis of rotation.! So the beam swings around, sending radio waves into space! If this beam hits the Earth, we see a pulse of radio waves.

4

5 Model of a Pulsar (a rotating Neutron Star)

6 The Lighthouse Model of Pulsars A pulsar is a rotating neutron star. Its beam is like a lighthouse beacon. If the beam shines on Earth, then we see a Pulse of radio waves. Neutron star s magnetic field Even a Slow Pulsar rotates on its axis once every second. Fast pulsars rotate 600 times per second!!!

7 The Crab Pulsar Inside the Crab Supernova Remnant, a Pulsar has been found

8

9

10 Neutron Stars are as small as a city (~10 km) But as massive as the Sun!

11 When a massive star dies in a supernova explosion, most of the star is blasted into space. The core that remains is a neutron star. However Neutron stars can not exist with masses greater than 3 M sun If M neutron star > 3 M sun, The star will collapse completely, getting smaller and smaller becoming... a BLACK HOLE!

12 Chapter 14 Black Holes Optional: 14:5 and 14:9-14:12

13 An Epic Battle: Gravity vs. Pressure! Inside a star two forces oppose each other:! Gravity, pulling in! Pressure, pushing out! Which will win?! There are 3 possible final outcomes:! Pressure wins: the entire star explodes into space! Tie: The center of the star contracts, while the outer layers expand.! Gravity wins: the star collapses completely into a black hole

14 Black Holes Black holes represent a total victory for gravity. When massive stars die, their corpses are ultra-dense They cannot be supported by degeneracy pressure (which holds up white dwarfs and neutron stars) There is no force to resist gravity this strong So, the star collapses down to a single point. This implies that black holes have infinite density! A black hole s gravity is so strong, nothing can escape......not even light!

15 Escape Velocity Escape Velocity (v esc ) is the speed required to escape gravity s pull. On Earth, v esc 12 km/s. v esc If you launch a spaceship at 12 km/s or faster, it will escape the Earth

16 Escape Velocity Depends on Mass On planets with more gravity than Earth, V escape would be larger. On a small asteroid, V esc would be so small you could jump into space. But a Black Hole is so massive that the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. (V esc > c ) Not even light can escape from a black hole! So it gives off no light.

17 Light Cannot Escape a Black Hole

18 Einstein s Relativity Theories Einstein Proposed two relativity theories Special relativity asserts that space and time are not absolute concepts. They are relative concepts which depend on the observer. In this sense, they are like the concepts of left and right, which depend on the observer s position In special relativity, the faster an object moves, the slower time passes for it (this is called time dilation) Also the shorter it becomes (length contraction).

19 These relativistic effects are observed when something is moving close to the speed of light. Relativity also asserts that nothing with mass can reach the speed of light. Note: GPS units rely on Einstein s relativity theory! Stopped Train Moving Train

20 Einstein s Theory of Gravity! Einstein s 2nd theory is called General Relativity! It replaces Newton s theory of gravity.! It says space is curved by the presence of mass.! Space is curved??????!!!! A massive star like the Sun should bend space.!! Light traveling though space should be deflected.! How could you test this theory?

21 Testing Einstein! During a solar eclipse in 1919, stars were found in slightly different positions.! This confirmed that the Sun s mass can warp space!

22

23 Stellar Graveyard

24 RIP G-Star 1 M Sun RIP B-Star 10 M Sun RIP O-Star 25 M Sun White Dwarf Neutron Star Black Hole Stellar Corpses

Neutron Stars. Chapter 14: Neutron Stars and Black Holes. Neutron Stars. What s holding it up? The Lighthouse Model of Pulsars

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