EXPLANATION OF DYNAMICAL BIEFELD-BROWN EFFECT FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ZPF FIELD

Transcription

1 Explanation of Dynamial Bifld-Brown Efft from JBIS, th Vol. Standpoint 61, pp , of ZPF Fild 8 EXPLANATION OF DYNAMICAL BIEFELD-BROWN EFFECT FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ZPF FIELD TAKAAKI MUSHA , Namiki, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 36-5, Japan. takaaki.musha@gmail.om and musha@s.trdi.mod.go.jp Th rsarh group of th HONDA R&D Institut obsrvd a wight rdution by applying altrnating ltri fild to a apaitor. This phnomnon, whih is alld th dynamial Bifld-Brown fft, annot b xplaind within th framwork of onvntional physis. From th standpoint of ZPF fild, th author tris to xplain this phnomnon as an intration btwn th vauum ltromagnti zro-point fild and th high potntial ltri fild. By thortial analysis, it is onsidrd that th intration of zro-point vauum flutuations with high potntial ltri fild an indu a gratr momntum for th diltri matrial, whih would produ suffiint artifiial gravity to propl spa vhils. Kywords: Eltromagnti propulsion, zro-point fild, ltrogravitis, artifiial gravity, high-voltag apaitors, Bifld- Brown fft 1. INTRODUCTION This is a spulativ papr on a phnomnon that might hav spa appliations in th long-trm, providd that it an b rpatd, ontrolld, and a full xplanation found. In 1956, T.T. Brown prsntd a disovry known as th Bifld-Bown fft (abbrviatd B-B fft) that a suffiintly hargd apaitor with diltris xhibitd unidirtional thrust in th dirtion of th positiv plat [1]. In rnt yars, it was onfirmd by th rsarh group of th HONDA R&D Institut that a wigh rdution was obsrvd by applying high intnsity ltri fild to th apaitor []. D.R. Bulr prformd xprimnts with high voltag singl and paralll plat ltri apaitors, whih indiatd a nt for ating upon th apaitor mass [3]. In an xprimnt ondutd by Woodward transint mass shift was also obsrvd in th diltri matrial by rapidly harging and high nrgy apaitors [4]. Rntly it has bn rportd that Borbás Miklós dttd a for by using a dvi, whih was a simpl ping-pong ball with a high voltag disharg lmnt insid [5]. From his xprimntal rsult, th dvi gnratd a propulsiv for whih was not du to air movmnt ausd by ion flow (ion-wind) ontrary to th onvntional xplanation that th gnratd for is du to th ion transfr btwn th plats of th apaitor [6]. M.B. King suggstd in his book [7] that ltromagnti flutuations of th vauum was th sour of th B-B fft, whih gnrats th unidirtional thrust for th diltri matrial undr high potntial ltri fild. H onsidrd that a slight ohrn of vauum flutuations du to th high potntial ltri fild ausd an altrnation of inrtial proprtis of th body with th ioni latti of a rapidly spinning atom, but its mhanism was not fully xplaind. This papr was prsntd at th Fifth IAA Symposium on Ralisti Nar-Trm Advand Sintifi Spa Missions in Aosta, Italy on - 4 July 7. Th viws xprssd in this papr ar thos of th author and do not nssarily rflt th offiial poliy of his urrnt position. H.E. Puthoff proposd in his artil [8] that gravity is a form of long-rang van dr Waals for assoiatd with th rapid motion of lmntary partils (Zittrbwgung) in rspons to zro-point flutuations (ZPF) of th vauum. H suggstd that if on ould somhow modify th vauum mdium thn th mass of a partil or objt in it would hang aording to th zro-point fild thory [9]. By using th thory of ZPF fild, in this papr th author tris to show that th impulsiv ltri fild applid to th diltri matrial may produ a suffiint artifiial gravity to propl sparaft.. HONDA EXPERIMENT APPLYING ELECTRIC FIELD TO THE CAPACITOR From th 1st of Fbruary until th 1st of Marh in 1996, th rsarh group of th HONDA R&D Institut ondutd xprimnts to vrify th B-B fft with an improvd xprimntal dvi whih rjtd th influn of orona dishargs and ltri wind around th apaitor by stting th apaitor in th insulator oil ontaind within a mtalli vssl as shown in Fig. 1. Th apaitor usd at th xprimnt was a irular plat mad of a high prmittivity diltri glass with th thiknss, t = 1 mm, th diamtr, d = 17 mm and th wight, W = 6 g. Th ltri balan usd for th xprimnt had th rsolution of 1mg. Thy ondutd xprimnts for two ass, DC-18kV and AC-8kV pulss supplid to th apaitor by th xprimntal st-up as shown in Fig.. Th iruit diagram for gnrating AC pulss is shown in Fig. 3. Th high AC voltag was supplid to th apaitor through th ignition oil to produ rtangular pulss with th rptition of 5 Hz. Aftr amplifying AC pulss by th ignition oil, th impulsiv ltri fild was applid to th apaitor through th diod by hanging th polarity to produ minus-biasd or plus-biasd voltag to th apaitor, as shown in this figur. Th xprimntal rsults masurd by th Honda rsarh group ar shown in Fig. 4. In this figur, DC (1) and DC () ar 379

2 Takaaki Musha Fig. 1 Shmati diagram of th xprimnt. Fig. 4 Masurd rsults at th xprimnt. whr m is th mass of th arrir of th harg in th mdium, q is th harg of th arrir, g is gravity alration on th Earth, V is th applid voltag, and i is th urrnt dnsity givn by i = πfcv (C: apaity, f: frquny of applid voltag). By introduing xprimntal valus for AC ass into Eq.(1), whr C = 168 pf, V = 8 kv and f = 5 Hz, th mass rdution du to ioni winds boms M = 1.3 x 1-3 g, whih is ngligibl small ompard with th xprimntal rsult. Fig. Exprimntal st-up for th xprimnt. for ass of DC-18kV, and PULSE (1) and PULSE () ar for ass of AC-8kV pulss, whr th horizontal lin is for th dat of th xprimnt and th vrtial lin is for th hang of th apaitor s wight. From xprimntal rsults, it was found that th as of AC pulss xhibitd highr rdution of wight than th as of DC xposurs, th ratio of thm boms W / W =.77 ±.87, whr W is a wight rdution for AC pulss and W is for th DC xposurs. Maximum wight rdution masurd at th xprimnt by applying AC pulss was 1.9 g, whih was about 3% of th own wight of th apaitor usd at th xprimnt []. Supposing that th wight rdution of th apaitor is rsponsibl for fors gnratd by th ioni transfr of th momntum, it an b stimatd from th quations givn by [1] mv i M = q g (1) Th following formula is obtaind for th ltrograviti fft indud on a diltri matrial from a wak fild approximation of Einstin s gnral rlativity thory [11]; 11 E Z 4πε G E = Z ε E () g whr E is a magnitud of ltri fild imprssd to th apaitor, Z is a numbr of ltrons irulating around th atomi nulus, ε is a prmittivity of th diltri matrial, ε r is a spifi indutiv apaity of th diltri matrial, and G is th gravitational onstant. B. Ivanov of th Institut for nular Rsarh and Nular Enrgy in Bulgaria also found a similar quation ddud from Wyl Majumdar- Papaptrou solutions of th gnral rlativity thory, whih is quivalnt (modulo Z) to th author s quation, as shown in th Appndix. From whih, th wight rdution of th apaitor undr imprssd ltri fild givn by W an b stimatd by 11 W = M E = Z ε EM (3) whr M is a mass of th apaitor. g By introduing valus of th xprimnt, Z = 1, ε r = 1, M = 6 g, into Eq.(3), w obtain W =.31 g for DC-18kV r r Fig. 3 Ciruit diagram for gnrating AC pulss. 38

3 Explanation of Dynamial Bifld-Brown Efft from th Standpoint of ZPF Fild xposurs, whih is los to W =.9 ±.17 g obtaind from th xprimnt, but w hav W =.14 g for AC-8kV pulss, whih is muh lowr than th xprimntal rsult, W =.88 ±.63 g. Thus it is thought that th B-B fft for AC-8kV pulss might b du to anothr mhanism othr than th ion transfr of momntum or a wight rdution gnratd by th ltrograviti fft. 3. MASS SHIFT BY THE EXTERNAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD Aording to th quantum ltrodynamis, th quantum vauum is filld with th ltromagnti flutuations of th zro-point fild (ZPF). Haish, Ruda and Puthoff pointd out in thir papr [1] that th formula on th ZPF-dtrmind inrtial mass is rmarkably similar to th mass shift drivd from th quantum thory. Undr th intns ltromagnti fild, it has bn prditd that th ltron xprins an inras in its rst mass undr an intns ltromagnti fild [13]. Th analogial formula with rspt to th mass shift of th ltron undr intns ltromagnti fild was disovrd by P.Milonni shown as follows [1]: Lt H A b th ltrodynami Hamiltonian of th partil undr high ltromagnti fild, it has th form shown as H A = < A > (4) m whr m rprsnts th rst mass of th lmntary partil, is a light spd, is a harg of th partil and A is a vtor potntial of th ltromagnti fild. Th similar quation by using trms of th ZPF fild was also proposd by Haish, Ruda and Puthoff shown as [1] H A = 3 π m ω whr is a Plank onstant dividd by π and ω is a utoff frquny of ZPF sptrum in th vauum. Assuming that ltrodynami Hamiltonians shown in Eqs. (4) and (5) ar idntial with ah othr, thn w hav H A = H A for th diltri matrial undr imprssd ltri fild as shown in Fig. 5. W suppos that th utoff frquny of th vauum is shiftd as ω = ω + ω whn th ltromagnti fild is imprssd to th diltri matrial, H boms A {( 3 ) } 3 m πm H A = ω + ω ω ω ω π whr ω is th Plank frquny givn by 5 43 ω = / G 3 1 Hz As shown in Fig. 5, H A = at th initial stat, thn w obtain th formula givn by (5) (6) Fig. 5 Eltrodynami Hamiltonian undr imprssd ltri fild. π ω < A > ω Aording to th gravitational thory proposd by Haish, Ruda and Puthoff [14], w an suppos that th inrtial mass of lmntary partils indud by ZPF fild an b givn by (7) Γ ω m = (8) π whr Γ is th radiation ration damping onstant dfining th intration of hargd lmntary partils with ltromagnti radiation fild. From whih, w hav ω π m/ m = = < A > ω ω For th dipol fild gnratd by th varian of ltri harg as shown in Fig. 6, th vtor potntial of th ltromagnti fild boms [15] 1 p ( t r/ ) 1 p ( t) A = 4πε r 4 r πε (9) (1) whr p is a dipol momntum givn by p = qd (q: harg of partils, d: displamnt of th harg). If w lt p(t) = p sin ωt(p = Nd), thn w hav 1 ω p osωt 1 ωnd osωt A = = 4πε 4 r (11) r πε In this quation, N is a numbr of hargs pr unit volum and d is givn by E d = m ω ω (1) whr E is an altrnating ltri fild and ω is a rsonant angular frquny givn by ω = Z / α m (α : ltron polarizability), whih is about 1 15 ~ 1 16 Hz. 381

4 Takaaki Musha inluding th diltri matrial and R is a radius of th ltron loud and E is a magnitud of th impulsiv ltri fild. 4. POSSIBILITY TO PRODUCE ARTIFICAIAL GRAVITY BY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD Combining Eqs. () and (17), th for produd by th ltrograviti fild E g boms 3π G N R F = ( M + M) Eg Z 4πε G 1+ E EM 16 6 ε m ω whr M is a mass of th diltri matrial. (18) Fig. 6 Dipol fild gnratd by th altrnating ltri fild. From abov quations, w obtain th following quation for th hargd sphr with a radius of R; π G M( ω)/ M = A dv 4 < > 1 = E d dr dϕ 16 ( ) 4 N G ω π R π sinθ θ π 4 ε m ω ω 4 ω E R 8 m N G = 4 ε ( ω ω ) (13) As th nrgy dissipation an b inorporatd into th analysis by rplaing ral quantitis with omplx ons as shown ω ω(1 + iη/), whr η is a damping fator, Eq. (13) boms 4 N G ω M ( ω)/ M = E R 4 ε ( ω ω ) η ω 8 4 m + (14) For th impulsiv ltri fild, whih has a wid frquny rang of sptrum, (ω ω 1 ) is larg ompard to th width of th rsonan, th following intgration ovr frqunis aross th rsonan yilds ω ω dω π ( ω ω ) η ω = ηω ω (15) From whih, w obtain th ratio of th mass shift of th diltri matrial vs. its rst mass undr th impulsiv ltromagnti fild givn by 4 ω π G N R ω ω 8 8 (16) ε m ηω M M = M M d = E / ( )/ ω1 Assuming that η = /3m, that quals th Abraham-Lornz damping onstant [16], w hav 3 G N R M / M = π E 16 ε ω (17) 6 m whr N is a numbr of ltrons pr unit volum in a spa From this quation, it is sn that th ltrograviti fft gnratd for th diltri matrial an b amplifid by th impulsiv ltri fild as obsrvd by th Honda xprimnt, whih also supports th Brown xprimnt, whr h obsrvd a larg thrust assoiatd with a spark btwn ltrods for th dis strutur as shown in Fig. 7 [7]. From Eq. (18), th nw fators whih inras th for for th diltri matrial ar: Inras th magnitud of an ltri fild imprssd to th diltri matrial. Inras th numbr of ltrons pr unit volum in a spa inluding th diltri matrial. Inras th radius of th ltron loud in a spa inluding th diltri matrial. As th mass shift of th diltri matrial undr ltrograviti fild satisfis W = -M E g, thn w hav g 3π 1 E 16 6 g ε m ω W E G N R E = + W E E (19) whr W and W ar wight shifts obsrvd at th Honda xprimnt for AC pulss and DC xposurs, and E and E ar amplituds of th AC and th DC ltri filds imprssd to th apaitor, rsptivly. By introduing valus, E = 18 x 1 6 V/m, E = 8 x 1 6 V/m, R =.5 mm, ω = 1 15 rad/s and m = 9.11 x 1-31 kg (for th ltron s mass), into Eq.(19), w obtain W / W = 3., whn w suppos N = 1 6, whih is lowr than th ritial plasma dnsity that quals N = 1 8 [17]. This is los to th xprimntal rsult obtaind by th Honda rsarh group and hn it an b onsidrd that th ltri disharg btwn plats, whih has a wid rang sptrum, produs a larg for undr th impulsiv high potntial ltri fild. As th mass shift prditd by Eq. (17) is dpndnt on th xtrnal ltri fild, th varian of wight rdution obsrvd at th xprimnt might b du to th sondary ltrostati fft rlatd global ltri fild as rportd by G.V. Stphnson [18], th influn of whih annot b totally rjtd by th ltromagnti shilding. From th quation for th momntum givn by F = dp/dt, th momntum produd by th ltrograviti fild boms 38

5 Explanation of Dynamial Bifld-Brown Efft from th Standpoint of ZPF Fild Fig. 7 Strutur of th ltrograviti raft by T.T. Brown. () P = Fdt = m E dt m E t fild g g Whn w lt t = l/v d, whr l is a sparation btwn ltrods and v d is a drift vloity of ltrons, th momntum produd by th impulsiv ltri fild boms P = ( M + M) E dt fild g 3π G N R El Z 4πεε r G 1+ E M 16 6 ε m ω vd (1) From Eq. (1), th vloity for th dis strutur in Fig. 7 an b stimatd by v = P fild /M (M : total mass of th sparaft) as shown in Fig. 8, whn w suppos Z = 1, ε r = 1, l = 1 m, R = 1 m, ω = 1 15 rad/s, m = 9.11 x 1-31 kg, N = 1 6, v d = 1 8 m/s (valu for th vauum ar [19]), and M/M 1. In this figur, th horizontal lin is for th voltag applid to ltrods and th vrtial lin is for th vloity, both in a logarithmi sal. From whih, it an b sn that th ltrograviti raft Fig. 8 Vloity produd by th impulsiv ltri fild. using th Bifld-Brown fft might attain th vloity to rah 5.3 km/s whn imprssd 1 Giga Volt to th ltrods. Hn it is onsidrd that this ltrograviti systm an b usd for spa travl instad of th hmial rokts whn ithr of following fators is inrasd; (1) voltag imprssd to th diltri matrial, () sparation btwn ltrods, (3) numbr of ltrons pr unit volum in a spa inluding th diltri matrial, (4) radius of th ltron loud. 5. CONCLUSIONS From th thortial analysis by th zro-point fild thory, it is thought that th origin of th dynamial Bifld-Brown fft might b attributd to th intration btwn zro-point vauum flutuations and high potntial ltri fild applid to th apaitor. Th thortial analysis rsult suggsts that th impulsiv ltri fild applid to th diltri matrial may produ a suffiint artifiial gravity to attain vloitis omparabl to hmial rokts. APPENDIX Dr. Boyko Ivanov has shown that Wyl-Majumdar-Papaptrou solutions of th gnral rlativity thory inlud th quation for th gravitational fild indud by stati ltri fild givn by [] 1 B κε κε g = f φi φφ + i 8π 8π whr f = g, B is a onstant and κ = 8πG/ 4. (A1) From whih, h drivd th formula of gravitational for F g shown as [] M Fg = Gε ψ = Gεµ Sψ (A) d whr M is th mass of th diltri, µ is its mass dnsity, ε is diltri onstant, d is th distan btwn th plats, ψ is th potntial of th sond plat whn ψ 1 = and S is an ara of th plat. This is quivalnt (modulo Z) to th formula of th for gnratd by high potntial ltri fild givn by th author shown as 11 F Zµ S ε V / t (A3) whr µ is a total mass of th diltri pr unit ara, ε r is th spifi indutiv apaity of th diltri, V is th imprssd voltag to th apaitor and t is its thiknss. Thos quations ar th sam xpt for th modulo Z, whih was found by Dr. Ivanov whn h passd th numri offiint by CGS systm to SI systm [1], whr Dr. Ivanov works in th CGS (Gauss) systm of units, whil Musha works in th intrnational systm SI. r REFERENCES 1. INTEL, Toward Flight without Strss or Strain or Wight, Intravia, XI, pp , T. Musha, Thortial Explanation of th Bifld-Brown Efft, Eltri Sparaft Journal, Issu 31, p.9,, also in N. Iwanaga, Rviw of Som Fild Propulsion Mthods from th Gnral Rlativisti Standpoint, Spa Thnology and Appliations Intrnational Forum- 1999, pp , D.R. Buhlr, Exploratory Rsarh on th Phnomnon of th Movmnt of High Voltag Capaitors, Journal of Spa Mixing,, pp.1-,

6 Takaaki Musha 4. T.L. Mahood, Propllantlss Propulsion: Rnt Exprimntal Rsults Exploiting Transint Mass Modifiation, Spa Thnology and Appliations Intrnational Forum-1999, pp.114-1, (Dat Assd 4 July 8) 6. M. Tajmar, Bifld-Brown fft: misintrprtation of Corona Wind Phnomna, AIAA Journal, 4, pp , M.B. King, Is Artifiial Gravity Possibl?, in Tapping Th Zro-Point Enrgy, Advnturs Unlimitd Prss, Kmpton, Illinois,. 8. H.E. Puthoff, Gravity as a zro-point-flutuation for, Physial Rviw A, 39, pp , H.E. Puthoff, Can th vauum b nginrd for spa flight appliations? Ovrviw of thory and xprimnts, Journal of Sintifi Exploration, 1, pp.95-3, T.B. Bahdr and C. Fazi, For on an Asymmtri Capaitor, in Eltrogravitis II, Intgrity Rsarh Institut, Washington, pp.8-59, T. Musha, Th Possibility of Strong Coupling btwn Eltriity and Gravitation, Infinit Enrgy, Issu 53, pp.61-64, 4, also in T. Valon, Eltro Gravitis II, Intgrity Rsarh Institut, Washington, pp.6-69, B. Haish, A. Ruda and H.E. Puthoff, Inrtia as zro-point-fild Lorntz for, Physial Rviw A, 49, pp , V. Putz and K. Svozil, Quantum ltrodynamis in th squzd vauum stat: ltron mass shift, Nuovo Cimnto, 119, pp , B. Haish, A. Ruda and H.E. Puthoff, Physis of th zro-point fild: impliations for inrtia, gravitation and mass, Spulation in Sin and Thnology,, pp , R.P. Fynmann, R.B. Lighton and M. Sands, Th Fynman Lturs on Physis - Vol. II, Addison-Wsly, Nw York, J.D. Jakson, Classial Eltrodynamis, Chaptr.17, John Wily & Sons, In., Nw York, H.L. Andrson, A Physiist s Dsk Rfrn, Th sond dition of Physis Vad Mum, Amrian Institut of Physis, Nw York, G.V. Stphnson, Th Bifld brown Efft and th Global Eltri Ciruit, Spa Thnology and Appliations Intrnational Forum- 5, pp , R.L. Boxman, P.J. Martin and D.M. Sandrs, Handbook of Vauum Ar Sin and Thnology: Fundamntals and Appliations, Noys Publiations, B.V. Ivanov, Strong gravitational for indud by stati ltromagnti filds, (Dat Assd 4 July 8) 1. B.V. Ivanov, privat ommuniation, 5. (Rivd 3 Dmbr 7; 8 Jun 8) * * * 384