Read Range Analysis of Passive RFID Systems for Manufacturing Control Systems
|
|
- Abner Turner
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Red Rnge Anlysis of Pssive RFID Sysems fo Mnufcuing Conol Sysems M. Keskilmmi, L. Sydänheimo, P. Slonen, M. Kivikoski leconics Tmpee Univesiy of Technology P.O. Box 69, FIN-3311 Tmpee FINLAND Absc: - An RFID sysem cn be consideed s ieless communicion sysem becuse he ede device communices ih he nsponde by using elecomgneic ves dio fequencies. The pefomnce of his communicion link cn be sudied by deemining he ed nge fo bcksce RFID sysems. The ed nge o he disnce hee he ede uni noices he g depends on mny fcos. Fequency used fo idenificion, gin, oienion nd polizion of he ede nenn nd he nsponde nenn, nd he plcemen of he g on he objec o be idenified ill ll hve n impc on he RFID sysem s ed nge. [1] This ppe pesens n ppoch o nlyzing he ed nge of bcksce RFID sysem s funcion of fequency, nenn gin nd polizion mismch. Key-Wods: - RFID, Mnufcuing Conol, Tnspoion Sysems, Poducion Plnning 1 Inoducion In pssive RFID sysems he enegy needed fo he communicion is eniely fom he ede device nd i is no good sing ih bd nenns. To bsic pinciples fo d nsmission beeen pssive nsponde nd he ede device e piezoelecic nd bcksce o lod modulion mehods. In piezoelecic nspondes he eques signl fom he ede device is cpued by he g nenn nd conveed ino sufce ves. These sufce ves e hen efleced bck hough he convee o he ede device by using he g nenn. The idenificion numbe of he iem is coded ino hese efleced signls h cn be deeced. Pssive nspondes bsed on bcksce echnology use lod modulion fo communicion ih he ede. Moduled RF signl is emied fom he ede s nenn; popoion of hich eches he nsponde s nenn. Due o he RF field fom he ede nenn volge is induced he inpu eminls of he nsponde. This DC volge is used o chge cpcio o povide he bis fo he pocessing cicuiy (Figue 1. [3]). In he eun link fom nsponde o he ede popoion of incoming RF signl is bcksceed fom he nsponde s nenn bck o he ede nenn. The pocessing cicui of he nsponde chnges he RF impednce of he nsponde s nenn nd conols he moun of his sceed field. In his cse he modulion of he sceed field conins he idenificion infomion []. The nsponde is idenified hen he bcksceed field is eceived nd decoded by he ede uni. The ole of he nenns is emkble fo his kind of communicion sysem. Tx Tnsceive Rx Diecionl Couple Rede Moduled Reflecion R L Lod Resiso IC Tnsponde Figue 1. Bcksce RFID sysem Chceisics fo nsponde nenns used in RFID sysems e oulined in [5] s follos: - smll enough o be ched o he equied objec - hve omni diecionl o hemispheicl covege - mus povide mximum possible signl o he ASIC - hve polizion such s o mch he enquiy signl egdless of he physicl oienion of he poeced objec - obus - vey chep
2 Similly e cn define chceisics fo nenns used in RFID ede devices: - high dieciviy - high diion efficiency - lo side-lobe level o educe inefeence - diion pen opimized o he eding zone - obus - chep Thee e sevel ypes of nenns fo micove nge h cn be used fo RFID. Common nenn ypes fo his fequency nge e dipoles (ie, pined, folded), pches, PIFAs (Pln Inveed-F Anenn) nd helix nenns. The elecicl size of hese nenn ypes is compble o velengh of given fequency. Depending on he design used he gin nd he diion pen vies. The diion pen cn be omni diecionl ih pek gin of o dbi o diecionl hee he diion pen hs definie lobe nd he pek gin migh be sevel dbis [5]. The chceisics of nenns hve dicl effec on he ed nge of RFID sysems. In he folloing pgphs he effec of nenn popeies on ed nge of he pssive RFID sysems is sudied. Red Rnge Anlysis of Bcksce RFID Sysems Nex he ed nge of bcksce RFID sysems is sudied. In bcksce RFID sysems he eflecion of elecomgneic ves fom he objec is used fo he nsmission of d fom nsponde o ede [3]. The RF poe is popged in ll diecions by he nenn of he ede. The poe densiy S he locion of he nsponde is S = πr hee P is he nsmission poe of he ede, G is he gin of he nsmie nenn nd R is he disnce beeen ede nd nsponde. The nsponde eflecs poe P h is popoionl o he poe densiy S P = σ The d coss secion σ is mesue of n objec s biliy o eflec elecomgneic ves. Depending on he mching of he nsponde s nenn σ cn S (1) () vy fom o σ mx h is he cse hen he nenn eminls e sho cicuied of lef open. The nenn hus eflecs ll of he enegy iving i nd cs s eflecing sufce. σ mx = λ G π The folloing equion descibes he poe densiy S h finlly euns bck o he nenn of he ede. S σ λ G = = 3 ( π ) R ( π ) R The mximum eceived poe h cn be dn fom n nenn, given opiml lignmen nd coec polizion, is popoionl o he poe densiy of n incoming ve. The popoionliy fco denoed s he effecive e A e of he nenn is popoionl o is gin nd is he sme s σ mx nd is defined s A = λ π e G The ecepion poe P of he ede nenn is hen P = S A e = λ G ( π ) R The equion demonses h he ed nge of such bcksce RFID sysem is popoionl o he fouh oo of he nsmission poe of he ede. If ll he ohe hings being equl e mus muliply he nsmission poe by sixeen o double he nge. The ed nge R is solved fom he equion (6). λ R = π P G.1 ffec of Anenn Gin I is obvious h he nenn gin effecs on he ed/ie nge of he RFID sysem. Nex he effec of nenn gin on he ed nge is sudied The ed nge fo hee diffeen nsponde nenn ypes s funcion of ede nenn gin is illused in Figue. The ed nge is clculed (3) () (5) (6) (7)
3 Red nge (m) Tg A (pch G=6.7 dbi) Tg B (folded dipole G=3.7 dbi) Tg C (dipole G=. dbi) Rede nenn gin (dbi) Figue. ffec of nenn gin on ed nge (f =.5 GHz) fom he equion (7) fo he sysem in hich he sensiiviy of he ede P is 7 dbm nd he nsmied poe P dbm he fequency.5 GHz (λ =.1 m). Used vlues e ypicl fo bcksce RFID sysems opeing.5 GHz ISM bnd. Clculed vlues in Figue. e heoeiclly mximum ed nges hee he ede uni cn deec he eflecion fom he nsponde nenn unde idel condiions. Reflecions fom conducive sufces, bckgound noise nd nenn lignmen cu he ed nge don o les hlf of he heoeicl mximum hen he RFID sysem is opeing in el envionmen.. ffec of Fequency The fequency nges of opeion fo common bcksce RFID sysems e 915 MHz,.5 GHz nd 5.8 GHz. Wvelenghs fo hese fequencies e.38 m,.1 m nd.51 m coespondingly. In he equion (7) he ed nge is diecly popoionl o he velengh used. By using loe fequency, in ohe ods longe velengh, he ed nge cn be incesed. The ed nge s funcion of ede nenn gin fo 915 MHz,.5 GHz nd 5.8 GHz RFID sysems is pesened in Figue 3. The nsponde nenn used fo ed nge clculions is folded dipole nenn (G = 3.7 dbi). In some cses he RF signl fom he ede o he nsponde hs o popge hough n bsobing meil. The fequency used hs n effec on he popgion losses in he meil In Figue. he effec of fequency on dio ve enuion in ppe eel is pesened.[6] The enuion beeen o iple-bnd nenns s fis mesued in i Red nge (m) MHz.5 GHz 5.8 GHz Rede nenn gin (dbi) Figue 3. ffec of fequency on ed nge nd fe h hough he ppe eel so h he nsmiing nenn s inside he eel coe. The chceisic fequencies of he iple-bnd nenn used ee 5 MHz, 9 MHz nd 19 MHz. As e cn see fom he Figue. he enuion in he ppe eel inceses s he fequency ises. The enuion in he mesued ppe eel is 8 5 MHz, 1 9 MHz nd MHz. db Ai: mesued Ppe A: mesued GHz Figue. ffec of fequency on dio ve enuion in ppe eel Becuse he dimensions of nenns e popoionl o he velengh used, he loe fequency nd longe velengh mens inevibly lge nsponde size. In mos cses he size of n nenn is limiing fco fo miniuizing nspondes in RFID sysems. The lengh of folded dipole nenn h is commonly used s nsponde nenn is λ /. This mens h he size of nsponde in 915 MHz sysem is ppoximely 16 mm hile he sme ype of nsponde nenn in.5 GHz sysem fis ino 61 mm..3 ffec of Anenn Polizion Mismch The cse hee he polizion of he eceiving nenn is no he sme s he polizion of he
4 nsmiing nenn o he incoming ve cn be sed s polizion mismch. The moun of poe exced by he nenn fom he incoming signl ill no be mximum becuse of he polizion loss. [7] Assuming h he elecic field of he incoming ve cn be expessed s i = ρˆ hee ρˆ is he uni veco of he ve, nd he polizion of he elecic field of he eceiving nenn cn be ien s = ρˆ hee ρˆ is is polizion veco, he polizion loss cn hen be ken ino ccoun by inoducing polizion loss fco. Polizion fco (PLF) is defined s PLF = ρˆ ρˆ i = cosψ hee ψ p is he ngle beeen he uni veco of inciden ve nd he nenn polizion veco (Fig. 5.). ρˆ ρˆ ρˆ ψ p ρˆ p ρˆ ψ p (ligned) (oed) (ohogonl) Figue 5. Polizion of nenn nd inciden ve The polizion loss fco PLF expessed in decibels PLF(dB) = 1log1 PLF is illused in Figue 6. fo polizion mismch fom º o 9º. Fo nenn mislignmens unde 5º he poe loss is less hn 3 db. If he ngle of polizion mismch inceses he poe loss ss o incese significnly. ρˆ (8) (9) (1) (11) PLF (db) ψp (degees) Figue 6. PLF(dB) s funcion of polizion mismch ngle. Using Cicul Polizion Cicul polizion cn be obined in n nenn by feeding i ih o ohogonl, line field componens hving he sme mgniude nd ime phse diffeence of odd muliples of 9º. [7] φ = φ y φ x x + = - = y ( ½ + n) ( ½ + n) π, n =,1,,... π, n =,1,,... (1) (13) In some cses he use of cicully polized nenns on RFID ede impoves he sysem pefomnce. In h cse he effec of polizion mismch cn be negleced nd he ngle beeen he ede nenn nd he nsponde nenn hs no effec on ed nge. Hoeve if he nsponde nenn is linely polized nd he ede nenn is cicully polized hee is 3 db poe loss iespecive of ngle beeen he nenns comped o he cse hee he polizion mched linely polized nenns on boh he ede nd he g e used. This is due o he fc h he cicully polized field consiss of o line fields hving 9º phse shif nd he linely polized nenn in he nsponde noices h p of he field h mches is polizion. 3 Conclusion In his ppe he bsic pinciple of pssive RFID sysem using bcksceed ves s pesened. In pssive RFID sysems he enegy needed fo he communicion is eniely fom he ede device. Pssive RFID sysems e esy o pply o mnufcuing nd logisics conol sysems becuse he nspondes e chep, smll nd esy o fix o he objec o be idenified.
5 The effec of nenn popeies on ed nge nd he pefomnce of pssive bcksce RFID sysem s lso nlyzed. The ed nge in bcksce RFID sysems depends on he nsmied poe, he fequency used, he gin of he ede nd he g nenns nd he sensiiviy of he eceive. The uhoiies egule he nsmied poe fo cein fequency nge nd i cnno be exceeded. To impove he pefomnce of he RFID sysem e cn concene on nenns. By using high gin nenns, nenn ys o muliple nenns conneced o he ede uni he ed nge cn be incesed. The ed nge is diecly popoionl o he velengh used. By using loe fequency, in ohe ods longe velengh, he ed nge cn be incesed. If he nsponde is loced inside he objec o be idenified he enuion of he RF signl cn be decesed by using loe fequencies. Hoeve, he size of he nsponde is in mos cses he limiing fco fo he nenn sucue echniclly fesible. The size of he nsponde lso limis he fequency used becuse he size of he nenn is popoionl o he velengh. In mny pplicions fo mnufcuing conol he posiion of he objec o be idenified on conveyo is knon. In hese cses polizion mched linely polized nenns cn be used o mximize he ed nge nd he RFID sysem pefomnce. If he posiion nd he ngle beeen he nenns duing he idenificion even e no knon hee my be losses due o he polizion mismch. The effec of polizion mismch cn be negleced in hese cses by using cicully polized nenns in he RFID ede. Hoeve, if he nsponde nenn is linely polized nd he ede nenn is cicully polized he mximum ed nge is in ny cse less hn he ed nge fo polizion mched linely polized nenns. Refeences: [1] K. V. S. Ro, D. W. Dun, H. Heinich, On he Red Zone Anlysis of Rdio Fequency Idenificion Sysems ih Tnspondes Oiened in Abiy Diecions, Micove Confeence, 1999, Asi Pcific [] J. Sidén, P. Jonsson, T. Olsson, G. Wng, Pefomnce Degdion of RFID Sysem Due o he Disoion in RFID Tg Anenn, 11 h Inenionl Confeence Micove & Telecommunicion Technology 1 1 Sepembe 1, Sevsopol Cime, Ukine. [3] K. Finkenzelle, RFID Hndbook, John Wiley & Sons Ld [] K. V. S. Ro, An Ovevie of Bck Sceed Rdio Fequency Idenificion Sysem (RFID), Micove Confeence, 1999, Asi Pcific [5] P. R. Fose, R. A. Bubey, Anenn Poblems in RFID Sysems, I Colloquium on RFID Technology, Ocobe 5, 1999, London, UK. [6] M. Keskilmmi, P. Slonen, L. Sydänheimo, M. Kivikoski, Rdio Wve Popgion Modeling in Ppe Reel fo Novel Rdio Fequency Idenificion Sysem, JmCon Technology fo conomic Developmen, Aug ,, Ocho Rios, Jmic. [7] C. A. Blnis, Anenn Theoy: Anlysis nd Design, nd ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA, 1997
D zone schemes
Ch. 5. Enegy Bnds in Cysls 5.. -D zone schemes Fee elecons E k m h Fee elecons in cysl sinα P + cosα cosk α cos α cos k cos( k + π n α k + πn mv ob P 0 h cos α cos k n α k + π m h k E Enegy is peiodic
More informationCircuits 24/08/2010. Question. Question. Practice Questions QV CV. Review Formula s RC R R R V IR ... Charging P IV I R ... E Pt.
4/08/00 eview Fomul s icuis cice s BL B A B I I I I E...... s n n hging Q Q 0 e... n... Q Q n 0 e Q I I0e Dischging Q U Q A wie mde of bss nd nohe wie mde of silve hve he sme lengh, bu he dimee of he bss
More information() t. () t r () t or v. ( t) () () ( ) = ( ) or ( ) () () () t or dv () () Section 10.4 Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration
Secion 1.4 Moion in Spce: Velociy nd Acceleion We e going o dive lile deepe ino somehing we ve ledy inoduced, nmely () nd (). Discuss wih you neighbo he elionships beween posiion, velociy nd cceleion you
More informationAns: In the rectangular loop with the assigned direction for i2: di L dt , (1) where (2) a) At t = 0, i1(t) = I1U(t) is applied and (1) becomes
omewok # P7-3 ecngul loop of widh w nd heigh h is siued ne ve long wie cing cuen i s in Fig 7- ssume i o e ecngul pulse s shown in Fig 7- Find he induced cuen i in he ecngul loop whose self-inducnce is
More information#6: Double Directional Spatial Channel Model
2011 1 s semese MIMO Communicion Sysems #6: Doube Diecion Spi Chnne Mode Kei Skguchi ee c My 24 2011 Schedue 1 s hf De Tex Conens #1 Ap. 12 A-1 B-1 Inoducion #2 Ap. 19 B-5
More informationReinforcement learning
CS 75 Mchine Lening Lecue b einfocemen lening Milos Huskech milos@cs.pi.edu 539 Senno Sque einfocemen lening We wn o len conol policy: : X A We see emples of bu oupus e no given Insed of we ge feedbck
More informationME 141. Engineering Mechanics
ME 141 Engineeing Mechnics Lecue 13: Kinemics of igid bodies hmd Shhedi Shkil Lecue, ep. of Mechnicl Engg, UET E-mil: sshkil@me.bue.c.bd, shkil6791@gmil.com Websie: eche.bue.c.bd/sshkil Couesy: Veco Mechnics
More informationTechnical Vibration - text 2 - forced vibration, rotational vibration
Technicl Viion - e - foced viion, oionl viion 4. oced viion, viion unde he consn eenl foce The viion unde he eenl foce. eenl The quesion is if he eenl foce e is consn o vying. If vying, wh is he foce funcion.
More informationScience Advertisement Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Physical Science Basis 2/3/2007 Physics 253
Science Adeisemen Inegoenmenl Pnel on Clime Chnge: The Phsicl Science Bsis hp://www.ipcc.ch/spmfeb7.pdf /3/7 Phsics 53 hp://www.fonews.com/pojecs/pdf/spmfeb7.pdf /3/7 Phsics 53 3 Sus: Uni, Chpe 3 Vecos
More informationv T Pressure Extra Molecular Stresses Constitutive equations for Stress v t Observation: the stress tensor is symmetric
Momenum Blnce (coninued Momenum Blnce (coninued Now, wh o do wih Π? Pessue is p of i. bck o ou quesion, Now, wh o do wih? Π Pessue is p of i. Thee e ohe, nonisoopic sesses Pessue E Molecul Sesses definiion:
More informationMotion on a Curve and Curvature
Moion on Cue nd Cuue his uni is bsed on Secions 9. & 9.3, Chpe 9. All ssigned edings nd execises e fom he exbook Objecies: Mke cein h you cn define, nd use in conex, he ems, conceps nd fomuls lised below:
More informationSeptember 20 Homework Solutions
College of Engineering nd Compuer Science Mechnicl Engineering Deprmen Mechnicl Engineering A Seminr in Engineering Anlysis Fll 7 Number 66 Insrucor: Lrry Creo Sepember Homework Soluions Find he specrum
More informationLECTURE 5. is defined by the position vectors r, 1. and. The displacement vector (from P 1 to P 2 ) is defined through r and 1.
LECTURE 5 ] DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE MOTION IN SPACE -The displcemen, veloci nd cceleion in -D moion evel hei veco nue (diecion) houh he cuion h one mus p o hei sin. Thei full veco menin ppes when he picle
More information0 for t < 0 1 for t > 0
8.0 Sep nd del funcions Auhor: Jeremy Orloff The uni Sep Funcion We define he uni sep funcion by u() = 0 for < 0 for > 0 I is clled he uni sep funcion becuse i kes uni sep = 0. I is someimes clled he Heviside
More informationf(x) dx with An integral having either an infinite limit of integration or an unbounded integrand is called improper. Here are two examples dx x x 2
Impope Inegls To his poin we hve only consideed inegls f() wih he is of inegion nd b finie nd he inegnd f() bounded (nd in fc coninuous ecep possibly fo finiely mny jump disconinuiies) An inegl hving eihe
More informationLecture 17: Kinetics of Phase Growth in a Two-component System:
Lecue 17: Kineics of Phase Gowh in a Two-componen Sysem: descipion of diffusion flux acoss he α/ ineface Today s opics Majo asks of oday s Lecue: how o deive he diffusion flux of aoms. Once an incipien
More informationS Radio transmission and network access Exercise 1-2
S-7.330 Rdio rnsmission nd nework ccess Exercise 1 - P1 In four-symbol digil sysem wih eqully probble symbols he pulses in he figure re used in rnsmission over AWGN-chnnel. s () s () s () s () 1 3 4 )
More informationFaraday s Law. To be able to find. motional emf transformer and motional emf. Motional emf
Objecie F s w Tnsfome Moionl To be ble o fin nsfome. moionl nsfome n moionl. 331 1 331 Mwell s quion: ic Fiel D: Guss lw :KV : Guss lw H: Ampee s w Poin Fom Inegl Fom D D Q sufce loop H sufce H I enclose
More informatione t dt e t dt = lim e t dt T (1 e T ) = 1
Improper Inegrls There re wo ypes of improper inegrls - hose wih infinie limis of inegrion, nd hose wih inegrnds h pproch some poin wihin he limis of inegrion. Firs we will consider inegrls wih infinie
More informationPHYSICS 102. Intro PHYSICS-ELECTROMAGNETISM
PHYS 0 Suen Nme: Suen Numbe: FAUTY OF SIENE Viul Miem EXAMINATION PHYSIS 0 Ino PHYSIS-EETROMAGNETISM Emines: D. Yoichi Miyh INSTRUTIONS: Aemp ll 4 quesions. All quesions hve equl weighs 0 poins ech. Answes
More informationT-Match: Matching Techniques For Driving Yagi-Uda Antennas: T-Match. 2a s. Z in. (Sections 9.5 & 9.7 of Balanis)
3/0/018 _mch.doc Pge 1 of 6 T-Mch: Mching Techniques For Driving Ygi-Ud Anenns: T-Mch (Secions 9.5 & 9.7 of Blnis) l s l / l / in The T-Mch is shun-mching echnique h cn be used o feed he driven elemen
More informationUSING LOWER CLASS WEIGHTS TO CORRECT AND CHECK THE NONLINEARITY OF BALANCES
USING OWER CSS WEIGHTS TO CORRECT ND CHECK THE NONINERITY OF BNCES Tiohy Chnglin Wng, Qiho Yun, hu Reichuh Mele-Toledo Insuens Shnghi Co. d, Shnghi, P R Chin Mele-Toledo GH, Geifensee, Swizelnd BSTRCT
More information, on the power of the transmitter P t fed to it, and on the distance R between the antenna and the observation point as. r r t
Lecue 6: Fiis Tansmission Equaion and Rada Range Equaion (Fiis equaion. Maximum ange of a wieless link. Rada coss secion. Rada equaion. Maximum ange of a ada. 1. Fiis ansmission equaion Fiis ansmission
More information4.8 Improper Integrals
4.8 Improper Inegrls Well you ve mde i hrough ll he inegrion echniques. Congrs! Unforunely for us, we sill need o cover one more inegrl. They re clled Improper Inegrls. A his poin, we ve only del wih inegrls
More informationThe Production of Polarization
Physics 36: Waves Lecue 13 3/31/211 The Poducion of Polaizaion Today we will alk abou he poducion of polaized ligh. We aleady inoduced he concep of he polaizaion of ligh, a ansvese EM wave. To biefly eview
More informationCh.4 Motion in 2D. Ch.4 Motion in 2D
Moion in plne, such s in he sceen, is clled 2-dimensionl (2D) moion. 1. Posiion, displcemen nd eloci ecos If he picle s posiion is ( 1, 1 ) 1, nd ( 2, 2 ) 2, he posiions ecos e 1 = 1 1 2 = 2 2 Aege eloci
More informationPhysics 201, Lecture 5
Phsics 1 Lecue 5 Tod s Topics n Moion in D (Chp 4.1-4.3): n D Kinemicl Quniies (sec. 4.1) n D Kinemics wih Consn Acceleion (sec. 4.) n D Pojecile (Sec 4.3) n Epeced fom Peiew: n Displcemen eloci cceleion
More information2D Motion WS. A horizontally launched projectile s initial vertical velocity is zero. Solve the following problems with this information.
Nme D Moion WS The equions of moion h rele o projeciles were discussed in he Projecile Moion Anlsis Acii. ou found h projecile moes wih consn eloci in he horizonl direcion nd consn ccelerion in he ericl
More informationMolecular Dynamics Simulations (Leach )
Molecul Dynmics Simulions Lech 7.-7.5 compue hemlly eged popeies by smpling epesenie phse-spce jecoy i numeicl soluion of he clssicl equions of moion fo sysem of N inecing picles he coupled e.o.m. e: d
More informationThe solution is often represented as a vector: 2xI + 4X2 + 2X3 + 4X4 + 2X5 = 4 2xI + 4X2 + 3X3 + 3X4 + 3X5 = 4. 3xI + 6X2 + 6X3 + 3X4 + 6X5 = 6.
[~ o o :- o o ill] i 1. Mrices, Vecors, nd Guss-Jordn Eliminion 1 x y = = - z= The soluion is ofen represened s vecor: n his exmple, he process of eliminion works very smoohly. We cn elimine ll enries
More informationComputer Propagation Analysis Tools
Compue Popagaion Analysis Tools. Compue Popagaion Analysis Tools Inoducion By now you ae pobably geing he idea ha pedicing eceived signal sengh is a eally impoan as in he design of a wieless communicaion
More informationLow-complexity Algorithms for MIMO Multiplexing Systems
Low-complexiy Algoihms fo MIMO Muliplexing Sysems Ouline Inoducion QRD-M M algoihm Algoihm I: : o educe he numbe of suviving pahs. Algoihm II: : o educe he numbe of candidaes fo each ansmied signal. :
More informationECE Microwave Engineering
EE 537-635 Microwve Engineering Adped from noes y Prof. Jeffery T. Willims Fll 8 Prof. Dvid R. Jcson Dep. of EE Noes Wveguiding Srucures Pr 7: Trnsverse Equivlen Newor (N) Wveguide Trnsmission Line Model
More informationPHYSICS 1210 Exam 1 University of Wyoming 14 February points
PHYSICS 1210 Em 1 Uniersiy of Wyoming 14 Februry 2013 150 poins This es is open-noe nd closed-book. Clculors re permied bu compuers re no. No collborion, consulion, or communicion wih oher people (oher
More informationAverage & instantaneous velocity and acceleration Motion with constant acceleration
Physics 7: Lecure Reminders Discussion nd Lb secions sr meeing ne week Fill ou Pink dd/drop form if you need o swich o differen secion h is FULL. Do i TODAY. Homework Ch. : 5, 7,, 3,, nd 6 Ch.: 6,, 3 Submission
More informationLecture 22 Electromagnetic Waves
Lecue Elecomagneic Waves Pogam: 1. Enegy caied by he wave (Poyning veco).. Maxwell s equaions and Bounday condiions a inefaces. 3. Maeials boundaies: eflecion and efacion. Snell s Law. Quesions you should
More informationEFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON NON-LINEAR DYNAMICAL PROPERTY OF STUFFER BOX CRIMPING AND BUBBLE ELECTROSPINNING
Hng, J.-X., e l.: Effec of empee on Nonline ynmicl Popey... HERM SCIENCE: Ye, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 9-53 9 Open fom EFFEC OF EMPERURE ON NON-INER YNMIC PROPERY OF SUFFER BOX CRIMPING N BUBBE EECROSPINNING
More informationPreviously. Extensions to backstepping controller designs. Tracking using backstepping Suppose we consider the general system
436-459 Advnced contol nd utomtion Extensions to bckstepping contolle designs Tcking Obseves (nonline dmping) Peviously Lst lectue we looked t designing nonline contolles using the bckstepping technique
More informationU>, and is negative. Electric Potential Energy
Electic Potentil Enegy Think of gvittionl potentil enegy. When the lock is moved veticlly up ginst gvity, the gvittionl foce does negtive wok (you do positive wok), nd the potentil enegy (U) inceses. When
More informationOptimization. x = 22 corresponds to local maximum by second derivative test
Optimiztion Lectue 17 discussed the exteme vlues of functions. This lectue will pply the lesson fom Lectue 17 to wod poblems. In this section, it is impotnt to emembe we e in Clculus I nd e deling one-vible
More information( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( y )
8. Lengh of Plne Curve The mos fmous heorem in ll of mhemics is he Pyhgoren Theorem. I s formulion s he disnce formul is used o find he lenghs of line segmens in he coordine plne. In his secion you ll
More informationAnswers to test yourself questions
Answes to test youself questions opic Descibing fields Gm Gm Gm Gm he net field t is: g ( d / ) ( 4d / ) d d Gm Gm Gm Gm Gm Gm b he net potentil t is: V d / 4d / d 4d d d V e 4 7 9 49 J kg 7 7 Gm d b E
More informationSOME USEFUL MATHEMATICS
SOME USEFU MAHEMAICS SOME USEFU MAHEMAICS I is esy o mesure n preic he behvior of n elecricl circui h conins only c volges n currens. However, mos useful elecricl signls h crry informion vry wih ime. Since
More information1. Kinematics of Particles
1. Kinemics o Picles 1.1 Inoducion o Dnmics Dnmics - Kinemics: he sud o he geome o moion; ele displcemen, eloci, cceleion, nd ime, wihou eeence o he cuse o he moion. - Kineics: he sud o he elion eising
More informationHomework 5 for BST 631: Statistical Theory I Solutions, 09/21/2006
Homewok 5 fo BST 63: Sisicl Theoy I Soluions, 9//6 Due Time: 5:PM Thusy, on 9/8/6. Polem ( oins). Book olem.8. Soluion: E = x f ( x) = ( x) f ( x) + ( x ) f ( x) = xf ( x) + xf ( x) + f ( x) f ( x) Accoing
More informationImportant design issues and engineering applications of SDOF system Frequency response Functions
Impotnt design issues nd engineeing pplictions of SDOF system Fequency esponse Functions The following desciptions show typicl questions elted to the design nd dynmic pefomnce of second-ode mechnicl system
More informationVersion 001 test-1 swinney (57010) 1. is constant at m/s.
Version 001 es-1 swinne (57010) 1 This prin-ou should hve 20 quesions. Muliple-choice quesions m coninue on he nex column or pge find ll choices before nswering. CubeUniVec1x76 001 10.0 poins Acubeis1.4fee
More informationECE Microwave Engineering. Fall Prof. David R. Jackson Dept. of ECE. Notes 10. Waveguides Part 7: Transverse Equivalent Network (TEN)
EE 537-635 Microwve Engineering Fll 7 Prof. Dvid R. Jcson Dep. of EE Noes Wveguides Pr 7: Trnsverse Equivlen Newor (N) Wveguide Trnsmission Line Model Our gol is o come up wih rnsmission line model for
More informationClass Summary. be functions and f( D) , we define the composition of f with g, denoted g f by
Clss Summy.5 Eponentil Functions.6 Invese Functions nd Logithms A function f is ule tht ssigns to ech element D ectly one element, clled f( ), in. Fo emple : function not function Given functions f, g:
More informationQUESTION PAPER PHYSICS-PH
GATE-PH 7 Q. Q.5 : Cy ONE mk ech.. In he nucle ecion 6 e 7 PHYSICS-PH C v N X, he picle X is () n elecon n ni-elecon (c) muon (d) pion. Two idenicl msses of gm ech e conneced by mssless sping of sping
More informationPhysics 2A HW #3 Solutions
Chper 3 Focus on Conceps: 3, 4, 6, 9 Problems: 9, 9, 3, 41, 66, 7, 75, 77 Phsics A HW #3 Soluions Focus On Conceps 3-3 (c) The ccelerion due o grvi is he sme for boh blls, despie he fc h he hve differen
More informationDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS III Solutions to Problem Sheet 3
DEPATMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIONMENTAL ENGINEEING FLID MECHANICS III Solutions to Poblem Sheet 3 1. An tmospheic vote is moelle s combintion of viscous coe otting s soli boy with ngul velocity Ω n n iottionl
More informationGeneral Non-Arbitrage Model. I. Partial Differential Equation for Pricing A. Traded Underlying Security
1 Geneal Non-Abiage Model I. Paial Diffeenial Equaion fo Picing A. aded Undelying Secuiy 1. Dynamics of he Asse Given by: a. ds = µ (S, )d + σ (S, )dz b. he asse can be eihe a sock, o a cuency, an index,
More informationContraction Mapping Principle Approach to Differential Equations
epl Journl of Science echnology 0 (009) 49-53 Conrcion pping Principle pproch o Differenil Equions Bishnu P. Dhungn Deprmen of hemics, hendr Rn Cmpus ribhuvn Universiy, Khmu epl bsrc Using n eension of
More informationNarrow-band Receiver Radio Architectures
Now-bnd Receive Rdio chiecues l l l l l Double-convesion single-qud Supeheodyne Diec-convesion Single-convesion singlequd, hoodyne, Zeo- Double-convesion double-qud Low- Refeences Down-convesion; The ige
More information9.4 The response of equilibrium to temperature (continued)
9.4 The esponse of equilibium to tempetue (continued) In the lst lectue, we studied how the chemicl equilibium esponds to the vition of pessue nd tempetue. At the end, we deived the vn t off eqution: d
More informationLecture-V Stochastic Processes and the Basic Term-Structure Equation 1 Stochastic Processes Any variable whose value changes over time in an uncertain
Lecue-V Sochasic Pocesses and he Basic Tem-Sucue Equaion 1 Sochasic Pocesses Any vaiable whose value changes ove ime in an unceain way is called a Sochasic Pocess. Sochasic Pocesses can be classied as
More informationFluids & Bernoulli s Equation. Group Problems 9
Goup Poblems 9 Fluids & Benoulli s Eqution Nme This is moe tutoil-like thn poblem nd leds you though conceptul development of Benoulli s eqution using the ides of Newton s 2 nd lw nd enegy. You e going
More informationOutline. Part 1, Topic 3 Separation of Charge and Electric Fields. Dr. Sven Achenbach - based on a script by Dr. Eric Salt - Outline
S. Achench: PHYS 55 (P, Topic 3) Hnous p. Ouline slie # Cunell & Johnson Univesiy of Sskchewn Unegue Couse Phys 55 Inoucion o leciciy n Mgneism conucos & insulos 6 8.3 pllel ple cpcios 68 8.9, 9.5 enegy
More informationCombinatorial Approach to M/M/1 Queues. Using Hypergeometric Functions
Inenaional Mahemaical Foum, Vol 8, 03, no 0, 463-47 HIKARI Ld, wwwm-hikaicom Combinaoial Appoach o M/M/ Queues Using Hypegeomeic Funcions Jagdish Saan and Kamal Nain Depamen of Saisics, Univesiy of Delhi,
More information5.1-The Initial-Value Problems For Ordinary Differential Equations
5.-The Iniil-Vlue Problems For Ordinry Differenil Equions Consider solving iniil-vlue problems for ordinry differenil equions: (*) y f, y, b, y. If we know he generl soluion y of he ordinry differenil
More informationMotion. Part 2: Constant Acceleration. Acceleration. October Lab Physics. Ms. Levine 1. Acceleration. Acceleration. Units for Acceleration.
Moion Accelerion Pr : Consn Accelerion Accelerion Accelerion Accelerion is he re of chnge of velociy. = v - vo = Δv Δ ccelerion = = v - vo chnge of velociy elpsed ime Accelerion is vecor, lhough in one-dimensionl
More informationAddition & Subtraction of Polynomials
Addiion & Sucion of Polynomil Addiion of Polynomil: Adding wo o moe olynomil i imly me of dding like em. The following ocedue hould e ued o dd olynomil 1. Remove enhee if hee e enhee. Add imil em. Wie
More informationLocation is relative. Coordinate Systems. Which of the following can be described with vectors??
Locion is relive Coordine Sysems The posiion o hing is sed relive o noher hing (rel or virul) review o he physicl sis h governs mhemicl represenions Reerence oec mus e deined Disnce mus e nown Direcion
More information( ) D x ( s) if r s (3) ( ) (6) ( r) = d dr D x
SIO 22B, Rudnick dpted fom Dvis III. Single vile sttistics The next few lectues e intended s eview of fundmentl sttistics. The gol is to hve us ll speking the sme lnguge s we move to moe dvnced topics.
More information1.0 Electrical Systems
. Elecricl Sysems The ypes of dynmicl sysems we will e sudying cn e modeled in erms of lgeric equions, differenil equions, or inegrl equions. We will egin y looking fmilir mhemicl models of idel resisors,
More informationPhys 110. Answers to even numbered problems on Midterm Map
Phys Answers o een numbered problems on Miderm Mp. REASONING The word per indices rio, so.35 mm per dy mens.35 mm/d, which is o be epressed s re in f/cenury. These unis differ from he gien unis in boh
More informationChapter 6 Frequency Response & System Concepts
hpte 6 Fequency esponse & ystem oncepts Jesung Jng stedy stte (fequency) esponse Phso nottion Filte v v Foced esponse by inusoidl Excittion ( t) dv v v dv v cos t dt dt ince the focing fuction is sinusoid,
More informationMEEN 617 Handout #11 MODAL ANALYSIS OF MDOF Systems with VISCOUS DAMPING
MEEN 67 Handou # MODAL ANALYSIS OF MDOF Sysems wih VISCOS DAMPING ^ Symmeic Moion of a n-dof linea sysem is descibed by he second ode diffeenial equaions M+C+K=F whee () and F () ae n ows vecos of displacemens
More informationPhysics 101 Lecture 4 Motion in 2D and 3D
Phsics 11 Lecure 4 Moion in D nd 3D Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN EMU Phsics Deprmen www.ogun.com Vecor nd is componens The componens re he legs of he righ ringle whose hpoenuse is A A A A A n ( θ ) A Acos( θ) A A A nd
More informationLecture 18: Kinetics of Phase Growth in a Two-component System: general kinetics analysis based on the dilute-solution approximation
Lecue 8: Kineics of Phase Gowh in a Two-componen Sysem: geneal kineics analysis based on he dilue-soluion appoximaion Today s opics: In he las Lecues, we leaned hee diffeen ways o descibe he diffusion
More informationf t f a f x dx By Lin McMullin f x dx= f b f a. 2
Accumulion: Thoughs On () By Lin McMullin f f f d = + The gols of he AP* Clculus progrm include he semen, Sudens should undersnd he definie inegrl s he ne ccumulion of chnge. 1 The Topicl Ouline includes
More informationReinforcement learning
Lecue 3 Reinfocemen leaning Milos Hauskech milos@cs.pi.edu 539 Senno Squae Reinfocemen leaning We wan o lean he conol policy: : X A We see examples of x (bu oupus a ae no given) Insead of a we ge a feedback
More informationChapter 7. Interference
Chape 7 Inefeence Pa I Geneal Consideaions Pinciple of Supeposiion Pinciple of Supeposiion When wo o moe opical waves mee in he same locaion, hey follow supeposiion pinciple Mos opical sensos deec opical
More informationPicture Array Generation Based on Membrane Systems and 2D Context-Free Grammars
Jounl of Mhemics nd Infomics Vol. 7, 07, 7-44 ISSN: 49-06 (P), 49-0640 (online) Pulished Mch 07 www.esechmhsci.og DOI: hp://dx.doi.og/0.457/jmi.v75 Jounl of Picue y Geneion Bsed on Memne Sysems nd D Conex-Fee
More informationUltrahigh Frequency Generation in GaAs-type. Two-Valley Semiconductors
Adv. Sudies Theo. Phys. Vol. 3 9 o. 8 93-98 lhigh Fequecy Geeio i GAs-ype Two-Vlley Seicoducos.. sov. K. Gsiov A. Z. Phov d A.. eiel Bu Se ivesiy 3 Z. Khlilov s. Az 48 Bu ciy- Physicl siue o he Azebij
More informationBipartite Matching. Matching. Bipartite Matching. Maxflow Formulation
Mching Inpu: undireced grph G = (V, E). Biprie Mching Inpu: undireced, biprie grph G = (, E).. Mching Ern Myr, Hrld äcke Biprie Mching Inpu: undireced, biprie grph G = (, E). Mflow Formulion Inpu: undireced,
More information15/03/1439. Lecture 4: Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems
Lecre 4: Liner Time Invrin LTI sysems 2. Liner sysems, Convolion 3 lecres: Implse response, inp signls s coninm of implses. Convolion, discree-ime nd coninos-ime. LTI sysems nd convolion Specific objecives
More informationSolvability of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation by Laplace Decomposition Method
Vol. 84 pp. 37-4 Jly 5 DOI:.5897/JMCSR4.57 icle Nbe: 63F95459 ISSN 6-973 Copyigh 5 hos ein he copyigh of his icle hp://www.cdeicjonls.og/jmcsr ficn Jonl of Mheics nd Cope Science Resech Fll Lengh Resech
More informationOne of the common descriptions of curvilinear motion uses path variables, which are measurements made along the tangent t and normal n to the path of
Oe of he commo descipios of cuilie moio uses ph ibles, which e mesuemes mde log he ge d oml o he ph of he picles. d e wo ohogol xes cosideed sepely fo eey is of moio. These coodies poide ul descipio fo
More informationMonochromatic Wave over One and Two Bars
Applied Mahemaical Sciences, Vol. 8, 204, no. 6, 307-3025 HIKARI Ld, www.m-hikai.com hp://dx.doi.og/0.2988/ams.204.44245 Monochomaic Wave ove One and Two Bas L.H. Wiyano Faculy of Mahemaics and Naual Sciences,
More informationMATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR APPROXIMATING PARTICLE BEHAVIOUR AT RADIUS OF THE PLANCK LENGTH
Fundamenal Jounal of Mahemaical Phsics Vol 3 Issue 013 Pages 55-6 Published online a hp://wwwfdincom/ MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR APPROXIMATING PARTICLE BEHAVIOUR AT RADIUS OF THE PLANCK LENGTH Univesias
More informationMotion. ( (3 dim) ( (1 dim) dt. Equations of Motion (Constant Acceleration) Newton s Law and Weight. Magnitude of the Frictional Force
Insucos: ield/mche PHYSICS DEPARTMENT PHY 48 Em Sepeme 6, 4 Nme pin, ls fis: Signue: On m hono, I he neihe gien no eceied unuhoied id on his eminion. YOUR TEST NUMBER IS THE 5-DIGIT NUMBER AT THE TOP O
More informationChapter 7. Kleene s Theorem. 7.1 Kleene s Theorem. The following theorem is the most important and fundamental result in the theory of FA s:
Chpte 7 Kleene s Theoem 7.1 Kleene s Theoem The following theoem is the most impotnt nd fundmentl esult in the theoy of FA s: Theoem 6 Any lnguge tht cn e defined y eithe egul expession, o finite utomt,
More informationMTH 146 Class 11 Notes
8.- Are of Surfce of Revoluion MTH 6 Clss Noes Suppose we wish o revolve curve C round n is nd find he surfce re of he resuling solid. Suppose f( ) is nonnegive funcion wih coninuous firs derivive on he
More informationMagnetostatics Bar Magnet. Magnetostatics Oersted s Experiment
Mgneosics Br Mgne As fr bck s 4500 yers go, he Chinese discovered h cerin ypes of iron ore could rc ech oher nd cerin mels. Iron filings "mp" of br mgne s field Crefully suspended slivers of his mel were
More informationA Time Truncated Improved Group Sampling Plans for Rayleigh and Log - Logistic Distributions
ISSNOnline : 39-8753 ISSN Prin : 347-67 An ISO 397: 7 Cerified Orgnizion Vol. 5, Issue 5, My 6 A Time Trunced Improved Group Smpling Plns for Ryleigh nd og - ogisic Disribuions P.Kvipriy, A.R. Sudmni Rmswmy
More informationElectric Potential. and Equipotentials
Electic Potentil nd Euipotentils U Electicl Potentil Review: W wok done y foce in going fom to long pth. l d E dl F W dl F θ Δ l d E W U U U Δ Δ l d E W U U U U potentil enegy electic potentil Potentil
More informationA 1.3 m 2.5 m 2.8 m. x = m m = 8400 m. y = 4900 m 3200 m = 1700 m
PHYS : Soluions o Chper 3 Home Work. SSM REASONING The displcemen is ecor drwn from he iniil posiion o he finl posiion. The mgniude of he displcemen is he shores disnce beween he posiions. Noe h i is onl
More informationCh 26 - Capacitance! What s Next! Review! Lab this week!
Ch 26 - Cpcitnce! Wht s Next! Cpcitnce" One week unit tht hs oth theoeticl n pcticl pplictions! Cuent & Resistnce" Moving chges, finlly!! Diect Cuent Cicuits! Pcticl pplictions of ll the stuff tht we ve
More informationHORIZONTAL POSITION OPTIMAL SOLUTION DETERMINATION FOR THE SATELLITE LASER RANGING SLOPE MODEL
HOIZONAL POSIION OPIMAL SOLUION DEEMINAION FO HE SAELLIE LASE ANGING SLOPE MODEL Yu Wng,* Yu Ai b Yu Hu b enli Wng b Xi n Surveying nd Mpping Insiue, No. 1 Middle Yn od, Xi n, Chin, 710054-640677@qq.com
More information6. Gas dynamics. Ideal gases Speed of infinitesimal disturbances in still gas
6. Gs dynmics Dr. Gergely Krisóf De. of Fluid echnics, BE Februry, 009. Seed of infiniesiml disurbnces in sill gs dv d, dv d, Coninuiy: ( dv)( ) dv omenum r r heorem: ( ( dv) ) d 3443 4 q m dv d dv llievi
More informationMichael Rotkowitz 1,2
Novembe 23, 2006 edited Line Contolles e Unifomly Optiml fo the Witsenhusen Counteexmple Michel Rotkowitz 1,2 IEEE Confeence on Decision nd Contol, 2006 Abstct In 1968, Witsenhusen intoduced his celebted
More informationOn Control Problem Described by Infinite System of First-Order Differential Equations
Ausalian Jounal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(): 736-74 ISS 99-878 On Conol Poblem Descibed by Infinie Sysem of Fis-Ode Diffeenial Equaions Gafujan Ibagimov and Abbas Badaaya J'afau Insiue fo Mahemaical
More informationThis immediately suggests an inverse-square law for a "piece" of current along the line.
Electomgnetic Theoy (EMT) Pof Rui, UNC Asheville, doctophys on YouTube Chpte T Notes The iot-svt Lw T nvese-sque Lw fo Mgnetism Compe the mgnitude of the electic field t distnce wy fom n infinite line
More informationRadial geodesics in Schwarzschild spacetime
Rdil geodesics in Schwzschild spcetime Spheiclly symmetic solutions to the Einstein eqution tke the fom ds dt d dθ sin θdϕ whee is constnt. We lso hve the connection components, which now tke the fom using
More informationLecture 3. Electrostatics
Lecue lecsics In his lecue yu will len: Thee wys slve pblems in elecsics: ) Applicin f he Supepsiin Pinciple (SP) b) Applicin f Guss Lw in Inegl Fm (GLIF) c) Applicin f Guss Lw in Diffeenil Fm (GLDF) C
More informationComputer Aided Geometric Design
Copue Aided Geoei Design Geshon Ele, Tehnion sed on ook Cohen, Riesenfeld, & Ele Geshon Ele, Tehnion Definiion 3. The Cile Given poin C in plne nd nue R 0, he ile ih ene C nd dius R is defined s he se
More informationMinimum Squared Error
Minimum Squred Error LDF: Minimum Squred-Error Procedures Ide: conver o esier nd eer undersood prolem Percepron y i > for ll smples y i solve sysem of liner inequliies MSE procedure y i = i for ll smples
More informationAn Automatic Door Sensor Using Image Processing
An Auomaic Doo Senso Using Image Pocessing Depamen o Elecical and Eleconic Engineeing Faculy o Engineeing Tooi Univesiy MENDEL 2004 -Insiue o Auomaion and Compue Science- in BRNO CZECH REPUBLIC 1. Inoducion
More information