Aperiodic Substitution Tilings

Transcription

1 Aperiodic Substitution Tilings Charles Starling January 4, 2011 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

2 Overview We study tilings of R 2 which are aperiodic, but not completely random. Tiling T topological space Ω T Elements of Ω T are tilings, and R 2 acts by translating them. Compute Ω T for some periodic examples, use this to describe it in aperiodic cases. C -algebra of a tiling and invariants. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

3 Tilings Definition A tiling T of R 2 is a countable set T = {t 1, t 2,... } of subsets of R 2, called tiles such that Each tile is homeomorphic to the closed ball (they are usually polygons), t i t j has empty interior whenever i j, and i=1t i = R 2. A patch is a finite subset of T. The support of a patch is the union of its tiles. If T is a tiling, x R 2, T + x is the tiling formed by translating every tile in T by x. T is aperiodic if T + x T for all x R 2 \ {0}. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

4 Example: Penrose Tiling Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

5 Substitution Rules Frequently we have a finite number of tile types. P = {p 1, p 2,..., p N } is called a set of prototiles for T if t T = t = p + x for some p P and x R 2. Definition A substitution rule on a set of prototiles P consists of A scaling constant λ > 1 A rule ω such that, for each p P, ω(p) is a patch whose support is λp and whose tiles are translates of members of P. ω can be applied to patches and tilings by applying it to each tile. ω can be iterated, since ω(p) is a patch. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

6 Example: Penrose Tiling Prototiles (+ rotates by π 5 ) γ = golden ratio γ γ 1 ω λ=γ γ γ γ 2 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

7 Example: Penrose Tiling p ω ω(p) ω ω 2 (p) Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

8 Producing a Tiling from a Substitution Rule p ω 4 (p) ω 8 (p) ω 4n (p) ω 4(n+1) (p) Then T = is a tiling. ω 4n (p) n=1 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

9 The Tiling Metric The Tiling Metric The distance between two tilings T and T is less than ε if T and T agree on a ball of radius 1 ε up to a small translation of at most ε. The distance d(t, T ) is then defined as the inf of all these ε (or 1 if no such ε exists). There are essentially two ways that T and T can be close: 1 T = T + x for some x < ε. 2 T agrees with T exactly on a large ball around the origin, then disagrees elsewhere. In most cases, 1 looks like a disc while 2 looks like a Cantor set (ie, totally disconnected, compact, no isolated points). Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

10 Example: Penrose Tiling T 1 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

11 Example: Penrose Tiling T 2 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

12 Example: Penrose Tiling T 2 is a small shift of T 1 T 1 is close to T 2 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

13 Example: Penrose Tiling T 1 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

14 Example: Penrose Tiling T 2 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

15 Example: Penrose Tiling T 1 and T 2 agree around the origin, disagree elsewhere. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

16 Example: Penrose Tiling d(t 1, T 2 ) < (radius of the ball above.) 1 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

17 The Tiling Space Definition The tiling space associated with a tiling T, denoted Ω T, is the completion of T + R 2 = {T + x x R 2 } in the tiling metric. This is also called the continuous hull of T. It s not obvious, but the elements of Ω T are tilings. Ω T is the set of all tilings T such that every patch in T appears somewhere in T. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

18 Properties of the tiling space Definition A tiling T is said to have Finite Local Complexity (FLC) if for every r > 0, the number of different patches (up to translation) of diameter r in T is finite. This is always satisfied if the prototiles are polygons and meet full-edge to full-edge. If T has FLC, then Ω T is compact. Definition A substitution rule ω is said to be primitive if there exists some n such that such that ω n (p i ) contains a copy of p j for every p i, p j P. If T is formed by a primitive substitution rule, and T Ω T, then Ω T = Ω T. T, T both come from same primitive ω = Ω T = Ω T Replace Ω T Ω. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

19 Example: Grid Infinite grid in R 2 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

20 Example: Grid Placement of the origin in any square determines the tiling. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

21 Example: Grid Placement of the origin in any square determines the tiling. T = T x Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

22 Example: Grid a and b are the same in the tiling space = Ω T = T 2 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

23 Example: Equilateral Triangles Infinite tiling of the plane with equilateral triangles. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

24 Example: Equilateral Triangles Space of origin placements Ω T = T 2 Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

25 Example: Modified Grid T, same as usual grid with a larger square at origin. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

26 Example: Modified Grid T + (1, 0) Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

27 Example: Modified Grid T + (2, 0) Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

28 Example: Modified Grid T + (51, 0) Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

29 Example: Modified Grid T + (n, 0) is a Cauchy sequence converging to the usual grid. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

30 Approximating the tiling space For periodic tilings, we made Ω T by building a space out of the prototiles. We glued them together along their edges if those edges could touch in the tiling. Idea: do this for aperiodic tilings obtain a CW-complex Γ, but not Ω T. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

31 Approximating the tiling space The CW complex Γ for the Penrose tiling. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

32 Approximating the tiling space For periodic tilings, we made Ω T by building a space out of the prototiles. We glued them together along their edges if those edges could touch in the tiling. Idea: do this for aperiodic tilings obtain a CW-complex Γ, but not Ω T. Anderson, Putnam (1996) - ω induces a homeomorphism γ on Γ, and if we form the inverse limit Ω 0 = lim Γ = {(x i ) i N x i Γ i, x i = γ(x i+1 )} Then if T satisfies another condition (called forcing the border), Ω 0 = Ω Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

33 The discrete tiling space Recall two ways that T and T can be close: 1 T = T + x for some x < ε. 2 T agrees with T exactly on a large ball around the origin, then disagrees elsewhere. In the case our periodic examples, neighbourhoods consist of the first way only. The second way is much more interesting! For this reason we assume finite local complexity, a primitive substitution rule, and that every tiling in Ω is aperiodic. We produce a subspace of Ω to essentially make the first way vanish. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

34 The discrete tiling space We replace each prototile p P (p, x(p)), where x(p) the interior of p. The point x(p) is called the puncture of p. If t T, then t = p + y for some y and so we define x(t) = x(p) + y. Define Ω punc Ω as the set of all tilings T Ω such that the origin is on a puncture of a tile in T, ie, x(t) = 0 for some t T. Ω punc is called the discrete tiling space or discrete hull. Ω punc is homeomorphic to a Cantor set (ie it is totally disconnected, compact, and has no isolated points). Its topology is generated by clopen sets of the following form: if P is a patch and t P, then let U(P, t) = {T Ω punc 0 t P T } Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

35 If T looks like this around the origin 0 R 2, then T U(P, t 1 ). Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

36 The tiling algebra Let R punc = {(T, T + x) T, T + x Ω punc }. Then R punc is an equivalence relation. Topology from Ω punc R 2. C c (R punc ) - the complex-valued compactly supported continuous functions on R punc. For f, g C c (R punc ), the convolution product and involution are f g(t, T ) = T [T ] f (T, T )g(t, T ) f (T, T ) = f (T, T ) C c (R punc ) is a -algebra, and when completed in a suitable norm becomes a C -algebra, C (R punc ). Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27

37 The tiling algebra K-theory is an important invariant for C -algebras. K 0 (A) records the structure of the projections in A up to a generalized notion of dimension. Anderson, Putnam (1996) - the K-theory of C (R punc ) is isomorphic to the cohomology of Ω. This is great news! K 0 (C (R punc )) = Ȟ0 (Ω) Ȟ 2 (Ω) Cohomology is well-behaved with respect to inverse limits. Cohomology of Γ is easy to compute. Penrose: K 0 (C (R punc )) = Z Z 8. Charles Starling () Aperiodic Substitution Tilings January 4, / 27