Using Gamma-Ray to Determine the Homogeneity of Some Building Materials
|
|
- Corey Martin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Journal of Physics,, Vol., No., -9 Available online at htt://ubs.scieub.com/ij///5 Science and Education Publishing DOI:.69/ij---5 Using Gamma-Ray to Determine the Homogeneity of Some Building Materials Laith A. Najam,*, Ahmed K. Mheemeed, Isra, a M. Hassan Deartment of Physics, College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq Deartment of Physics, College of Education, University of Mosul, Iraq *Corresonding author: dr_laithahmed@yahoo.com Received February, ; Revised March 7, ; Acceted March, Abstract In this aer, we use a narrow collimated beam of mono- energetic gamma rays emitted from the radioactive source 7 Cs (66 kev) and the system of measuring gamma rays UCS- associated with the sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) to determine the homogeneity of the building materials, Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks. The homogeneity test was determined from the ercentage difference between the transmitted intensity of gamma-rays and the linear attenuation coefficient at different ositions for each samle of the material then the ercentage of standard deviation was checked. Keywords: gamma-ray, homogeneity, building materials, sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) Cite This Article: Laith A. Najam, Ahmed K. Mheemeed, and Isra, a M. Hassan, Using Gamma-Ray to Determine the Homogeneity of Some Building Materials. International Journal of Physics, vol., no. (): -9. doi:.69/ij Introduction Nuclear radiation is used in many fields including nuclear hysics, medical hysics, hysics, health, agriculture, industry and other. These rays are used in industry for measuring the rate of flow of gases and liquids in ielines and to study the friction between the surfaces, determine the amount of corrosion in the sare machines and, motors, control of the thickness of the lates made of metal and lastic, measure the density of liquids and astes, and checking the homogeneity of materials and others. The homogeneity of thin films, lastics and rubbers can be studied through the variation in the energy, intensity and attenuation coefficient of nuclear radiation by using definite charge articles such as electrons, rotons and alha articles []. Beta articles emitted from the radioactive source 9 Sr [,] were used for measuring the homogeneity of mix rubber tye MCG used in masks revention. Electromagnetic radiations, X- ray and γ-ray can be used in determining the degree of homogeneity of aluminum, iron, lead, alloys and other substances with high density. Technology use transmission gamma rays (GRT) and X-ray micro tomograhy (μ-ct) [] to detect the resence of ores inside the material and determine the degree of homogeneity of the material. Gamma-rays emitted from radioactive sources 7 Cs, 5 Eu and Am are used for measuring the homogeneity of set of samles roduced by mixing lead with a rubber tye NBR with different weight ratios[5]. The homogeneity of these samles was studied through the variation in the transmitted intensity of gamma-rays and their linear attenuation coefficient. As the usage of γ-ray increased in various fields from medical alications to food industry, it became imortant to get rotection from their detrimental effects. There are three general rules of rotections: time, distance and shielding. In most cases, shielding is the main rule to be erformed [6]. The attenuation coefficient is imortant arameter for studying interaction of γ-ray with matter that gives us the fraction of energy scattered or absorbed. The attenuation coefficient can be extensively found in the literature. Many authors have studied γ-ray attenuation coefficient in shielding materials [5,7,8,9,]. The building materials used in our markets are different in their homogeneity, so we used gamma rays emitted from the radioactive source 7 Cs and the system of measuring gamma rays UCS- associated with the sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) in the examination of the homogeneity of building materials used in Nineveh governorate (Iraq). The linear attenuation coefficients for the building materials were determined. Exerimental Method In the resent study, 6 samles of building materials were collected from the local markets at Nineveh governorate, some are roduced inside the country and others are imorted. These materials are Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks. The homogeneity test of these materials were determined by studying the variations in the transmitted intensity of gamma-rays at four ositions for each samle of the studied materials, linear attenuation coefficient and the ercentage of standard deviation. The homogeneity test was erformed by using the gamma ray system UCS- associated with the
2 International Journal of Physics sodium iodide detector NaI (Tl) with dimensions.5cm.8 cm shown in Figure. This system consists of reamlifier, amlifier, ower suly, multi channel analyzer and a ersonal comuter for the urose of oerating, reading measurements and analysis of the results. A narrow collimated beam of mono- energetic gamma rays emitted from the radioactive source 7 Cs (66 kev) was obtained using a lead Cylinder with height (7 mm), diameter (6 mm) and an internal hole with diameter (mm). The samle was laced inside a slot with width equal to the samle thickness (mm, mm) as shown in Figure.. Calculations.. Variation of Intensity When the narrow beam of mono- energetic gamma rays is incident with intensity I ο at a material medium, the intensity of transmitted rays I is [] : µx I= Ie o () Where: μ is the linear attenuation coefficient which deends on the energy of gamma rays and the comonents of the material medium. The homogeneity of the material can be known by comaring the intensity of transmitted gamma radiation I through identified sites in the material with average values of I for all ositions. Besides we can determine the ercentage of the homogeneity of material Δ I (%) by using the following relationshi: I I I (%) = % () I.. Variation of Linear Attenuation Coefficient The linear attenuation Coefficient of gamma rays μ has been calculated by using equation (). The homogeneity of the material can be worked out by comaring the values of μ in the secific locations in the material with the average values of µ. The ercentage of the homogeneity of material µ ( % ) is given by: µ µ µ (%) = % () µ.. Percentage of Standard Deviation Figure. Exerimental arrangement The values of the standard deviations were calculated using the following formulae. ( ).5 i N () µ = [ µ µ ( )] I ( ).5 Ii I N (5) = [ ( )] Where: is the standard deviation N= is the number of measured ositions of each samle. The ercentage of standard deviation = (( / ) ) (6) Whenever the values of Δ I (%), µ (%) and (( / ) ) do increase, it means that the homogeneity of materials does increase [5].. Results and Discussion Table to Table 5 contain the values of I O, ρ, x,, I, μ, Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) at four ositions for each samle of the studied materials, Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks. The values of I, µ, and the ercentage values of standard deviation (( / ) ) are also illustrated in these tables. The relationshi between each of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) at four ositions of the studied materials are shown in Figure to Figure 6. We note from these tables and figures that the ositive values of Δ I (%) corresonde to negative values of Δ µ (%), which means that any decrease in μ offset is caused by an increase in I at any osition and vice versa. It is clear from Table and Figure that the minimum and maximum values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) have been obtained in Turkish and Chinese Granite, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.6%,.% and.%, 9.8% and found in Turkish and Chinese Granite, resectively. The Turkish Granite is more homogeneous than the Chinese Granite.
3 International Journal of Physics 5 Figure and Table show that the lowest and highest values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) were detected in Turkish and Sanish Marble, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.8%,.55% and.6%,.8% and found in Turkish and Sanish Marbles. The Turkish Marble is more homogeneous than the Sanish Marble. The highest and lowest values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) were found in Iraqi and Turkish Cement, resectively and shown in Table and Figure. The higher and lower ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.7%, 5.% and.57%,.5% and found in Iraqi and Turkish Cement, resectively. The Turkish Cement is more homogeneous than the Iraqi Cement. It is clear from Table and Figure 5 that the minimum and maximum values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) have been obtained in Sanish and Italian Ceramic, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.59%,.7% and.556%,.8% and found in Sanish and Italian Ceramic, resectively. The Sanish Ceramic is more homogeneous than the Italian Ceramic. We found from Figure 6 and Table 5 that the lowest and highest values of Δ I (%) and Δ µ (%) were detected in Iranian and Iraqi Bricks, resectively. The lower and higher ercentage values of standard deviation (( I / I) ) and (( μ / µ ) ) were.7%,.6% and.98%,.% and found in Iranian and Iraqi Bricks. The Iranian Brick is more homogeneous than the Iraqi Brick. Current results show that the Sanish Ceramic samle is more homogeneous while the Chinese Granite samle is less homogeneous as comared with the other building materials. Figure. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Granite material
4 6 International Journal of Physics Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Granite material Iraqi Granite (/) (/) (/) (/) (/) (/) I O(count/8sec) =657, ρ=.69g/cm, x=.6cm I(count/8sec) Sanish Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =659, ρ=.66g/cm, x=.5cm I(count/8sec) Indian Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =659, ρ=.68g/cm, x=.77cm I(count/8sec) Chinese Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) = 6568, x=.5cm, ρ=.65g/cm I(count/8sec) Egytian Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =66, ρ=.6g/cm, x=.75cm I(count/8sec) Turkish Granite µ(cm - ) I O(count/8sec) =6556, ρ=.69g/cm, x=.86cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Marble material Turkish Marble I O(count/8sec) =658, ρ=.5g/cm, x=.75cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).8.55 Sanish Marble I O(count/8sec) =6, ρ=.55g/cm, x=.77cm I(count/8sec) ΔI(%) µ(cm - ) Δµ(%) (/).6.8 Indian Marble I O(count/8sec) =6568, ρ=.6g/cm, x=.88cm I(count/8sec) ΔI(%) µ(cm - ) Δµ(%) (/).6.8 Italian Marble (/) I O(count/8sec)=686, x=.76cm, ρ=.56g/cm I(count/8sec) ΔI(%) µ(cm - ) Δµ(%) Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Cement material Iraqi Cement I O(count/8sec) =68, ρ=.g/cm, x=.859cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).7 5. Turkish Cement I O(count/8sec) =6597, ρ=.g/cm, x=.85cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).57.5
5 International Journal of Physics 7 Table. The results of homogeneity tests of Ceramic material Sanish Ceramic I O(count/8sec) =57, ρ=.g/cm, x=.95cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).59.7 Italian Ceramic I O(count/8sec) =59, ρ=.7g/cm, x=.9cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/) Table 5. The results of homogeneity tests of Brick material Iraqi Brick I O(count/8sec) =6587, ρ=.97g/cm, x=.98cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).98. Iranian Brick I O(count/8sec) =668, ρ=.9g/cm, x=.99cm I(count/8sec) µ(cm - ) (/).7.6 Figure. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Marble material
6 8 International Journal of Physics Figure. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Cement material Figure 5. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Ceramic material
7 International Journal of Physics 9 Figure 6. The relationshi between each and with the osition for Brick material The average values of linear attenuation Coefficient of gamma rays varies from o.8 cm - (Sanish Granite) to o.59 cm - (Iraqi Brick). The average values of linear attenuation Coefficient were.6 cm -,.9 cm -,.9 cm -,.7 cm - and.6 cm - for building materials, Granite, Marble, Cement, Ceramic and Bricks, resectively. Current results have shown that Granite is one of the best building materials to be used in shielding against gamma rays, whereas Bricks showed less ability to attenuate gamma rays, because Bricks density is low as comared with the Granite density. The current values of μ for Granite material ranged from.98 cm - to.8 cm - are comarable with those reorted by Mavi [7] and higher than the value of μ of known shielding materials, for examle Concrete (white sand) [8], Diorite rock [9] and comressed soil []. 5. Conclusions The building materials used in our markets are different in their homogeneity, so we used a narrow collimated beam of mono- energetic gamma rays to test the homogeneity of materials. The transmitted intensity of gamma-rays at different ositions for each samle Δ I (%), linear attenuation coefficient Δ µ (%) and the ercentage of standard deviation (( / ) ) were used in the examination of the homogeneity of materials. It was observed from the values of Δ I (%), Δ µ (%) and (( / ) ) shown in Table to Table 5 and Figure to Figure 6 that the Sanish Ceramic samle is more homogeneous while the Chinese Granite samle is less homogeneous as comared with the other building materials. Current results have shown that Granite is one of the best building materials to be used in shielding against gamma rays. References [] Lilley J () Nuclear hysics rinciles and alication. Wiley, University of Manchester, New York. [] Suleiman WA, Ali S A (5) Using beta-article for measuring the homogeneity of rubber comound and studying the effect of comression, temerature and ressure on its homogeneity and mechanical roerties. Raf J Sci 6():5-. [] Ali S A, Suleiman W A (6) The effect of mixing time on the homogeneity and mechanical secifications for rubber mixtures. Raf J Sci 7(): -. [] Moreir A C, Aoloni C R, Oliveira M V, Fernandes C P (7) Structural Characterization of Titanium Porous Foams by Gamma Ray Transmission and X-Rays Microtomograhy, International Nuclear Atlantic Conference, INAC Sontos, SP, Brazel Setember to October 5. [5] Mheemeed A K, Hasan I H, Al-Jomaily F M() Gamma-ray absortion using rubber-lead mixtures as radiation rotection shields. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 9: [6] Eaves G (96) Princiles of radiation rotection, Iliffe Books Ltd, London. [7] Mavi B () Exerimental investigation of γ-ray attenuation coefficients for granites. Annals of Nuclear Energy :-5. [8] Jameel H, Al-dayel O, Al-horayess O, Al-ajyan T () Gamma ray shielding from white sand. Energy Power Eng (): 6-9. [9] El-Taher A (7) Comarative study of attenuation and scattering of gamma-rays through two intermediate rocks. Indian J Pure Al Phys 5:98-. [] Murbut A, Namah A, Taki A () Measurement of gamma-ray attenuation in comressed soil samle. Sci J Iraqi At Energy Comm ():6-5.
Linear attenuation coefficient calculation for both pure silicon (Si) and silicone supported with lead
Linear attenuation coefficient calculation for both pure silicon (Si) and silicone supported with lead Mohammed AL fakhar 1, Harith Ibrahim 2, Athraa Mohan 3 1,2,3 Iraq- Wasit-University of Wasit College
More informationExperimental and Theoretical Investigation of Gamma Attenuation of Building Materials
Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics 217, 7(1): 6-13 DOI: 1.5923/j.jnpp.21771.2 Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Gamma Attenuation of Building Materials Ali H. Taqi *, Hero J. Khalil Department
More informationGamma-ray shielding of concretes including magnetite in different rate
Vol. 8(8), pp. 310-314, 28 February, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/IJPS2013.3854 ISSN 1992-1950 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/ijps International Journal of Physical Sciences Full Length Research
More informationChapter 1 Fundamentals
Chater Fundamentals. Overview of Thermodynamics Industrial Revolution brought in large scale automation of many tedious tasks which were earlier being erformed through manual or animal labour. Inventors
More informationStructure of 11 Be studied in β-delayed neutron- and γ- decay from polarized 11 Li
Nuclear Physics A 46 (4) c c Structure of Be studied in β-delayed neutron- and γ- decay from olarized Li Y. Hirayama a, T. Shimoda a,h.izumi a,h.yano a,m.yagi a, A. Hatakeyama b, C.D.P. Levy c,k.p.jackson
More informationTHE SEEBECK COEFFICIENT OF TiO 2 THIN FILMS
Journal of Otoelectronics and Advanced Materials Vol. 7, No. 2, Aril 2005,. 721-725 THE SEEBECK COEICIENT O TiO 2 THIN ILMS D. Mardare * Al. I. Cuza University, aculty of Physics, 11 Carol I Blvd., R-700506,
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(1): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 212, 4(1):118-124 Research Article ISSN : 975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Photon interaction cross-section of elemental solids
More informationInfluence of the PMMA and the ISO Slab Phantom for Calibrating Personal Dosemeters
Influence of the PMMA and the ISO Slab Phantom for Calibrating Personal Dosemeters M. Ginjaume, X. Ortega, A. Barbosa Institut de Tècniques nergètiques Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona -
More informationInternational Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR) (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)
International Association of ientific Innovation and Research (IASIR) (An Association Unifying the iences, Engineering, and Alied Research) International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Comutational
More informationModeling and Simulation a Catalytic Fixed Bed Reactor to Produce Ethyl Benzene from Ethanol
Journal of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Vol. No.3 (20) 55-6 Journal of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Islamic Azad University Marvdasht ranch Journal homeage: htt://journals.miau.ac.ir/je
More informationGeant4 Monte Carlo code application in photon interaction parameter of composite materials and comparison with XCOM and experimental data
Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 54, Februray 2016, pp. 137-143 Geant4 Monte Carlo code application in photon interaction parameter of composite materials and comparison with XCOM and experimental
More informationwhich is a convenient way to specify the piston s position. In the simplest case, when φ
Abstract The alicability of the comonent-based design aroach to the design of internal combustion engines is demonstrated by develoing a simlified model of such an engine under automatic seed control,
More informationTHERMAL ANALYSIS OF CHARRING MATERIALS BASED ON PYROLYSIS INTERFACE MODEL
THERMA SCIENCE, Year 14, Vol. 18, No. 5,. 1591-1596 1591 THERMA ANAYSIS OF CHARRING MATERIAS BASED ON PYROYSIS INTERFACE MODE by Hai-Ming HUANG *a, Wei-Jie I a, and Hai-ingYU b a Institute of Engineering
More informationSimulation of the PIR detector active function
04036 (016) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/0167604036 CSCC 016 Simulation of the PIR detector active function Rudolf Drga 1,a, Dagmar Janacova and Hana Charvatova 3 1 Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of
More informationProject Memorandum. N N o. = e (ρx)(µ/ρ) (1)
Project Memorandum To : Jebediah Q. Dingus, Gamma Products Inc. From : Patrick R. LeClair, Material Characterization Associates, Inc. Re : 662 kev Gamma ray shielding Date : January 5, 2010 PH255 S10 LeClair
More informationModeling Volume Changes in Porous Electrodes
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 53 A79-A86 2006 003-465/2005/53/A79/8/$20.00 The Electrochemical Society, Inc. Modeling olume Changes in Porous Electrodes Parthasarathy M. Gomadam*,a,z John W.
More informationDependence Of Gamma Ray Attenuation On Concentration Of Manganese (II) Chloride Solution
Dependence Of Gamma Ray Attenuation On Concentration Of Manganese (II) Chloride Solution Chikkappa Udagani Abstract: This paper presents the precise method to estimate the dependence of linear and mass
More informationAN EVALUATION OF A SIMPLE DYNAMICAL MODEL FOR IMPACTS BETWEEN RIGID OBJECTS
XIX IMEKO World Congress Fundamental and Alied Metrology Setember 6, 009, Lisbon, Portugal AN EVALUATION OF A SIMPLE DYNAMICAL MODEL FOR IMPACTS BETWEEN RIGID OBJECTS Erik Molino Minero Re, Mariano Lóez,
More informationChapter 16 Basic Precautions
Chapter 16 Basic Precautions 16.1 Basic Principles of Radiation Protection The four basic methods used to control radiation exposure are time, distance, shielding, and contamination control. The first
More informationCALCULATION OF GAMMA-RAY ATTENUATION PARAMETERS FOR LOCALLY DEVELOPED ILMENITE-MAGNETITE CONCRETE
J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci., Vol. 40, No. 1, 11-21, 2016 CALCULATION OF GAMMA-RAY ATTENUATION PARAMETERS FOR LOCALLY DEVELOPED ILMENITE-MAGNETITE CONCRETE MD. HOSSAIN SAHADATH, RIPAN BISWAS, MD. FAZLUL HUQ
More information16. CHARACTERISTICS OF SHOCK-WAVE UNDER LORENTZ FORCE AND ENERGY EXCHANGE
16. CHARACTERISTICS OF SHOCK-WAVE UNDER LORENTZ FORCE AND ENERGY EXCHANGE H. Yamasaki, M. Abe and Y. Okuno Graduate School at Nagatsuta, Tokyo Institute of Technology 459, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama,
More informationExperimental study of some shielding parameters for composite shields
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Experimental study of some shielding parameters for composite shields To cite this article: Ahmed F Mkhaiber and Abdulraheem Dheyaa 2018 J. Phys.:
More informationChapter 12: Three-Phase Circuits
Chater 1: Three-Phase Circuits 1.1 ntroduction 1. Balanced Three-Phase oltages 1.3 Balanced Wye-Wye connection 1.4 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection 1.7 Power in a Balanced System 1.1 NTRODUCTON A single-hase
More informationu y
VO., NO., FEBRUARY 8 ISSN 89-668 6-8 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. NON-NEWTONIAN EFFECTS OF OAD CARRYING CAPACITY AND FRICTIONA FORCE USING RABINOWITS FUID ON TE PERFORMANCE
More informationRESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON EFFECT OF COLLIMATOR SIZE ON THE ATTENUATION OF GAMMA RAY IN PURE ELEMENTS
CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ON EFFECT OF COLLIMATOR SIZE ON THE ATTENUATION OF GAMMA RAY IN PURE ELEMENTS 5.1 INTRODUCTION The increasing use of isotopes in the field of medicine and biology has demands
More informationEvaluation of Gamma-Ray Attenuation Parameters for Some Materials
Vol. 9, No.11 (01), pp. 37- http://dx.doi.org/.17/ijhit.01.9.11.37 Evaluation of Gamma-Ray Attenuation Parameters for Some Materials Amal A. El- Sawy Radiation Safety Department, Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological
More informationHomogeneous and Inhomogeneous Model for Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Materials as High Temperature Solar Air Receivers
Excert from the roceedings of the COMSOL Conference 1 aris Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Model for Flow and Heat ransfer in orous Materials as High emerature Solar Air Receivers Olena Smirnova 1 *, homas
More informationEvaluation of straightening capacity of plate roll straightener
J. Cent. South Univ. (0) 9: 477 48 DOI: 0.007/s77 0 99 4 Evaluation of straightening caacity of late roll straightener WANG Yong qin( 王勇勤 ), LIU Zhi fang( 刘志芳 ), YAN Xing chun( 严兴春 ) State Key Laboratory
More informationDRIFT AND HALL MOBILITY OF HOLE CARRIERS IN STRAINED SIGE FILMS GROWN ON (001) SI SUBSTRATES
21 23 Setember, Sozool, BULGARIA DRIFT AND HALL MOBILITY OF HOLE CARRIERS IN STRAINED SIGE FILMS GROWN ON (001) SI SUBSTRATES G. Dimitrov, Mohamed A. Abdulah, N. Goranova Faculty of Electronic Engineering
More informationDistribution of populations in excited states of electrodeless discharge lamp of Rb atoms
Article Atomic & Molecular Physics June 2013 Vol.58 No.16: 18761881 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5789-z Distribution of oulations in excited states of electrodeless discharge lam of Rb atoms TAO ZhiMing 1,2,
More informationdn i where we have used the Gibbs equation for the Gibbs energy and the definition of chemical potential
Chem 467 Sulement to Lectures 33 Phase Equilibrium Chemical Potential Revisited We introduced the chemical otential as the conjugate variable to amount. Briefly reviewing, the total Gibbs energy of a system
More informationMohammed Jebur Resen AL-Dhuhaibat. Phys. Dep./Sci. Coll./Wasit Uni./Iraq/Wasit /Kut ABSTRACT
Study of the shielding properties for some composite materials manufactured from polymer epoxy supported by cement, aluminum, iron and lead against gamma rays of the cobalt radioactive source (Co-60).
More informationLilian Markenzon 1, Nair Maria Maia de Abreu 2* and Luciana Lee 3
Pesquisa Oeracional (2013) 33(1): 123-132 2013 Brazilian Oerations Research Society Printed version ISSN 0101-7438 / Online version ISSN 1678-5142 www.scielo.br/oe SOME RESULTS ABOUT THE CONNECTIVITY OF
More informationVELOCITY PROFILE OF ENTRAINED AIR IN FREE FALLING PARTICLE PLUMES
VELOCITY PROFILE OF ENTRAINED AIR IN FREE FALLING PARTICLE PLUMES ZQ Liu 1,*, XJ Li 1, PQ Lu 1, TH Zou 1, BY Lu 1 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
More informationHotelling s Two- Sample T 2
Chater 600 Hotelling s Two- Samle T Introduction This module calculates ower for the Hotelling s two-grou, T-squared (T) test statistic. Hotelling s T is an extension of the univariate two-samle t-test
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.data-an] 26 Oct 2012
Constraints on Yield Parameters in Extended Maximum Likelihood Fits Till Moritz Karbach a, Maximilian Schlu b a TU Dortmund, Germany, moritz.karbach@cern.ch b TU Dortmund, Germany, maximilian.schlu@cern.ch
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2012, 4(9): Research Article
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,, 4(9):485-49 Research Article ISSN : 975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Studies on Mass & linear attenuation coefficients of γ-
More informationComputational Acoustic Attenuation Performance of Helicoidal Resonators Comparable to Experiment
Comutational Acoustic Attenuation Perormance o Helicoidal Resonators Comarable to Exeriment PhD. Eng. Wojciech LAPKA Poznan University o Technology Institute o Alied Mechanics Division o Vibroacoustics
More informationDortmund, Germany; 3 Institute Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France; 4 Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic;
PHASE TOMOGRAPHY IN NEUTRON INTERFEROMETRY M. Zawisky 1, U. Bonse 2, F. Dubus 1, R. Loidl 1,3, Z. Hradil 4, J. Rehacek 4 1 Atominstitute of the Austrian Universities, Vienna, Austria; 2 University of Dortmund,
More informationResearch Article Comparison of HPM and PEM for the Flow of a Non-newtonian Fluid between Heated Parallel Plates
Research Journal of Alied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7(): 46-434, 4 DOI:.96/rjaset.7.793 ISSN: 4-7459; e-issn: 4-7467 4 Maxwell Scientific Publication Cor. Submitted: November, 3 Acceted: January
More informationFINITE TIME THERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR AN IRREVERSIBLE ATKINSON CYCLE. By Yanlin GE, Lingen CHEN, and Fengrui SUN
FINIE IME HERMODYNAMIC MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR AN IRREVERSIBLE AKINSON CYCLE By Yanlin GE, Lingen CHEN, and Fengrui SUN Performance of an air-standard Atkinson cycle is analyzed by using finite-time
More informationWolfgang POESSNECKER and Ulrich GROSS*
Proceedings of the Asian Thermohysical Proerties onference -4 August, 007, Fukuoka, Jaan Paer No. 0 A QUASI-STEADY YLINDER METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF HEAT APAITY, THERMAL ONDUTIVITY AND
More informationDual-Halbach Array Permanent Magnet Tubular Generator for Free-Piston Generator
Journal of Magnetics 0(4), 405-41 (015) ISSN (Print) 16-1750 ISSN (Online) 33-6656 htt://dx.doi.org/10.483/jmag.015.0.4.405 Dual-Halbach Array Permanent Magnet Tubular Generator for Free-Piston Generator
More informationYIELD OF SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION FROM CERAMIC MATERIALS OF HALL THRUSTER WITH SEGMENTED ELECTRODES
YELD OF SECONDARY ELECTRON EMSSON FROM CERAMC MATERALS OF HALL THRUSTER WTH SEGMENTED ELECTRODES A. Dunaevsky, Y. Raitses, and N. J. Fisch Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, P.O.Box 451,
More informationVI. Electrokinetics. Lecture 31: Electrokinetic Energy Conversion
VI. Electrokinetics Lecture 31: Electrokinetic Energy Conversion MIT Student 1 Princiles 1.1 General Theory We have the following equation for the linear electrokinetic resonse of a nanochannel: ( ) (
More informationEvaluation of Radiation Shielding Properties for Concrete with Different Aggregate Granule Sizes
Evaluation of Radiation Shielding Properties for Concrete with Different Aggregate Granule Sizes ALI BASHEER AZEEZ 1 *, KAHTAN S. MOHAMMED 1, ANDREI VICTOR SANDU 2,3 *, ABDULLAH MOHD MUSTAFA AL BAKRI 1,
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS. Prepared by Sibaprasad Maity Asst. Prof. in Chemistry For any queries contact at
HERMODYNAMIS reared by Sibarasad Maity Asst. rof. in hemistry For any queries contact at 943445393 he word thermo-dynamic, used first by illiam homson (later Lord Kelvin), has Greek origin, and is translated
More informationCHAPTER 5 STATISTICAL INFERENCE. 1.0 Hypothesis Testing. 2.0 Decision Errors. 3.0 How a Hypothesis is Tested. 4.0 Test for Goodness of Fit
Chater 5 Statistical Inference 69 CHAPTER 5 STATISTICAL INFERENCE.0 Hyothesis Testing.0 Decision Errors 3.0 How a Hyothesis is Tested 4.0 Test for Goodness of Fit 5.0 Inferences about Two Means It ain't
More informationJazan University College of Science Physics Department. Lab Manual. Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys. 8 th Level. Academic Year: 1439/1440
Jazan University College of Science Physics Department جاهعة جازان كلية العل وم قسن الفيزياء Lab Manual Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys 8 th Level Academic Year: 1439/1440 1 Contents No. Name of the Experiment
More informationCan ISO MRS and ASTM HDB Rated Materials Be Harmonized
an ISO MRS and ASTM HDB Rated Materials Be Harmonized Dr. Z. Jimmy Zhou The Dow hemical omany, USA Dr. Eugene F. Palermo Plastics Pie Institute, Washington D, USA ABSTRAT ISO MRS and ASTM HDB rating systems
More informationSession 12 : Monopropellant Thrusters
Session 12 : Monoroellant Thrusters Electrothermal augmentation of chemical rockets was the first form of electric roulsion alied in sace vehicles. In its original imlementation, resistojets were used
More informationInternational Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology- Volume3 Issue4-2012
Effect of Hall current on Unsteady Flow of a Dusty Conducting Fluid through orous medium between Parallel Porous Plates with Temerature Deendent Viscosity and Thermal Radiation Harshbardhan Singh and Dr.
More informationPhase transition. Asaf Pe er Background
Phase transition Asaf Pe er 1 November 18, 2013 1. Background A hase is a region of sace, throughout which all hysical roerties (density, magnetization, etc.) of a material (or thermodynamic system) are
More informationSELF-SIMILAR FLOW UNDER THE ACTION OF MONOCHROMATIC RADIATION BEHIND A STRONG CYLINDRICAL SHOCK WAVE IN A NON-IDEAL GAS
SELF-SIMILAR FLOW UNDER THE ACTION OF MONOCHROMATIC RADIATION BEHIND A STRONG CYLINDRICAL SHOCK WAVE IN A NON-IDEAL GAS *J. P. Vishwakarma and Vijay Kumar Pandey Deartment of Mathematics & Statistics,
More informationEntransy analysis of open thermodynamic systems
Article Engineering hermohysics August 0 Vol.57 No.: 934940 doi: 0.007/s434-0-54-x Entransy analysis of oen thermodynamic systems CHENG Xueao, WANG WenHua & LIANG XinGang * Key Laboratory for hermal Science
More informationA Study on Calculation of Rutting Depth of Pavement Asphalt Concrete Layer In Under Vietnam Conditions
A Study on alculation of Rutting Deth of Pavement Ashalt oncrete Layer In Under Vietnam onditions ao-thang Pham Le-Qui-Don Tecnical University, Vietnam. Hoang-Long Nguyen University of Transort Technology,
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews
Research article Available online www.ijsrr.org ISSN: 2279 0543 International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews Measurement of Linear and Mass Absorption Coefficients in some soil samples foruse
More informationPhase Equilibrium Calculations by Equation of State v2
Bulletin of Research Center for Comuting and Multimedia Studies, Hosei University, 7 (3) Published online (htt://hdl.handle.net/4/89) Phase Equilibrium Calculations by Equation of State v Yosuke KATAOKA
More informationThe extreme case of the anisothermal calorimeter when there is no heat exchange is the adiabatic calorimeter.
.4. Determination of the enthaly of solution of anhydrous and hydrous sodium acetate by anisothermal calorimeter, and the enthaly of melting of ice by isothermal heat flow calorimeter Theoretical background
More informationMeshless Methods for Scientific Computing Final Project
Meshless Methods for Scientific Comuting Final Project D0051008 洪啟耀 Introduction Floating island becomes an imortant study in recent years, because the lands we can use are limit, so eole start thinking
More informationAuthor(s) Tohei, T; Kuwabara, A; Yamamoto, T; Citation PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2005), 94(
Title General rule for dislacive comounds revisited by first hase rinci t Author(s) Tohei, T; Kuwabara, A; Yamamoto, T; Citation PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS (2005), 94( Issue Date 2005-01-28 URL htt://hdl.handle.net/2433/39924
More informationEVALUATION OF THE THEORETICAL ERROR FOR THE LIGHTNING PEAK CURRENT AS MEASURED BY LIGHTNING LOCATION SYSTEMS
X nternational Symosium on Lightning Protection 6 th -30 th Novemer 007 Foz do guaçu, razil EVALUATON OF THE THEORETCAL ERROR FOR THE LGHTNNG PEAK CURRENT AS MEASURE Y LGHTNNG LOCATON SYSTEMS Cinzia Rovelli
More informationChurilova Maria Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University Department of Applied Mathematics
Churilova Maria Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University Deartment of Alied Mathematics Technology of EHIS (staming) alied to roduction of automotive arts The roblem described in this reort originated
More informationPHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory
PHYS 3650L - Modern Physics Laboratory Laboratory Advanced Sheet Photon Attenuation 1. Objectives. The objectives of this laboratory exercise are: a. To measure the mass attenuation coefficient at a gamma
More informationModelling a Partly Filled Road Tanker during an Emergency Braking
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Comuter Science 217 Vol II, October 25-27, 217, San Francisco, USA Modelling a Partly Filled Road Tanker during an Emergency Braking Frank Otremba,
More informationStudy of terahertz radiation from InAs and InSb
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS VOLUME 91, NUMBER 9 1 MAY 2002 Study of terahertz radiation from InAs and InSb Ping Gu, a) Masahiko Tani, Shunsuke Kono, b) and Kiyomi Sakai Kansai Advanced Research Center,
More informationTests for Two Proportions in a Stratified Design (Cochran/Mantel-Haenszel Test)
Chater 225 Tests for Two Proortions in a Stratified Design (Cochran/Mantel-Haenszel Test) Introduction In a stratified design, the subects are selected from two or more strata which are formed from imortant
More informationEffects of Mud Properties, Hole size, Drill String Tripping Speed and Configurations on Swab and Surge Pressure Magnitude during Drilling Operations
International Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology ISSN 0973-638 Volume 6, Number (01),. 143-15 Research India Publications htt://www.riublication.com/ijst.htm Effects of Mud Proerties, Hole size,
More informationAn Improved Calibration Method for a Chopped Pyrgeometer
96 JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 17 An Imroved Calibration Method for a Choed Pyrgeometer FRIEDRICH FERGG OtoLab, Ingenieurbüro, Munich, Germany PETER WENDLING Deutsches Forschungszentrum
More informationSTRESS-STRAIN-DILATANCY RELATIONSHIPS OF NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED DHAKA CLAY
International Journal of GEOMATE, Nov., 28 Vol.5, Issue 5,.88-94 Geotec., Const. Mat. & Env., DOI: htts://doi.org/.266/28.5.7332 ISSN: 286-2982 (Print), 286-299 (Online), Jaan STRESS-STRAIN-DILATANCY RELATIONSHIPS
More informationMeasurement of Shielding Effectiveness of Building Blocks against 662 KeV Photons
Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 27(2), 55 65, 2016 Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness of Building Blocks against 662 KeV Photons Oluwaseun Adedoyin 1 and Abiodun Ayodeji 2* 1 Research and Infrastructural
More informationHEAT, WORK, AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
HET, ORK, ND THE FIRST L OF THERMODYNMIS 8 EXERISES Section 8. The First Law of Thermodynamics 5. INTERPRET e identify the system as the water in the insulated container. The roblem involves calculating
More informationEstimation of the large covariance matrix with two-step monotone missing data
Estimation of the large covariance matrix with two-ste monotone missing data Masashi Hyodo, Nobumichi Shutoh 2, Takashi Seo, and Tatjana Pavlenko 3 Deartment of Mathematical Information Science, Tokyo
More informationTemperature, current and doping dependence of non-ideality factor for pnp and npn punch-through structures
Indian Journal of Pure & Alied Physics Vol. 44, December 2006,. 953-958 Temerature, current and doing deendence of non-ideality factor for n and nn unch-through structures Khurshed Ahmad Shah & S S Islam
More informationImproved Perfectly Matched Layers for Acoustic Radiation and Scattering Problems
NATO Undersea Research Centre Partnering for Maritime Innovation Presented at the COMSOL Conference 008 Hannover Acoustics Session Wed 5 November 008, 13:00 15:40. Imroved Perfectly Matched Layers for
More informationThe effect of dynamic bending moments on the ratchetting behavior of stainless steel pressurized piping elbows
International Journal of echanical Engineering and Alications 2014; 2(2): 31-37 Published online ay 30, 2014 (htt://www.scienceublishinggrou.com/j/ijmea) doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20140202.12 The effect of
More informationPhysics 2A (Fall 2012) Chapters 11:Using Energy and 12: Thermal Properties of Matter
Physics 2A (Fall 2012) Chaters 11:Using Energy and 12: Thermal Proerties of Matter "Kee in mind that neither success nor failure is ever final." Roger Ward Babson Our greatest glory is not in never failing,
More informationStudy on Characteristics of Sound Absorption of Underwater Visco-elastic Coated Compound Structures
Vol. 3, No. Modern Alied Science Study on Characteristics of Sound Absortion of Underwater Visco-elastic Coated Comound Structures Zhihong Liu & Meiing Sheng College of Marine Northwestern Polytechnical
More informationMinimum Fluidization Velocities of Binary- Solid Mixtures: Model Comparison
Vol:4, No:3, 00 Minimum Fluidization Velocities of Binary- Solid Mixtures: Model Comarison Mohammad Asif International Science Index, Chemical and Molecular Engineering Vol:4, No:3, 00 waset.org/publication/5950
More informationMultivariable Generalized Predictive Scheme for Gas Turbine Control in Combined Cycle Power Plant
Multivariable Generalized Predictive Scheme for Gas urbine Control in Combined Cycle Power Plant L.X.Niu and X.J.Liu Deartment of Automation North China Electric Power University Beiing, China, 006 e-mail
More informationNEW DIFFERENTIAL DATA ANALYSIS METHOD IN THE ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY.
Proceedings 3rd Annual Conference IEEE/EMBS Oct.5-8, 001, Istanbul, TURKEY 1 of 4 NEW DIFFERENTIAL DATA ANALYSIS METHOD IN THE ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY. J. Rumiński, M. Kaczmarek, A. Nowakowski Deartment of
More informationResearch of power plant parameter based on the Principal Component Analysis method
Research of ower lant arameter based on the Princial Comonent Analysis method Yang Yang *a, Di Zhang b a b School of Engineering, Bohai University, Liaoning Jinzhou, 3; Liaoning Datang international Jinzhou
More informationQuasi-particle Contribution in Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity in Metals
e-issn:-459 -ISSN:47-6 Quasi-article Contribution in Thermal Exansion and Thermal Conductivity in Metals Edema OG * and Osiele OM ederal Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
More informationA compression line for soils with evolving particle and pore size distributions due to particle crushing
Russell, A. R. (2011) Géotechnique Letters 1, 5 9, htt://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geolett.10.00003 A comression line for soils with evolving article and ore size distributions due to article crushing A. R. RUSSELL*
More informationDielectric spectroscopy of trigonella foenum-graecum linn. At 9.85 GHz frequency Karhale G. A 1,* and Kalamse G.M 2
18998 Available online at www.elixirublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Nuclear and Radiation Physics Elixir Nuclear & Radiation Phys. 64 (2013) 18998-19003 Dielectric sectroscoy of trigonella
More informationA Finite Element Analysis on the Modeling of Heat Release Rate, as Assessed by a Cone Calorimeter, of Char Forming Polycarbonate
Excert from the roceedings of the COMSOL Conference 8 Boston A Finite Element Analysis on the Modeling of Heat Release Rate, as Assessed by a Cone Calorimeter, of Forming olycarbonate David L. Statler
More informationTHE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE FIRST LA OF THERMODYNAMIS 9 9 (a) IDENTIFY and SET UP: The ressure is constant and the volume increases (b) = d Figure 9 Since is constant, = d = ( ) The -diagram is sketched in Figure 9 The roblem
More informationOnset Voltage of Corona Discharge in Wire-Duct Electrostatic Precipitators
36 International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science & Technology, ol.4, No.1, MACH 1 Onset oltage of Corona Discharge in Wire-Duct Electrostatic Preciitators H. Ziedan 1, A. Sayed 1, A. Mizuno, and
More informationpp physics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker
1. PP TH 03/04 Accelerators and Detectors 1 hysics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker 2003-12-03 1. Accelerators and Detectors In the following, we concentrate on the three machines SPS, Tevatron and LHC with
More informationA mgh ENERGY NEUTRON DETECTOR USING PROPORTIONAL WIRE CHAMBERS (Ii 727) Presented by M. Atac National Accelerator Laboratory* Batavia, Illinois
A mgh ENERGY NEUTRON DETECTOR USNG PROPORTONAL WRE CHAMBERS (i 727) Presented by M. Atac National Accelerator Laboratory* Batavia, llinois An exeriment to study the roerties of negative hyerons roduced
More informationGenetic Algorithm Based PID Optimization in Batch Process Control
International Conference on Comuter Alications and Industrial Electronics (ICCAIE ) Genetic Algorithm Based PID Otimization in Batch Process Control.K. Tan Y.K. Chin H.J. Tham K.T.K. Teo odelling, Simulation
More informationDETERMINATION OF X-RAY TOTAL ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT IN Zr, Ag, In FOR ENERGY RANGE BETWEEN kev
Vol. 93 (1998) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 5-6 DETERMINATION OF X-RAY TOTAL ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT IN Zr, Ag, In FOR ENERGY RANGE BETWEEN 10.5-111.9 kev U. TURGUT, E. BÚYUKKASAP, O. SIΜSΕΚ, Μ. ERTUĜRUL
More informationStudies on microwave energy absorption of fresh green bell pepper (Capsicum)
June, 015 AgricEngInt: CIGR Journal Oen access at htt://www.cigrjournal.org Vol. 17, No. 105 Studies on microwave energy absortion of fresh green bell (Casicum) Ahmad Kouchakzadeh *, Aref Safari (Deartment
More informationDownloaded from jhs.mazums.ac.ir at 9: on Monday September 17th 2018 [ DOI: /acadpub.jhs ]
Iranian journal of health sciences 013; 1(): 56-60 htt://jhs.mazums.ac.ir Original Article Comaring Two Formulas of Samle Size Determination for Prevalence Studies Hamed Tabesh 1 *Azadeh Saki Fatemeh Pourmotahari
More informationEffect of geometry on flow structure and pressure drop in pneumatic conveying of solids along horizontal ducts
Journal of Scientific LAÍN & Industrial SOMMERFELD Research: PNEUMATIC CONVEYING OF SOLIDS ALONG HORIZONTAL DUCTS Vol. 70, February 011,. 19-134 19 Effect of geometry on flow structure and ressure dro
More informationPRELIMINARY SELECTION OF BASIC PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT TORSIONAL VIBRATION DAMPERS INTENDED FOR USE IN MEDIUM-SPEED DIESEL ENGINES
Ivan Filiović Dževad Bibić Aleksandar Milašinović Almir Blažević Adnan Pecar ISSN 333-4 PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF BASIC PARAMETERS OF DIFFERENT TORSIONAL VIBRATION DAMPERS INTENDED FOR USE IN MEDIUM-SPEED
More informationMODULAR LINEAR TRANSVERSE FLUX RELUCTANCE MOTORS
MODULAR LINEAR TRANSVERSE FLUX RELUCTANCE MOTORS Dan-Cristian POPA, Vasile IANCU, Loránd SZABÓ, Deartment of Electrical Machines, Technical University of Cluj-Naoca RO-400020 Cluj-Naoca, Romania; e-mail:
More informationVelocity Changing and Dephasing collisions Effect on electromagnetically induced transparency in V-type Three level Atomic System.
Velocity Changing and Dehasing collisions Effect on electromagnetically induced transarency in V-tye Three level Atomic System. Anil Kumar M. and Suneel Singh University of Hyderabad, School of hysics,
More informationONE. The Earth-atmosphere system CHAPTER
CHAPTER ONE The Earth-atmoshere system 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Earth s atmoshere is the gaseous enveloe surrounding the lanet. Like other lanetary atmosheres, it figures centrally in transfers of energy between
More informationANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC FINE PARTICLE PEENING PROCESS BY USING A HIGH-SPEED-CAMERA
International Journal of Moern Physics B Vol. 24, Nos. 15 & 16 (21) 347 352 Worl Scientific Publishing Comany DOI: 1.1142/S217979216669 ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC FINE PARTICLE PEENING PROCESS BY USING A HIGH-SPEED-CAMERA
More information