Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Laboratory Review
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1 Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Laboratory Review Fall 2010 University of Rochester Instructor: Dr. Lukishova Joshua S. Geller
2 Outline Lab 1: Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities Lab 2: Single Photon Interference Lab 3: Single Photon Source Thanks! 2
3 Lab 1: Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities 3
4 Introduction to Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities Entanglement Non-separability of Multi-party state function Joint-Information Action-at-a-distance (EPR 1935, their problem with Quantum Mechanics) Bell s Inequalities - John Bell 1964 Testable measure of entanglement for some quantum systems S < 2 for local hidden variable classical systems Violated for systems described by nonlocal quantum correlations 4
5 Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities A Bell State: maximally entangled bipartite pure state. Entanglement invariant under change of polarization basis. The state of SPDC photons. (Signal, Idler) Incident: H polarization, SPDC: (V,V) Incident: V polarization, SPDC: (H,H) 5
6 Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities How to use a Bell Inequality the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt version [1969] S E(a, b) E(a, b ) E(a, b) E(a, b ) 6
7 Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities Proof of Entanglement Needs: S > 2, Max: S = 2 2 Visibility > 1/ 2 Coincidence cos 2 ( ) a 4, b 8, a 0, b 8 S
8 Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities Experimental Setup Avalanche Photo Diode Coincident Counting (single photon detectors) Lens 363.8nm laser light 100mW Ar + laser Type-I BBOs for SPDC 8
9 Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities Calibration Results SPDC Cone Alignment Overlap Artifact Quartz Plate Alignment 9
10 Entanglement and Bell s Inequalities Results Violating the CHSH Inequality With average visibility > 90% 10
11 Additional Results for the Entanglement and Bell Inequality Lab S = / S = / S < 2 -- Here we do not violate Bell s Inequality, but This trial measurement was taken before alignment of quartz plate. 11
12 Lab 2: Single Photon Interference 12
13 Single Photon Interference Young Double Slit Double Slit Interference Pattern Fine Structure in Interference Pattern Intensity at Single Photon Level EM-CCD Accumulation Time 4 Orders Mag. Attenuated; Avg. Photon Sep. = 0.94m; 0.1 detection time Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Which Way Information, Analyzer Polarizer Single Photon Intensity which way information: max. (90deg pol.) min. (45deg pol.) 13
14 Single Photon Interference: The Wave-Particle Duality of Light Wave Background Huygens-Fresnel Theory & Young s Double Slit Maxwell s Wave Equation Our Experiment Interference fringes Particle Background Newton s law of reflection Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect Our Experiment Which Way Information Granulated (photon) Detections 14
15 Single Photon Interference: The Wave-Particle Duality of a Single Photon Attenuation to single photon level (but not antibunching) HeNe Laser Source: 632.8nm at 1µW Power h is Planck s Constant c is the speed of light d is the desired photon spacing: ~1m Using 4 order of magnitude attenuation: Photon Separation = 0.94m 15
16 Single Photon Interference: Young s Double Slit Setup to Mach-Zehnder Interferometer ND Filter Double Sl it 632.8nm HeNe Laser 5mW Power EM-CCD or Sc reen Sp atial Filter (Microscope Objective, Pinhole, and Collimating Lens) NPBS Locations of Attenuating Filters 16
17 Single Photon Interference Wave-particle duality results for the Young Double Slit Granulated Interference Pattern Positive correlation between fringe visibility and accumulation time Attenuation: , d = 11m, Gain: 255 Exposure times in seconds (left to right): 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 17
18 Single Photon Interference: Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Setup Arms of Interferometer have orthogonal polarizations as split by the PBS from polarization A Analyzer Polarizer, Controls which way information 18
19 Single Photon Interference Mach-Zehnder Interferometer results, wave-particle duality Attenuation: 7 orders of mag. Gain: 255 Exposure Time: 1s Analyzer Setting (on the mount scale) 175deg. to 285deg. 19
20 Single Photon Interference Fringe Visibility Variation with Analyzer Angle Vis N max N max N min N min 20
21 Lab 3/Lab 4: Confocal Microscope Imaging of Single-Emitter Fluorescence & The Hanbury Brown and Twiss Setup for Photon Antibunching Measurements 21
22 Single Photon Source Quantum Dots as Single Emitters Total electron confinement - energy levels analogous to an atom Colloidal Quantum Dots (CdSe): 1D cholesteric (chiral nematic) liquid crystal Bulk Dot Conduction band Valence band CLC composed of rod-like molecules with small chiral tails. Samples prepared by: (1) QD dropped with CLC planar unilinear shearing of substrate on microscope glass slips (2) Spin Coating Some of Luke Bissell s samples were used to observe antibunching. 22
23 Single Photon Source Experimental Setup 23
24 Single Photon Source: Photonic Bandgap materials Cholesteric (chiral nematic) Liquid Crystals: suppress spontaneous emission in the stop-band, enhance emission near band-edge. Photonic Bandgap analogous to semiconductor Periodically varying refractive index with periodicity on order of wavelength of light. 24
25 Single Photon Source: Detection of Single- Emitter Fluorescence Blinking Quantum Dots LabVIEW Display 25
26 Single Photon Source: Antibunching Data time (ms)
27 Single Photon Source: Comparison Histogram with No Antibunching 27
28 Antibunching Histogram with Fit Z 1 1 n e t 28
29 Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements Lifetime Ranges: Steep slope: 2ns - 5ns Flat slope: 17ns - 33ns Blinking QD Log-Lifetime Fit - Yellow Curve 29
30 Acknowledgements Dr. Lukishova Sophie Vo,TA The class 30
31 Thank You! Questions? 31
32 Appendix of Data and Images Lab 1 32
33 Appendix of Data and Images Lab 2 Fringe Acquisition Time (sec.) 33
34 Appendix of Data and Images Lab 3/4 34
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