The following data for the Sun and the four inner planets of the Solar System have been observed. Diameter (kilometers)

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1 The following data for the Sun and the four inner planets of the Solar System have been observed. Mean Distance from the Sun (million kilometers) Diameter (kilometers) Sun 1,400,000 Mercury 58 4,900 Venus ,100 Earth ,800 Mars 228 6,800 In a simplified model of the Solar System, the planets revolve around the Sun in circular orbits, all in the same plane. Each planet has a different period of revolution. Also, each planet is a sphere that rotates about an axis through its center, but with a different period of rotation. In this model the axis of rotation of each planet is perpendicular to the plane of the orbit.

2 1. If you were to redraw the sketch you made for question 1 to a correct scale with 1 centimeter =

3 Scoring Guide Score & Description Complete Student demonstrates an understanding of scale in a model by indicating the problems with both the large size of the orbits (need larger piece of paper) and the small size of the planets in the representation. OR Only one of the two problems is mentioned, and the large size of orbit or the small size of planet, is quantitatively determined. The relevant distances are: Sun Radius of orbit Diameter 1.4 cm Mercury 58 cm = 0.58 m 4.9 X 10-3 cm = mm Venus 108 cm = 1.08 m 12.1 X 10-3 cm = mm Earth 150 cm = 1.5 m 12.8 X 10-3 cm = mm Mars 228 cm = 2.28 m 6.8 X 10-3 cm = mm Partial Student response indicates either the extra large size of the paper needed to represent the orbits, or the extremely small size of the planets using this scale. OR Response shows a correct calculation, but does not specifically state either problem. Unsatisfactory/Incorrect Student response fails to mention anything about the size of the diagram, the sizes of the orbits, or the sizes of the Sun or planets needed in a correctly scaled representation, or size is mentioned incorrectly, e.g., the sketch would be very small.

4 Complete - Student Response Student response addresses both problems: the small size of the scaled planets and the large size of the orbits. In addition, the response states specific numerical values indicating that the student calculated both the size of one planet and the orbit of one planet. Student response addresses one of the problems -- the small size of the scaled planets -- and provides a correct calculation of the scaling for one of the planets.

5 Partial - Student Response Student response addresses one problem: the scaled orbits would be too large to fit on the paper. Student response shows correct calculations of the scaling of the planets' diameters, but does not explain how the scaling would pose a problem with the representation of the model on the paper. Unsatisfactory/Incorrect - Student Response

6 Student response. See scorer's commentary for description. Student response erroneously states that the planets would be too large to fit on the paper. Student response shows lack of understanding of what scaling means by arguing that 1cm cannot be the same as 1,000,000km.

7 2000 National Performance Results Score Percentage of Students Unsatisfactory/incorrect 42% Partial 32% Complete 10% Omitted 13% Off task 3% Note: These results are for public and nonpublic school students. Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. The Fields of Science: Earth & Space Sciences (Sub content classification: Earth in Space) Knowing and Doing Science : Practical Reasoning

8 The Fields of Science Earth & Space Sciences This question measures basic knowledge and understanding of the following: Earth in Space setting of the Earth in the solar system; setting and evolution of the solar system in the universe (not in grade 4); tools and technology that are used to gather information about space; apparent daily motions of the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars; rotation of the Earth about its axis, and the Earth's revolution around the Sun; tilt of the Earth's axis that produces seasonal variations in climate; and earth as a unique member of the solar system that may be approximated in other galaxies in the universe, and that evolved at least 4.5 billion years ago. Knowing and Doing Science Practical Reasoning Practical reasoning probes students' abilities to use and apply science understanding in new, realworld applications.

The following data for the Sun and the four inner planets of the Solar System have been observed. Diameter (kilometers)

The following data for the Sun and the four inner planets of the Solar System have been observed. Diameter (kilometers) The following data for the Sun and the four inner planets of the Solar System have been observed. Mean Distance from the Sun (million kilometers) Diameter (kilometers) Sun 1,400,000 Mercury 58 4,900 Venus

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The following data for the Sun and the four inner planets of the Solar System have been observed. Diameter (kilometers)

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