DETERMINATION OF THE BLOW-UP RATE FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION
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1 DETERMINATION OF THE LOW-UP RATE FOR THE SEMILINEAR WAVE EQUATION y FRANK MERLE and HATEM ZAAG Abstract. In this paper, we find the optimal blow-up rate for the semilinear wave equation with a power nonlinearity. The exponent p is superlinear and less than if N. N 1 1. Introduction. We are concerned in this paper with blow-up solutions for the following semilinear wave equation (1) { utt = u + u p 1 u, u(0) = u 0 and u t (0) = u 1, where u(t): x R N u(x, t) R, u 0 H 1 loc,u (RN ) and u 1 L loc,u (RN ). The space L loc,u (RN ) is the set of all v in L loc (RN ) such that sup a R N ( 1/ v(x) dx) < +. x a <1 The space H 1 loc,u (RN ) is the set of all v in L loc,u (RN ) such that v L loc,u (RN ). We assume in addition that () 1 < p < 1+ 4 N 1. The Cauchy problem for equation in the space H 1 loc,u L loc,u (RN ) follows from the finite speed of propagation and the wellposedness in H 1 L (R N ). See for instance Lindblad and Sogge [11], Shatah and Struwe [13] and their references (for the local in time wellposedness in H 1 L (R N )). The existence of blow-up solutions for equation (1) is a consequence of the finite speed of propagation and ODE techniques (see for example John [8]). More blow-up results can be found in Caffarelli and Friedman [3], Alinhac [1], Kichenassamy and Litman [9], [10]. Given a solution u of (1) that blows up at time T > 0, we aim at controlling Manuscript received March 8, 00. American Journal of Mathematic5 (003),
2 1148 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG its blow-up norm in H 1 loc,u (RN ). More precisely, we would like to compare the growth of u with the growth of v, a solution of the associated ODE: that is v(t) κ(t t) p 1 v tt = v p, v(t) =+, where κ =( (p+1) (p 1) ) 1 p 1. For this purpose, we introduce for each a R N the following self-similar change of variables: (3) w a (y, s) =(T t) p 1 u(x, t), y = x a, s = log (T t). T t The function w a (we write w for simplicity) satisfies the following equation for all y R N and s log T: w ss + p +3 p 1 w s +y. w s + i,j = w p 1 w (p +1) (p 1) w. (y i y j δ i,j ) y i y j w + (p +1) p 1 y. w The equation can be written in divergence form as follows for all y R N and s log T: (4) (5) w ss 1 (p +1) div (ρ w ρ(y. w)y) + ρ (p 1) w w p 1 w = p +3 p 1 w s y. w s where ρ(y) =(1 y ) α and α = p 1 N 1 > 0. Note that α>0 is equivalent to the condition p < 1+ 4 N 1 stated in (). Note also that s goes to infinity as t goes to T. Caffarelli and Friedman have obtained in [3] results on blow-up solutions for equation (1), when a monotony condition is satisfied by the solution and N =1. Antonini and Merle [] have proved under some restrictions on the power p that all positive solutions of (4) are bounded in H 1 loc,u (RN ), which yields a growth estimate for positive blow-up solutions of (1). Their method strongly depends on positivity, since it relies on the nonexistence of positive solutions for u + u p =0 in R N,ifp > 1 and (N )p < N +, as proved by Gidas and Spruck [4].
3 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1149 In this paper, we remove the positivity condition and prove the same result for unsigned solutions. THEOREM 1. (Uniform bounds on solutions of (4)) If u is a solution of (1) that blows up at time T, then sup w a (s) H 1 () + s w a (s) L () K, s log T+1, a R N where w a is defined in (3), is the unit ball of R N and K depends only on N, p and bounds on T and the norm of initial data in H 1 loc,u L loc,u (RN ). Remark. Let us remark that from scaling arguments and the wellposedness in H 1 L (R N ), one can derive for all s log T +1, sup a R N w a (s) H 1 () + s w a (s) L () ɛ 0 (N, p) > 0. Indeed, let us assume by contradiction that there exists s log T + 1 such that for all a R N, w a (s) H 1 () + s w a (s) L () ɛ 0 where ɛ 0 will be fixed small. Let t = T e s. We define for all a R N, ξ R N and τ [ t T t, 1), v a (ξ, τ) =(T t ) p 1 u(a + ξ(t t ), t + τ(t t )). The function v a is a solution of equation (1) that blows up at time τ = 1. Moreover, v a (0) H 1 ((0,)) + τ v a (0) L ((0,)) Cɛ 0. Using the finite speed of propagation and the local in time wellposedness in H 1 for equation (1), we obtain for some M > 0 which implies that a R N, lim sup v a (τ) H 1 ((0,)) + τ v a (τ) L ((0,)) M, τ 1 lim t T (u, tu) H 1 loc L loc M. This contradicts the fact that T is a blow-up time for u. Note that our result remains true with the unit ball replaced by (R), for any R > 0 (in that case, K depends also on R).
4 1150 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG Remark. The result holds in the vector valued case with the same proof. Note that our proof strongly relies on the fact that α is positive. In particular, we don t give any answer in the range of subcritical exponent N 1 p < 1+ 4 N. The critical value for p in our theorem (p =1+ 4 N 1 ) is also critical for the existence of a conformal transformation for equation (1). Note that the Lyapunov functional E in the w(y, s) variable is not the energy of the conformal transformation of u. Remark. Note that a similar structure exists in the diffusive case (nonlinear heat equations) as has been exhibited and used by Giga and Kohn [5] to obtain uniform bounds in the similarity variables. Further refinements have been accomplished by Quittner [1] and Giga, Matsui and Sasayama [6]. As in [], this theorem can be restated in the original set of variables u(x, t): THEOREM 1. (Uniform bounds on blow-up solutions of equation (1)) If u is a solution of (1) that blows up at time T, then for all t [T(1 e 1 ), T), (T t) p 1 u L loc,u (R N ) +(T t) p 1 +1 ( u t L loc,u (R N ) + u L loc,u (RN ) ) K for some constant K which depends only on N, p and bounds on T and the norm of initial data in H 1 loc,u L loc,u (RN ). The proof of the main result relies on: The existence of a Lyapunov functional for equation (4) and some energy estimates related to this structure. The improvement of regularity estimates by interpolation. Some Gagliardo-Nirenberg type argument similar to that used once for the nonlinear Shrödinger equation, where uniform H 1 bounds have been derived from L and energy conservation in the subcritical case p < 1+ 4 N (see Ginibre and Velo [7]).. Local energy estimates..1. A Lyapunov functional for equation (4). We recall in this subsection some results from Antonini and Merle []. Throughout this section, w stands for any w a defined in (3). As a matter of fact, all estimates we get are independent of a R N. Antonini and Merle [] showed that equation (4) had a Lyapunov functional defined by (6) E(w) = ( 1 w s + 1 w 1 (p +1) (y. w) + (p 1) w 1 ) p +1 w p+1 ρ dy
5 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1151 where is the unit ball of R N. More precisely, they have proved the following identity: LEMMA.1. For all and s, s E(w(s )) E(w( )) = α w s (y, s) (1 y ) α 1 dy ds. The authors have showed the following blow-up criterion for equation (4): LEMMA.. (low-up criterion for equation (4)) If a solution W of equation (4) satisfies E(W(s 0 )) < 0 for some s 0 R, then W blows up in finite time S > s 0. Since w is by definition defined for all s log T, we get the following bounds: COROLLARY.3. (ounds on E) For all s log T, s log T, the following identities hold: (7) (8) s 0 E(w(s)) E(w( log T)) C 0, w s (y, s) (1 y ) α 1 dy ds C 0 α, where C 0 depends only on bounds on T and the norm of initial data of (1) in H 1 loc,u L loc,u (RN ). From now on, we adopt a strategy different from that of []... Space-time estimates for w. The space-time estimates we obtain in this section involve two relations between three different quantities s w ρ dy ds, s w p+1 ρ dy ds and s w (1 y )ρ dy ds, where 1 s 3. Let us first derive the two relations. The first is obtained by integrating in time between and s, the expression (6) of E(w): (9) s E(w(s)) ds = s + 1 ( 1 w s + s (p +1) (p 1) w 1 ) p +1 w p+1 ρ ds dy ( w (y. w) )ρ ds dy. We derive the second relation by multiplying the equation (4) by wρ and integrating both in time and space over (, s ). After some straightforward integration
6 115 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG by parts that we leave to Appendix A, we obtain the following identity: (10) [ ( ( p +3 ww s + s + s ) ) ] s (p 1) N w ρdy ( w s w s y. w + w (y. w) ) ρ dy ds w s wy. ρ dy ds = s ( ) w p+1 (p +1) (p 1) w ρ dy ds. Using (10) to eliminate the second line in the energy integral (9), we obtain (11) (p 1) (p +1) + s s + 1 [ w p+1 ρ dy ds = s E(w(s)) ds ( w s ρ w s y. wρ w s wy. ρ) dy ds ( ww s + ( ) ) ] p +3 s (p 1) N w ρ dy. From the previous section and Sobolev estimates, we claim the following: PROPOSITION.4. (Control of the space-time L p+1 norm of w) For all a R N and s log T +1, s+1 s w p+1 ρ dy ds C(C 0, N, p). Proof. For s log T + 1, let us work with time integrals between and s where [s 1, s] and s [s +1,s + ]. We will first control all the terms on the right-hand side of the relation (11) in terms of the space-time L p+1 norm of w. Hence, we conclude the estimate. In the following, C denotes a constant that depends only on p, N and C 0, and ɛ is an arbitrary positive number in (0, 1). Step 1. Control of the H 1 norm of w in terms of its L p+1 norm. the following: We claim LEMMA.5. (1) (13) s w (1 y ) α+1 dy ds C + s w p+1 ρ dy ds, p +1 sup w(y, s) ρ dy C s s s ɛ + Cɛ w p+1 ρ dy ds.
7 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1153 Proof. Since y. w y. w, it follows that (14) w (1 y ) α+1 dy ( w (y. w) )ρ dy. Using the energy integral (9) and the energy bound (7), we get (1). y the mean value theorem, there exists τ [, s ] such that (15) w(y, τ) 1 ρ dy = s s because s 1. For any s [, s ], w ρ dy ds s w ρ dy ds w(y, s) ρ dy = s w(y, τ) ρ dy + w(y, τ) ρ dy + d ds τ s w ρ dy w w s ρ dy ds. Using the fact that ab a + b, we write s s s w w s ρ dy ds w s ρ dy ds + w ρ dy ds. Using the bound on w s (8), we get for all s [, s ], s w(y, s) ρ dy C + C w ρ dy ds. Since 1 s s 3, we use Jensen s inequality to write (16) s ( s ) w ρ dy ds C w p+1 p+1 ρ dy ds C s ɛ + Cɛ w p+1 ρ dy ds. The desired bound (13) follows then from estimates (15) through (16). This concludes the proof of Lemma.5. Step. Control of the terms on the right hand side of the relation (11). In this step, we prove the following identity (17) s w p+1 ρ dy ds C + C (w s (y, ) + w s (y, s ) )ρ dy.
8 1154 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG For this, we will bound each term on the right-hand side of (11) with the L p+1 norm. Note that the first term is bounded because of the energy bound (7), while the second is negative. (a) Control of s w sy. wρ dy ds. Using the definition of ρ (5) and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we write (18) s w s y. wρ dy ds s ( s w s (1 y ) α 1 w (1 y ) α+1 dy ds ) 1/ w s (1 y ) α 1 dy ds ( s C ɛ + Cɛ s ) 1/ w (1 y ) α+1 dy ds w p+1 dy ds, where we used the bound on w s (8) and the bound on the gradient (1). (b) Control of s w swy. ρ dy ds. Since we have from the definition of ρ (5) (19) y. ρ = α y (1 y ) α 1, we can use the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality to write s s w s wy. ρ dy ds α w s (1 y ) α 1 w y (1 y ) α 1 dy ds α ( s C ɛ + Cɛ s ) 1/ ( s w s (1 y ) α 1 dy ds w y (1 y ) α 1 dy ds, ) 1/ w y (1 y ) α 1 dy ds where we used the bound on w s (8). Since we have the following Hardy type inequality for any f H 1 loc,u (RN ) (see Appendix for details): (0) f y (1 y ) α 1 dy C f (1 y ) α+1 dy + C f ρ dy, we use the bound on the gradient (1) and Jensen s inequality (16) to write (1) s w s wy. ρ dy ds C s ɛ + Cɛ w p+1 ρ dy ds.
9 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1155 (c) Control of ww sρ dy. Using the fact that ab a + b and the control (13) of the L norm, we write () ww s ρ dy w s ρ dy + w ρ dy w s ρ dy + C s ɛ + Cɛ w p+1 ρ dy ds. Now, we are able to conclude the proof of the identity (17) from the relation (11). For this, we bound all the terms on the right hand side of (11) (the second term is negative, use (7), (18), (1), () and (13) for the other terms) to get: s w p+1 ρ dy ds C s ɛ + Cɛ Taking ɛ = 1/C yields identity (17). + C w p+1 ρ dy ds ( w s (y, ) + w s (y, s ) ) ρ dy. Step 3. Conclusion of the proof. Let s log T + 1. Using the mean value theorem, we get [s 1, s] and s [s +1,s + ] such that s s 1 w s (y, s) (1 y ) α 1 dy ds = w s (y, ) (1 y ) α 1 dy and s+ s+1 w s (y, s) (1 y ) α 1 dy ds = w s (y, s ) (1 y ) α 1 dy. Since the left-hand sides of these inequalities are bounded by the bound on the w s (8), it follows that (w s (y, ) + w s (y, s ) )(1 y ) α 1 dy C. Using the bound on the L p+1 norm of (17), we conclude that s w p+1 ρ dy ds C. Since s s +1 s, this concludes the proof of Proposition.4. As a consequence of Proposition.4, estimate (8), Step 1 and the fact that y 1 whenever y 1, we have the following:
10 1156 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG COROLLARY.6. (ound on space-time norms of the solution) For all a R N and s log T +1, the following identities hold: (i) (3) (ii) s s+1 s s+1 ( w a p+1 ρ + s w a (y, s) (1 y ) α 1 + w a (1 y ) α+1 ) dy ds C, w a (y, s) ρ dy C, 1/ ( s w a (y, s) + w a + w a p+1 ) dy ds C, 1/ w a dy C. where 1/ (0, 1/), C= C(C 0, N, p) and C 0 is a bound on the norm of initial data in H 1 loc,u L loc,u (RN ). 3. Control of the H 1 loc,u norm of the solution. In this section, we conclude the proof of Theorem 1. Let us remark that Theorem 1 follows from Theorem 1 and the change of variables (3) as in []. We proceed in two steps: In the first step, we use the uniform local bounds we obtained in the previous section to gain more regularity on the solution by interpolation (control of the L r p+3 loc norm of the solution, where r 4 ). In the second step, we use Gagliardo-Nirenberg type argument involving the functional E to conclude the proof. Step 1. Control of w a (s) in L r loc. PROPOSITION 3.1. For all s log T +1and a R N, (4) w a (y, s) p+3 dy CifN and w a (y, s) p+1 dy CifN=1, where is the unit ball of R N. Proof. We introduce r = p+3 for all N and r = p + 1 for N =1. Let us first remark that thanks to a simple covering property, it is enough to prove the result with 1/ instead of. Indeed, let us assume that (5) for all s log T + 1 and b R N, 1/ w b (y, s) r dy C
11 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1157 and prove (4). Consider a R N and s log T + 1. Remark that the ball can be covered by a finite number k(n) of balls of radiu. Thus, the problem reduces to controlling uniformly for y 0 < 1, z y 0 < 1 w a (z, s) r dz. Note that using the definition (3) of w a, we see that for all y R N, w a (y + y 0, s) =w a+y0 e s(y, s). Therefore, w a (z, s) r dz = z y 0 < 1 = y < 1 y < 1 w a (y + y 0, s) r dy w a+y0 e s(y, s) r dy C. Let us prove (5) now. We write w for w b. (i) Using Corollary.6 and the mean value theorem, we derive the existence of τ(s) [s, s + 1] such that ( s+1 ) w(y, τ) p+1 dy = w p+1 dy ds C. 1/ 1/ s Therefore, since r [, p + 1], we use the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and the L bound in (3) to obtain 1/ w(y, τ(s)) r dy C. (ii) Moreover, using again Corollary.6, and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we write s w(y, s) r dy = w(y, τ) r d dy + w r dy ds 1/ 1/ τ ds 1/ s+1 C + r w s w r 1 dy ds s 1/ ( s+1 s+1 ) C + r w s dy ds + w (r 1) dy ds s 1/ s 1/ s+1 C + r w (r 1) dy ds. 1/ s
12 1158 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG In the case r = p+3, we have (r 1) = p + 1, hence, the last line is uniformly bounded by Corollary.6. In the case N = 1, we have r = p + 1 and (r 1) = p. Using Sobolev s embedding in two dimensions (space and time), and Corollary.6, we write s+1 ( s+1 ( ) p w p dy ds C s w a (y, s) + y w a + w a dy ds) C. 1/ s s 1/ This concludes the proof of Proposition 3.1. Step. Control of the gradient in L loc,u. We claim the following: PROPOSITION 3.. (Uniform control of the H 1 loc,u norm of w a(s)) For all s log T +1and a R N, 1/ w a (y, s) dy C. We first introduce the following Gagliardo-Nirenberg type estimate. LEMMA 3.3. (Local control of the space L p+1 norm by the H 1 norm) For all s log T +1and a R N, where β = β(p, N) [0, 1). ( β w a p+1 C + C w a dy), Proof. IfN = 1, Proposition 3.1 implies the result with β = 0. Assume now that N. Since 1 < p < 1+ 4 N 1, it follows that p +1< where = N N if N 3 and =+ if N =. Therefore, we can introduce some q = q(p, N) to be fixed later such that p +3 < p +1 q. We have by interpolation and Proposition 3.1, ( w a p+1 ) 1 θ ( ) θ ( ) θ w a p+3 w a q C w a q, where ( θ = p +1 p +3 ) ( / q p +3 ) = p 1 q (p +3).
13 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1159 Sobolev s embedding in the unit ball, the fact that q > p+3 and Proposition 3.1 yield ( ) β ( w a p+1 C w a + C ) θq ( ) w a p+3 p+3 β w a + C, where (6) β(q) = qθ = (p 1)q/4 q 3/ p/. If N 3, then we fix q =. Since p < 1+ 4 N 1, it follows that β = (p 1) /4 (p +3)/ < /(N 1) 3/ 1 (1 + 4 N 1 ) = (N 1) ( 4 N N 1 ) =1. If N =, just note from (6) that when q, we have β(q) p 1 4 < 1, because 1 < p < 1+ 4 N 1 = 5. Therefore, we can fix q large enough such that β(q) < 1. This concludes the proof of Lemma 3.3. Let us now prove Proposition 3.. Proof of Proposition 3.. We will prove that for some C = C(N, p, C 0 ), we have (7) for all s log T + 1 and a R N, 1/ w a (y, s) dy C. For a given s log T + 1, there exists a 0 = a 0 (s) such that (8) w a0 (1 y ) α+1 dy 1 sup w a (1 y ) α+1 dy. a R N (i) We claim that a covering argument and the definition of a 0 (s) yields (9) w a0 dy C w a0 (1 y ) α+1 dy.
14 1160 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG Indeed, since we can cover with k(n) balls of radiu/, it is enough to prove that (30) w a0 (y + y 0, s) dy C w a0 (1 y ) α+1 dy y < 1 uniformly for y 0 1. Using the definition (4) of w, we see that for all y R N, w a0 (y + y 0, s) = w a0 +y 0 e s(y, s). Therefore, since 1 y 3 4 whenever y 1, we write y < 1 w a0 (y + y 0, s) dy = C y < 1 C sup C a R N w a0 +y 0 e s(y, s) dy w a0 +y 0 e s(y, s) (1 y ) α+1 dy w a (1 y ) α+1 dy w a0 (1 y ) α+1 dy, by definition of the supremum (8). This yields (30) and then (9). (ii) From the estimates on the Lyapunov functional E and the Gagliardo- Nirenberg type estimates stated above, we have the conclusion. Indeed, using the definition (6) of E, inequality (14) and the fact that α>0, we see that w a0 (1 y ) α+1 dy ( w a0 (y. w a0 ) )ρ dy =E(w a0 )+ E(w a0 )+ p +1 ( 1 sw (p +1) a 0 (p 1) w a ) p +1 w a 0 p+1 ρ dy w a0 p+1 dy. Using the bound (7) on E, the control of the L p+1 by the H 1 norm of Lemma 3.3 and (9), we obtain ( β w a0 (1 y ) α+1 dy C + C w a0 (1 y ) dy) α+1,
15 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1161 where β [0, 1). Therefore, for some C = C(p, N, C 0 ) independent of s, we have w a0 (s)(y, s) (1 y ) α+1 dy C. From the definition of a 0 (s), this yields for all s log T + 1 and a R N, w a (y, s) (1 y ) α+1 dy C. Since 1 y 3 4 whenever y 1, the estimate (7) follows. This concludes the proof of Proposition 3.. Step 3. Conclusion of the proof of Theorem 1. We conclude the proof of Theorem 1 here. (i) Uniform control of the H 1 () norm of w a (s). From Proposition 3. and by covering the unit ball by k(n) balls of radiu, we obtain for all s log T and a R N, w a dy C. Since < p + 1, we use this bound and Lemma 3.3 to get for all s log T and a R N, Thus, ( ) p+1 w ady C ( β w p+1 a dy C + C w a dy) C. for all s log T and a R N, w a (s) H 1 () C(N, p, C 0 ). (ii) Uniform control of the L () norm of s w a (s). From the definition (6) of E and its boundedness (7), we use Part (i) to write for all s log T + 1 and a R N, (31) s w ady C s w aρ dy 1/ ( (p +1) CE(w)+C (p 1) w a + 1 ) p +1 w a p+1 ρ dy ( C w a (y. w a ) ) ρ dy C. From a covering argument, we conclude again that (3) for all s log T and a R N, s w a (s) L () C(N, p, C 0 ).
16 116 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG Indeed, since the unit ball can be covered by k(n) balls of radiu, This reduces to prove that: (33) for all s log T +1, a R N and y 0 < 1, s w a (y, s) dy C. y y 0 < 1 Consider a R N and y 0 < 1. For all b and y in RN, w b (y, s) =w a (y+(b a)e s, s). Therefore, s w b (y, s) = s w a (y +(b a)e s, s)+(b a)e s. w a (y +(b a)e s, s). Taking b = a + y 0 e s, this gives for all y R N, s w a (y + y 0, s) s w a+y0 e s(y, s) + w a (y, s). Therefore, using (31) and Part (i), we obtain (33) and then (3). This concludes the proof of Theorem 1. A. Evolution of the L ρ norm of solutions of (4). We prove estimate (10) here. For simplicity, we write for s and drop down dyds. If we multiply equation (4) by wρ and integrate in space and time over (, s ), then we get: (34) ( ) w p+1 (p +1) (p 1) w ρ = ( (p +3) w ss + p 1 w s ) wρ + wdiv(ρ w ρ( y. w)y) y. w s wρ Since w s w = s (w ), we integrate by parts in time and write (35) ( ) [ ( (p +3) w ss + p 1 w s wρ = w s w + p +3 ) ] s (p 1) w ρ dy w s ρ. Integrating by parts in space, we write (36) y. w s wρ = = N w s. (ywρ) w s wρ [ ] s = N w ρ dy w s y. wρ w s y. wρ w s wy. ρ w s wy. ρ.
17 LOW-UP RATE FOR WAVE EQUATION 1163 Integrating by parts in space, we write (37) wdiv(ρ w ρ( y. w)y) = ( w (y. w) )ρ. Using (35), (36) and (37), we see that (34) yields the desired identity (10).. A Hardy type identity. We prove the identity (0) here: For any f such that the right-hand side is finite: (38) f y (1 y ) α 1 dy C f (1 y ) α+1 dy + C f ρ dy. Using the expression of y. ρ (19), we see that f y (1 y ) α 1 dy = 1 s f y. ρ dy. α If we integrate by parts in space, then we see that (39) f y. ρ dy = f f.yρ dy + N f ρ dy. Therefore, using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we write f f.yρ dy ( 1 ɛ f (1 y ) α+1 f y (1 y ) α 1 dy ) 1 ( ) 1 f (1 y ) α+1 dyds f y (1 y ) α 1 dy f (1 y ) α+1 dy + ɛ f y (1 y ) α 1 dy for any ɛ>0. Taking ɛ = α 5, we get the desired conclusion (38). UNIVERSITÉ DE CERGY PONTOISE,DÉPARTEMENT DE MATHÉMATIQUES, AVENUE ADOLPHE CHAUVIN, P, 9530 CERGY PONTOISE CEDEX, FRANCE merle@math.u-cergy.fr ÉCOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE, DÉPARTEMENT DE MATHÉMATIQUES ET APPLICATIONS, CNRS UMR 8553, 45 RUE D ULM, PARIS, FRANCE Hatem.Zaag@ens.fr
18 1164 FRANK MERLE AND HATEM ZAAG REFERENCES [1] S. Alinhac, lowup for Nonlinear Hyperbolic Equations, Progr. Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl., vol. 17, irkhäuser, oston, [] C. Antonini and F. Merle, Optimal bounds on positive blow-up solutions for a semilinear wave equation, Internat. Math. Res. Notices 1 (001), [3] L. A. Caffarelli and A. Friedman, The blow-up boundary for nonlinear wave equations, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 97 (1986), [4]. Gidas and J. Spruck, Global and local behavior of positive solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 34 (1981), [5] Y. Giga and R. V. Kohn, Nondegeneracy of blowup for semilinear heat equations, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 4 (1989), [6] Y. Giga, S. Matsui, and S. Sasayama, low-up rate for semilinear heat equation with subcritical nonlinearity, preprint, 003. [7] J. Ginibre and G. Velo, On a class of nonlinear Schrödinger equations, I. The Cauchy problem, general case, J. Funct. Anal. 3 (1979), 1 3. [8] F. John, low-up of solutions of nonlinear wave equations in three space dimensions, Manuscripta Math. 8 (1979), [9] S. Kichenassamy and W. Littman, low-up surfaces for nonlinear wave equations, I, Comm. Partial Differential Equation8 (1993), [10], low-up surfaces for nonlinear wave equations, II, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 18 (1993), [11] H. Lindblad and C. D. Sogge, On existence and scattering with minimal regularity for semilinear wave equations, J. Funct. Anal. 130 (1995), [1] P. Quittner, A priori bounds for global solutions of a semilinear parabolic problem, Acta Math. Univ. Comenian. (N.S.) 68 (1999), [13] J. Shatah and M. Struwe, Geometric Wave Equations, New York University Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York, 1998.
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