Pittsfield High School Summer Assignment Contract Intensive 9 / Honors 9 / Honors Physics

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1 Pittsfield High School Summer Assignment Contract Intensive 9 / Honors 9 / Honors Physics Welcome to Physics! The study of physics takes us on a journey investigating matter, energy, and how they interact. We will be exploring concepts including motion, forces, energy, thermodynamics, waves, electricity, and magnetism. By the end of the course I hope you will have an appreciation for the physics that is happening around you every day. The following packet is designed to help you review for the pretest and to make you aware of the prerequisite science and math skills that you are expected to have in order to succeed in Physics. You may do the work and provide your answer right on the packet or on separate paper - whichever you prefer. Make sure to show your work and put a box around your final answer. The teacher will personally consult with the parent/student to discuss their future in the class if: 1. The student does not show adequate knowledge of the subject material covered on the pretest. 2. The student does not complete the summer work packet by the first day of class. 3. The student does not hand in the summer work packet on the first day of class. I realize the importance of completing this summer packet for PHYSICS and understand that this packet will be collected on the first full day of school. I am also aware that a scientific calculator, a cm ruler and a protractor are a requirement for this course and should be used to do this packet. By signing this, I accept the packet and the responsibility to get it done. I understand that this packet will be graded and that I will be tested on this material within the first week of school. I realize that knowledge of its content is a course requirement. Signed Signature: Date: Print Name:

2 NAME DATE Dear Physics Student, This page provides you with an outline of important information regarding Physics and this summer packet. Read the statements below very carefully! This packet is designed to emphasize key areas that are important to know before starting Physics. Please use a pencil, write neatly, and be ready to hand the packet in for credit. This packet will be collected on the first full day of school. It will be graded and you will be tested on this material the first week of school. The packet and test will be worth a significant amount of points. Physics is a math-oriented course. Appropriate units must accompany numbers. A scientific calculator is a requirement for this course. Additionally, you will need a centimeter ruler and a protractor. o Any scientific calculator is acceptable, some recommendations are: Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS, Casio fx- 115ES, Casio fx-300es Plus or a Sharp Scientific Calculator. (Cost $10-$20, Casio fx-300es my favorite!) You may use reference books to assist you with the problems. You may use extra paper to solve these exercises. If needed, simply attach them to the pages from which you found the exercises. Do not wait until the last minute to start work on this packet. Completing and understanding the material in this packet will help you get off to a good start in Physics. (Some tutorials can be found at Good luck, do your best, and remember this summer packet must be completed if you plan to be successful in Physics 9. Sincerely, Mr. Adams, Mrs. Truax, and Dr. Whateley

3 GENERAL REVIEW OF MATHEMATICS 1. What is the average for each list of numbers? a. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 b. 10, 13, 15, Using a centimeter ruler determine the length of the line segment to the nearest 0.1 cm or nearest mm. a. cm b. cm c. cm d. cm 3. Measure the following angles to the nearest degree using a protractor. a. c. b. d.

4 4. Determine the mass to the nearest 0.1 gram. 5. Determine the volume of water in milliliers. 6. Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius.

5 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Scientific notation is a compact way of writing large or small numbers while using only significant digits and powers of ten. Examples: written in scientific notation would be 2.65 x (The negative three power of ten indicates that the decimal point should be moved three places to the left.) 7.68 x 10 5 expanded would be 768,000. (The positive power of five indicates that the decimal point should be moved five places to the right. In this case, zeros are needed as placeholders.) 9.6 x 10 7 = 3.0 x x 104 (Divide the decimals while keeping the correct number of significant figures. When dividing powers of ten, subtract the bottom power of ten s exponent from the top power of ten s exponent. If multiplying, add powers of ten.) (4.5 x 10 2 ) + (8.2 x 10 3 ) = 4.5 x x 10 2 = 5.32 x 10 2 = 5.3 x 10 2 (Before adding or subtracting numbers in scientific notation, all numbers need to have the same power of ten) Exercises Write the following numbers in scientific notation = = = = 5. 43,200 = 6. 4,320,000 = = = Expand the following numbers x x x 10-1 Solve the following and put your answer in scientific notation x 108 = 3.3 x x (2.67 x 10 3 ) (9.5 x 10 4 ) = 16. (1.56 x 10 7 ) + (2.43 x 10 8 ) = 17. (2.5 x 10 6 )(3.0 x 10 7 )= 18. (1.2 x 10 9 )(1.2 x 10 7 ) = 19. (2.3 x 10 4 )(2.0 x 10 3 ) = 2.5 x 108 = 14. = 3.7 x x 10 2

6 Factor-Label Unit Conversion Common Prefixes: nano has the symbol, n, and means 10-9 (or ) micro has the symbol,, and means 10-6 (or ) milli has the symbol, m, and means 10-3 (or 0.001) centi has the symbol, c, and means 10-2 (or 0.01) kilo has the symbol, k, and means 10 3 (or 1000) Making Unit Conversions 250 m = m (250 m) m m -4 = 2.5 x 10 m or (250 m) 1 m = 2.5 x 10-4 m 10 6 m FACTOR-LABEL UNIT CONVERSION An easy way to change from one unit to another is by using conversion factors. To convert a speed given in km/h to m/s, you must first change kilometers to meters, then hours to seconds. The value of a quantity does not change when it is multiplied by 1. Any quantity divided by its equivalent equals one. Since 1000 m = 1 km and 3600 s = 1 h, we can make the following conversion factors. 1 h 3 s 600 = 1 Therefore, to change a speed in km/h to m/s, first multiply it by an appropriate distance conversion factor and then by a time conversion factor. For example, 120 km/h becomes 120 km 1000 m 1 h 1 km = 120,000 Then, 120,000 m 1 h h 600 s = 33 (The converted number should have the same number of significant digits as the original number.) For the problems below, show all conversion factors. Show all work. Do not use the conversion factor feature on your calculator to do these problems. 1. Carry out the following conversions using the prefix information shown above. a. 35 nm = m b. 450 cm = mm c g = g d. 250 km = cm e. 346 ms = s f. 543 mg = kg g g = mg h. 239 mm = cm i. 48 ml = L j. 38 kg = mg

7 Simple rules for rearranging (manipulating) equations Add or subtract the same thing to both sides If a = b then a + c = b + c Multiply or divide both sides by the same thing If a = b Replace any term or expression by another equal expression then If and then a c = b c a b = c b = (d e) a + (d + e) = c Square or square root both sides if a + b = c then If (a + b) 2 = c 2 also a 2 = b c Expand out an equation Simplify then becomes a = b c y(a + x) = 1 ya + yb = 1 ab + ac = a(b + c) You may want to think about some of these tips. When rearranging an equation, don t be afraid to use a lot of small steps and write down every step. Sometimes it isn t at all clear how best to proceed just start, remembering what it is that you need to make the subject of the equation and eventually you will get there. There can be a lot of different ways of doing it. Brackets are useful because you can move the whole term (ie what is inside the brackets) around as if it is a single item. Remember you must do the same operation on both sides of the equation! Examples on rearranging equations: Solve equations for h E P = mgh Flip equation so your solve for is on the left Divide both sides by mg mgh = E P (mg)h (mg) = E P (mg) Simplify h = E P (mg)

8 Solve equation for d Since d is in the denominator multiply both sides by d 2 Reduces to: F = kmm d 2 F(d 2 ) = kmm d 2 (d2 ) Fd 2 = kmm Divide both sides by F Fd 2 F = kmm F Reduces to: d 2 = kmm F Now take the square root of both sides Reduces to: d 2 = kmm F d = kmm F Solve for the unknown variable in the following problems: (A) F + 2 = 5 (G) 6 = 4T (B) m 5 = 4 (H) (3z 9)(2z + 1) = 0 (C) 7f = 42 (I) 10 = 100 2t (D) v 15 = 15 (J) 3a 2 + 5a 3 = 5 6 (E) r = 19 (K) b = 1 2 (F) 4 = 8 p (L) = 1 2x

9 Solve for the variable indicated. Do not be confused by the different letters manipulate them algebraically as though they were number! (A) V = IR solve for "R": (F) E = 1 2 mv2 solve for "m": (B) v = d t solve for "d": (G) E = 1 2 mv2 solve for "v": (C) v = d t sovle for "t": (H) c = yx + zx solve for "x": (D) V = lwh solve for "h": (I) y = 1 x 2 solve for "x": (E) A = p + prt solve for "r":

10 Graphing Plotting Graphs These steps will help you plot graphs from data tables. 1. Your graph should be titled Y vs. X (or the vertical information versus the horizontal information). 2. Decide on the scales needed for the x and y axes. Choose scales that will spread out the data. Do not choose scales that compress the data points into a tiny portion of the graph paper. Your graph should fill up the graph paper. 3. Number and label the x and y axes (including necessary units). 4. Draw the best straight line (using a straight edge) that passes through the center of the data point distribution or, if it is a curve, draw a smooth curve. Do not just connect the data points together with a series of straight line segments. Graphing Data Values The steps listed above were followed to set up the plotting of the data shown below. Time (s) Speed (m/s) Speed (m/s) Speed versus Time Time (s) Exercises 1. Plot the data values on the graph provided above and draw one straight line that best fits the data (use a straight edge to make the line). 2. What is the slope of the line of best fit (find the number)? m/s 2 (Slope = rise/run) 3. What is the speed at 3 s? m/s 4. Using the graph, what is the speed at 6 s? m/s 5. At what time is the speed 20 m/s (using your graph) s

11 Graphing There are three relationships that occur frequently in physical processes. They are depicted in the three graphs shown below. Speed (m/s) Radius (m) Radius (m) Radius versus Speed Speed (m/s) Exercises 1. Plot the data values on the graph provided above and connect the points together with a smooth curve that follows the data. 2. Approximately what is the radius when the speed is 5 m/s? m. 3. This type of curve is known as a. 4. This graph follows an equation of the form radius = k(speed) 2. Radius and speed 5. squared are related.

12 HONORS ONLY: If you are honors 9 you will be taught this in geometry this year. (Try this page!) If you are in grade 11 or 12 you are expected to know this material already! TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometry is an extremely useful branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and angles of right triangles. Pythagorean s Theorem: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 Trigonometry is an extremely useful branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and angles of right triangles. Make sure that your calculator is set to the degree mode for angles. Solve the following: 1. Consider the following right triangle. a. What is the length of the hypotenuse? b. What are the sine, cosine and tangent of the angle theta, Θ?

. Do the assigned problems on separate paper and show your work

. Do the assigned problems on separate paper and show your work Dear future AP Physics students, Here s the short story: Physics is NOT a math class. But you can t do collegelevel physics without math. So I need you to be solid in the basic math techniques that we