Goals: Determine how to calculate the area described by a function. Define the definite integral. Explore the relationship between the definite

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Goals: Determine how to calculate the area described by a function. Define the definite integral. Explore the relationship between the definite"

Transcription

1 Unit #8 : The Integrl Gols: Determine how to clculte the re described by function. Define the definite integrl. Eplore the reltionship between the definite integrl nd re. Eplore wys to estimte the definite integrl.

2 Distnce nd Velocity - 1 Distnce nd Velocity Recll tht if we mesure distnce s function of time t, the velocity is determined by differentiting (t), i.e. finding the slope of the grph. Alterntively, suppose we begin with grph of the velocity with respect to time. How cn we determine wht distnce will be trveled? Does it pper in the grph somehow? Let s begin with the simple cse of constnt velocity... distnce = velocity time

3 Distnce nd Velocity - 2 For constnt velocity, the distnce trveled in certin length of time ws simply the re of the rectngle underneth the velocity vs. time grph. Wht if the velocity is chnging? We cn t determine the ect distnce trveled, but mybe we cn estimte it. Let s ssume tht the velocity is not chnging too quickly, so over short mount of time it s roughly constnt. We know how to find the distnce trveled in tht short time... Mking mny of these pproimtions, we could come up with rough estimte of the totl distnce. How does this estimte relte to the grph?

4 Clculting Ares - 1 Clculting Ares It ppers tht the distnce trveled is the re under the grph of velocity, even when the velocity is chnging. We ll see ectly why this is true very soon. If we re simply interested in the re under grph, without ny physicl interprettion, we cn lredy do so if the grph cretes shpe tht we recognize. Emple: Clculte the re between the -is nd the grph of y = + 1 from = 1 nd = 1. y

5 Clculting Ares - 2 Emple: Clculte the re between the -is nd the grph of y = 1 2 from = 1 to = 1. 1 y Wht shpes do you know, right now, for which you cn clculte the ect re?

6 Estimting Ares - 1 Estimting Ares Unfortuntely, mny or most rbitrry res re essentilly impossible to find the re of when the shpe isn t simple composition of tringles, rectngles, or circles. In these cses, we must use less direct methods. We strt by mking n estimte of the re under the grph using shpes whose re is esier to clculte. Suppose we re trying to find the re underneth the grph of the function f() given below between = 1 nd = 4. Drw this re on the grph below, nd lbel it re A

7 Estimting Ares - 2 We cn mke rough estimtion of the re by drwing rectngle tht completely contins the re, or rectngle tht is completely contined by the re. Clculte this overestimte nd underestimte for the re A

8 Estimting Ares - 3 This one-rectngle estimte is very crude. We cn improve our estimtes by using smller rectngles. E.g. We cn divide the intervl from = 1 to = 4 into 3 intervls, ech of width 1, nd use different rectngle heights on ech intervl. Estimte the re A by using 3 rectngles of width 1. Use the function vlue t the left edge of the intervl s the height of ech rectngle

9 Generlizing Are Estimtes - LEFT nd RIGHT - 1 Generlizing Are Estimtes - LEF T (n) nd RIGHT (n) We cn repet the rectngle-building process for ny number of rectngles, nd we epect tht our estimtion of the ect (curved) re will get better the more rectngles we use. The method we used erlier, choosing the height of the rectngles bsed on the function vlue t the left edge, is clled the left hnd sum, nd is denoted LEFT(n) if we use n rectngles. Suppose we re trying to estimte the re under the function f() from = to = b vi the left hnd sum with n rectngles. Then the width of ech rectngle will be = b n. b

10 Generlizing Are Estimtes - LEFT nd RIGHT - 2 If we lbel the endpoints of the intervls to be = 0 < 1 < < n 1 < n = b, then the formul for the left hnd sum will be LEF T (n) =f( 0 ) + f( 1 ) f( n 1 ) n = f( i 1 ). i=1 b n 1 0 n

11 Generlizing Are Estimtes - LEFT nd RIGHT - 3 We hve similr definition for the right hnd sum, or RIGHT(n), clculted by tking the height of ech rectngle to be the height of the function t the right hnd endpoint of the intervl. RIGHT (n) =f( 1 ) + f( 2 ) f( n ) = n f( i ). i=1 b n 1 0 n

12 Generlizing Are Estimtes - LEFT nd RIGHT - 4 Clculte LEFT(6) nd RIGHT(6) for the function shown, between = 1 nd = 4. You will need to estimte some rectngle heights from the grph

13 Generlizing Are Estimtes - LEFT nd RIGHT - 5 In generl, when will LEFT(n) be greter thn RIGHT(n)? When will LEFT(n) be n overestimte for the re? When will LEFT(n) be n underestimte?

14 Riemnn Sums - 1 Riemnn Sums Are estimtions like LEF T (n) nd RIGHT (n) re often clled Riemnn sums, fter the mthemticin Bernhrd Riemnn ( ) who formlized mny of the techniques of clculus. The generl form for Riemnn Sum is f( 1) + f( 2) f( n) n = f( i ) where ech i is some point in the intervl [ i 1, i ]. For LEF T (n), we choose the left hnd endpoint of the intervl, so i = i 1 ; for RIGHT (n), we choose the right hnd endpoint, so i = i. i=1 b n 1 0 n

15 Riemnn Sums - 2 The common property of ll these pproimtions is tht they involve sum of rectngulr res, with widths ( ), nd heights (f( i )) There re other Riemnn Sums tht give slightly better estimtes of the re underneth grph, but they often require etr computtion. We will emine some of these other clcultions little lter.

16 The Definite Integrl - 1 The Definite Integrl We observed tht s we increse the number of rectngles used to pproimte the re under curve, our estimte of the re under the grph becomes more ccurte. This implies tht if we wnt to clculte the ect re, we would wnt to use limit. The re underneth the grph of f() between = nd = b is equl to n lim LEF T (n) = lim f( i 1 ), where = b n n n. i=1 b b b b

17 The Definite Integrl - 2 This limit is clled the definite integrl of f() from to b, nd is equl to the re under curve whenever f() is non-negtive continuous function. The definite integrl is written with some specil nottion. Nottion for the Definite Integrl The definite integrl of f() between = nd = b is denoted by the symbol b f() d We cll nd b the limits of integrtion nd f() the integrnd. The d denotes which vrible we re using; this will become importnt for using some techniques for clculting definite integrls. Note tht this nottion shres the sme common structure with Riemnn sums: sum ( sign) widths (d), nd heights (f())

18 The Definite Integrl - 3 Emple: Write the definite integrl representing the re underneth the grph of f() = + cos between = 2 nd = 4.

19 The Definite Integrl nd LEFT vs RIGHT - 1 The Definite Integrl - LEF T (n) vs RIGHT (n) s n We might be concerned tht we defined the re nd the definite integrl using the left hnd sum. Would we get the sme nswer for the definite integrl if we used the right hnd sum, or ny other Riemnn sum? In fct, the limit using ny Riemnn sum would give us the sme nswer. Let us look t the left nd right hnd sums for the function 2 on the intervl from = 1 to = 3. Clculte LEF T (2) RIGHT (2) for d. Tht is, how big is the difference between these two estimtes of the re under y = 2 over = ?

20 The Definite Integrl nd LEFT vs RIGHT - 2 Clculte LEF T (4) RIGHT (4) for d.

21 The Definite Integrl nd LEFT vs RIGHT - 3 Clculte LEF T (n) RIGHT (n) for d.

22 The Definite Integrl nd LEFT vs RIGHT - 4 Wht will the limit of this LEF T (n) RIGHT (n) difference be s n? Wht does this tell us bout wht would hppen if we defined the definite integrl in terms of the right hnd sum? b f() d = lim n LEF T (n) vs. lim n RIGHT (n)?

23 Estimting Are Between Curves - 1 More on the Definite Integrl nd Are We cn use the definite integrl to clculte other res, s well. Suppose we wnt to find the re between the curves y = 2 nd the line y = 2. It is esy to see tht the two intersect s shown in the following grph. y y = 2 1 y = We cn gin clculte this re by estimting vi rectngles nd the tking the limit to get the definite integrl.

24 Estimting Are Between Curves - 2 y y = 2 1 y = If we estimte this re using the left hnd sum, wht will be the height of the rectngle on the intervl [ i, i+1 ]? 1. height = 2 i (2 i) 2. height = (2 i ) 2 i 3. height = (2 i ) + 2 i

25 Estimting Are Between Curves - 3 Write the formul for LEF T (n), using this height s the function vlue. Wht will be? Write the definite integrl representing the re of this region. 4 3 y 2 y = 2 1 y =

26 Negtive Integrl Vlues - 1 Negtive Integrl Vlues So fr we hve only delt with positive functions. Will the definite integrl still be equl to the re underneth the grph if f() is lwys negtive? Wht hppens if f() crosses the -is severl times? Emple: Suppose tht f(t) hs the grph shown below, nd tht A, B, C, D, nd E re the res of the regions shown. If we were to prtition [, b] into smll subintervls nd construct corresponding Riemnn sum, then the first few terms in the Riemnn sum would correspond to the region with re A, the net few to B, etc.

27 Negtive Integrl Vlues - 2 Which of these sets of terms hve positive vlues? Which of these sets hve negtive vlues?

28 Negtive Integrl Vlues - 3 Epress the integrl nd E. () b b f(t) dt = A + B + C + D + E f(t) dt in terms of the (positive) res A, B, C, D, (b) (c) (d) b b b f(t) dt = A - B + C - D + E f(t) dt = -A + B - C + D - E f(t) dt = -A - B - C - D - E

29 Negtive Integrl Vlues - 4 If f(t) represents velocity, wht do the negtive res in B nd D represent? () The res B nd D represent negtive positions. (b) The res B nd D represent bckwrds motion. (c) The res B nd D represent distnce trvelled bckwrds.

30 Estimting Integrls - Midpoint Rule - 1 Better Approimtions to Definite Integrls We sw how to pproimte definite integrls using LEF T (n) nd RIGHT (n) Riemnn sums. Unfortuntely, these estimtes re very crude nd inefficient. Even when we hve sophisticted techniques for evluting integrls, these methods will not pply to ll functions, for emple: e 2 d - used in probbility sin() d - used in optics

31 Estimting Integrls - Midpoint Rule - 2 To evlute definite integrls of such functions, we could use left or right hnd Riemnn sums. However, it would be preferble to develop more ccurte estimtes. But more ccurte estimtes cn lwys be mde by using more rectngles. More precisely, we wnt to develop more efficient estimtes: estimtes tht re more ccurte for similr mounts of work.

32 Estimting Integrls - Midpoint Rule - 3 Midpoint Rule The ccurcy of Riemnn sum clcultion will usully improve if we choose the midpoint of ech subdivision rther thn the right or left endpoints. y y y b b b Compre the ccurcy of the left-hnd, right-hnd nd midpoint rules for estimting the re on the intervl.

33 Estimting Integrls - Midpoint Rule - 4 For wht kinds of functions f will the midpoint rule lwys give vlue tht is ectly equl to the integrl?

34 Estimting Integrls - Trpezoidl Rule - 1 The Trpezoidl Rule The Midpoint Rule is only one possible vrition on Riemnn sums. Another pproch is to use shpe other thn rectngle to estimte the re on n intervl. For the ppropritely nmed Trpezoidl Rule, we use trpezoid on ech intervl. Sketch trpezoidl pproimtion to the re under the grph, nd then write formul for the re of the single trpezoid. y i 1 i

35 Estimting Integrls - Trpezoidl Rule - 2 Write formul for the full Trpezoid Rule (written T RAP (n)), estimting the entire re under grph with multiple intervls. b n 1 0 n

36 Estimting Integrls - Trpezoidl Rule - 3 Alterntive: Epress the trpezoidl rule T RAP (n) in terms of the left nd right hnd Riemnn sums (LEF T (n) nd RIGHT (n)). b n 1 0 n

37 Estimting Integrls - Trpezoidl Rule - 4 The trpezoidl rule is especilly ccurte for functions f for which f () is smll for ll. Eplin from n intuitive point of view why you would epect this sttement to be correct. b n 1 n

38 Estimting Integrls - Trpezoidl Rule Emples - 1 Use the trpezoidl rule to estimte vlues in the following tble for f() f() f() d, if we hve mesured the f()

Properties of Integrals, Indefinite Integrals. Goals: Definition of the Definite Integral Integral Calculations using Antiderivatives

Properties of Integrals, Indefinite Integrals. Goals: Definition of the Definite Integral Integral Calculations using Antiderivatives Block #6: Properties of Integrls, Indefinite Integrls Gols: Definition of the Definite Integrl Integrl Clcultions using Antiderivtives Properties of Integrls The Indefinite Integrl 1 Riemnn Sums - 1 Riemnn

More information

Chapter 6 Notes, Larson/Hostetler 3e

Chapter 6 Notes, Larson/Hostetler 3e Contents 6. Antiderivtives nd the Rules of Integrtion.......................... 6. Are nd the Definite Integrl.................................. 6.. Are............................................ 6. Reimnn

More information

1 Part II: Numerical Integration

1 Part II: Numerical Integration Mth 4 Lb 1 Prt II: Numericl Integrtion This section includes severl techniques for getting pproimte numericl vlues for definite integrls without using ntiderivtives. Mthemticll, ect nswers re preferble

More information

Chapter 8.2: The Integral

Chapter 8.2: The Integral Chpter 8.: The Integrl You cn think of Clculus s doule-wide triler. In one width of it lives differentil clculus. In the other hlf lives wht is clled integrl clculus. We hve lredy eplored few rooms in

More information

The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and F (x) is any antiderivative. f(x) dx = F (b) F (a).

The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and F (x) is any antiderivative. f(x) dx = F (b) F (a). The Fundmentl Theorems of Clculus Mth 4, Section 0, Spring 009 We now know enough bout definite integrls to give precise formultions of the Fundmentl Theorems of Clculus. We will lso look t some bsic emples

More information

INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION

INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION 5.1 Ares nd Distnces Assume f(x) 0 on the intervl [, b]. Let A be the re under the grph of f(x). b We will obtin n pproximtion of A in the following three steps. STEP 1: Divide

More information

Math 131. Numerical Integration Larson Section 4.6

Math 131. Numerical Integration Larson Section 4.6 Mth. Numericl Integrtion Lrson Section. This section looks t couple of methods for pproimting definite integrls numericlly. The gol is to get good pproimtion of the definite integrl in problems where n

More information

Review of Calculus, cont d

Review of Calculus, cont d Jim Lmbers MAT 460 Fll Semester 2009-10 Lecture 3 Notes These notes correspond to Section 1.1 in the text. Review of Clculus, cont d Riemnn Sums nd the Definite Integrl There re mny cses in which some

More information

Chapter 9 Definite Integrals

Chapter 9 Definite Integrals Chpter 9 Definite Integrls In the previous chpter we found how to tke n ntiderivtive nd investigted the indefinite integrl. In this chpter the connection etween ntiderivtives nd definite integrls is estlished

More information

5.7 Improper Integrals

5.7 Improper Integrals 458 pplictions of definite integrls 5.7 Improper Integrls In Section 5.4, we computed the work required to lift pylod of mss m from the surfce of moon of mss nd rdius R to height H bove the surfce of the

More information

Polynomial Approximations for the Natural Logarithm and Arctangent Functions. Math 230

Polynomial Approximations for the Natural Logarithm and Arctangent Functions. Math 230 Polynomil Approimtions for the Nturl Logrithm nd Arctngent Functions Mth 23 You recll from first semester clculus how one cn use the derivtive to find n eqution for the tngent line to function t given

More information

Unit #9 : Definite Integral Properties; Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Unit #9 : Definite Integral Properties; Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Unit #9 : Definite Integrl Properties; Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus Gols: Identify properties of definite integrls Define odd nd even functions, nd reltionship to integrl vlues Introduce the Fundmentl

More information

Section 6.1 Definite Integral

Section 6.1 Definite Integral Section 6.1 Definite Integrl Suppose we wnt to find the re of region tht is not so nicely shped. For exmple, consider the function shown elow. The re elow the curve nd ove the x xis cnnot e determined

More information

Suppose we want to find the area under the parabola and above the x axis, between the lines x = 2 and x = -2.

Suppose we want to find the area under the parabola and above the x axis, between the lines x = 2 and x = -2. Mth 43 Section 6. Section 6.: Definite Integrl Suppose we wnt to find the re of region tht is not so nicely shped. For exmple, consider the function shown elow. The re elow the curve nd ove the x xis cnnot

More information

and that at t = 0 the object is at position 5. Find the position of the object at t = 2.

and that at t = 0 the object is at position 5. Find the position of the object at t = 2. 7.2 The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus 49 re mny, mny problems tht pper much different on the surfce but tht turn out to be the sme s these problems, in the sense tht when we try to pproimte solutions we

More information

5.1 How do we Measure Distance Traveled given Velocity? Student Notes

5.1 How do we Measure Distance Traveled given Velocity? Student Notes . How do we Mesure Distnce Trveled given Velocity? Student Notes EX ) The tle contins velocities of moving cr in ft/sec for time t in seconds: time (sec) 3 velocity (ft/sec) 3 A) Lel the x-xis & y-xis

More information

n f(x i ) x. i=1 In section 4.2, we defined the definite integral of f from x = a to x = b as n f(x i ) x; f(x) dx = lim i=1

n f(x i ) x. i=1 In section 4.2, we defined the definite integral of f from x = a to x = b as n f(x i ) x; f(x) dx = lim i=1 The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus As we continue to study the re problem, let s think bck to wht we know bout computing res of regions enclosed by curves. If we wnt to find the re of the region below the

More information

Math 1B, lecture 4: Error bounds for numerical methods

Math 1B, lecture 4: Error bounds for numerical methods Mth B, lecture 4: Error bounds for numericl methods Nthn Pflueger 4 September 0 Introduction The five numericl methods descried in the previous lecture ll operte by the sme principle: they pproximte the

More information

Distance And Velocity

Distance And Velocity Unit #8 - The Integrl Some problems nd solutions selected or dpted from Hughes-Hllett Clculus. Distnce And Velocity. The grph below shows the velocity, v, of n object (in meters/sec). Estimte the totl

More information

The Trapezoidal Rule

The Trapezoidal Rule _.qd // : PM Pge 9 SECTION. Numericl Integrtion 9 f Section. The re of the region cn e pproimted using four trpezoids. Figure. = f( ) f( ) n The re of the first trpezoid is f f n. Figure. = Numericl Integrtion

More information

Integration. 148 Chapter 7 Integration

Integration. 148 Chapter 7 Integration 48 Chpter 7 Integrtion 7 Integrtion t ech, by supposing tht during ech tenth of second the object is going t constnt speed Since the object initilly hs speed, we gin suppose it mintins this speed, but

More information

Interpreting Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem

Interpreting Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem Interpreting Integrls nd the Fundmentl Theorem Tody, we go further in interpreting the mening of the definite integrl. Using Units to Aid Interprettion We lredy know tht if f(t) is the rte of chnge of

More information

Section 5.1 #7, 10, 16, 21, 25; Section 5.2 #8, 9, 15, 20, 27, 30; Section 5.3 #4, 6, 9, 13, 16, 28, 31; Section 5.4 #7, 18, 21, 23, 25, 29, 40

Section 5.1 #7, 10, 16, 21, 25; Section 5.2 #8, 9, 15, 20, 27, 30; Section 5.3 #4, 6, 9, 13, 16, 28, 31; Section 5.4 #7, 18, 21, 23, 25, 29, 40 Mth B Prof. Audrey Terrs HW # Solutions by Alex Eustis Due Tuesdy, Oct. 9 Section 5. #7,, 6,, 5; Section 5. #8, 9, 5,, 7, 3; Section 5.3 #4, 6, 9, 3, 6, 8, 3; Section 5.4 #7, 8,, 3, 5, 9, 4 5..7 Since

More information

APPROXIMATE INTEGRATION

APPROXIMATE INTEGRATION APPROXIMATE INTEGRATION. Introduction We hve seen tht there re functions whose nti-derivtives cnnot be expressed in closed form. For these resons ny definite integrl involving these integrnds cnnot be

More information

Chapter 0. What is the Lebesgue integral about?

Chapter 0. What is the Lebesgue integral about? Chpter 0. Wht is the Lebesgue integrl bout? The pln is to hve tutoril sheet ech week, most often on Fridy, (to be done during the clss) where you will try to get used to the ides introduced in the previous

More information

The Regulated and Riemann Integrals

The Regulated and Riemann Integrals Chpter 1 The Regulted nd Riemnn Integrls 1.1 Introduction We will consider severl different pproches to defining the definite integrl f(x) dx of function f(x). These definitions will ll ssign the sme vlue

More information

7.2 The Definite Integral

7.2 The Definite Integral 7.2 The Definite Integrl the definite integrl In the previous section, it ws found tht if function f is continuous nd nonnegtive, then the re under the grph of f on [, b] is given by F (b) F (), where

More information

1 The Riemann Integral

1 The Riemann Integral The Riemnn Integrl. An exmple leding to the notion of integrl (res) We know how to find (i.e. define) the re of rectngle (bse height), tringle ( (sum of res of tringles). But how do we find/define n re

More information

Sections 5.2: The Definite Integral

Sections 5.2: The Definite Integral Sections 5.2: The Definite Integrl In this section we shll formlize the ides from the lst section to functions in generl. We strt with forml definition.. The Definite Integrl Definition.. Suppose f(x)

More information

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The Total Change Theorem and the Area Under a Curve.

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. The Total Change Theorem and the Area Under a Curve. Clculus Li Vs The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus. The Totl Chnge Theorem nd the Are Under Curve. Recll the following fct from Clculus course. If continuous function f(x) represents the rte of chnge of F

More information

Definite integral. Mathematics FRDIS MENDELU

Definite integral. Mathematics FRDIS MENDELU Definite integrl Mthemtics FRDIS MENDELU Simon Fišnrová Brno 1 Motivtion - re under curve Suppose, for simplicity, tht y = f(x) is nonnegtive nd continuous function defined on [, b]. Wht is the re of the

More information

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals Riemnn Sums nd Riemnn Integrls Jmes K. Peterson Deprtment of Biologicl Sciences nd Deprtment of Mthemticl Sciences Clemson University August 26, 2013 Outline 1 Riemnn Sums 2 Riemnn Integrls 3 Properties

More information

The practical version

The practical version Roerto s Notes on Integrl Clculus Chpter 4: Definite integrls nd the FTC Section 7 The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus: The prcticl version Wht you need to know lredy: The theoreticl version of the FTC. Wht

More information

Chapters 4 & 5 Integrals & Applications

Chapters 4 & 5 Integrals & Applications Contents Chpters 4 & 5 Integrls & Applictions Motivtion to Chpters 4 & 5 2 Chpter 4 3 Ares nd Distnces 3. VIDEO - Ares Under Functions............................................ 3.2 VIDEO - Applictions

More information

5.2 Volumes: Disks and Washers

5.2 Volumes: Disks and Washers 4 pplictions of definite integrls 5. Volumes: Disks nd Wshers In the previous section, we computed volumes of solids for which we could determine the re of cross-section or slice. In this section, we restrict

More information

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals

Riemann Sums and Riemann Integrals Riemnn Sums nd Riemnn Integrls Jmes K. Peterson Deprtment of Biologicl Sciences nd Deprtment of Mthemticl Sciences Clemson University August 26, 203 Outline Riemnn Sums Riemnn Integrls Properties Abstrct

More information

Math 1431 Section M TH 4:00 PM 6:00 PM Susan Wheeler Office Hours: Wed 6:00 7:00 PM Online ***NOTE LABS ARE MON AND WED

Math 1431 Section M TH 4:00 PM 6:00 PM Susan Wheeler Office Hours: Wed 6:00 7:00 PM Online ***NOTE LABS ARE MON AND WED Mth 43 Section 4839 M TH 4: PM 6: PM Susn Wheeler swheeler@mth.uh.edu Office Hours: Wed 6: 7: PM Online ***NOTE LABS ARE MON AND WED t :3 PM to 3: pm ONLINE Approimting the re under curve given the type

More information

Definite integral. Mathematics FRDIS MENDELU. Simona Fišnarová (Mendel University) Definite integral MENDELU 1 / 30

Definite integral. Mathematics FRDIS MENDELU. Simona Fišnarová (Mendel University) Definite integral MENDELU 1 / 30 Definite integrl Mthemtics FRDIS MENDELU Simon Fišnrová (Mendel University) Definite integrl MENDELU / Motivtion - re under curve Suppose, for simplicity, tht y = f(x) is nonnegtive nd continuous function

More information

sec x over the interval (, ). x ) dx dx x 14. Use a graphing utility to generate some representative integral curves of the function Curve on 5

sec x over the interval (, ). x ) dx dx x 14. Use a graphing utility to generate some representative integral curves of the function Curve on 5 Curve on Clcultor eperience Fin n ownlo (or type in) progrm on your clcultor tht will fin the re uner curve using given number of rectngles. Mke sure tht the progrm fins LRAM, RRAM, n MRAM. (You nee to

More information

1 The fundamental theorems of calculus.

1 The fundamental theorems of calculus. The fundmentl theorems of clculus. The fundmentl theorems of clculus. Evluting definite integrls. The indefinite integrl- new nme for nti-derivtive. Differentiting integrls. Tody we provide the connection

More information

Chapter 5. Numerical Integration

Chapter 5. Numerical Integration Chpter 5. Numericl Integrtion These re just summries of the lecture notes, nd few detils re included. Most of wht we include here is to be found in more detil in Anton. 5. Remrk. There re two topics with

More information

Overview of Calculus I

Overview of Calculus I Overview of Clculus I Prof. Jim Swift Northern Arizon University There re three key concepts in clculus: The limit, the derivtive, nd the integrl. You need to understnd the definitions of these three things,

More information

Big idea in Calculus: approximation

Big idea in Calculus: approximation Big ide in Clculus: pproximtion Derivtive: f (x) = df dx f f(x +h) f(x) =, x h rte of chnge is pproximtely the rtio of chnges in the function vlue nd in the vrible in very short time Liner pproximtion:

More information

5.5 The Substitution Rule

5.5 The Substitution Rule 5.5 The Substitution Rule Given the usefulness of the Fundmentl Theorem, we wnt some helpful methods for finding ntiderivtives. At the moment, if n nti-derivtive is not esily recognizble, then we re in

More information

x ) dx dx x sec x over the interval (, ).

x ) dx dx x sec x over the interval (, ). Curve on 6 For -, () Evlute the integrl, n (b) check your nswer by ifferentiting. ( ). ( ). ( ).. 6. sin cos 7. sec csccot 8. sec (sec tn ) 9. sin csc. Evlute the integrl sin by multiplying the numertor

More information

Riemann is the Mann! (But Lebesgue may besgue to differ.)

Riemann is the Mann! (But Lebesgue may besgue to differ.) Riemnn is the Mnn! (But Lebesgue my besgue to differ.) Leo Livshits My 2, 2008 1 For finite intervls in R We hve seen in clss tht every continuous function f : [, b] R hs the property tht for every ɛ >

More information

Section 4: Integration ECO4112F 2011

Section 4: Integration ECO4112F 2011 Reding: Ching Chpter Section : Integrtion ECOF Note: These notes do not fully cover the mteril in Ching, ut re ment to supplement your reding in Ching. Thus fr the optimistion you hve covered hs een sttic

More information

A REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H. Thomas Shores Department of Mathematics University of Nebraska Spring 2007

A REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H. Thomas Shores Department of Mathematics University of Nebraska Spring 2007 A REVIEW OF CALCULUS CONCEPTS FOR JDEP 384H Thoms Shores Deprtment of Mthemtics University of Nebrsk Spring 2007 Contents Rtes of Chnge nd Derivtives 1 Dierentils 4 Are nd Integrls 5 Multivrite Clculus

More information

Advanced Calculus: MATH 410 Notes on Integrals and Integrability Professor David Levermore 17 October 2004

Advanced Calculus: MATH 410 Notes on Integrals and Integrability Professor David Levermore 17 October 2004 Advnced Clculus: MATH 410 Notes on Integrls nd Integrbility Professor Dvid Levermore 17 October 2004 1. Definite Integrls In this section we revisit the definite integrl tht you were introduced to when

More information

Before we can begin Ch. 3 on Radicals, we need to be familiar with perfect squares, cubes, etc. Try and do as many as you can without a calculator!!!

Before we can begin Ch. 3 on Radicals, we need to be familiar with perfect squares, cubes, etc. Try and do as many as you can without a calculator!!! Nme: Algebr II Honors Pre-Chpter Homework Before we cn begin Ch on Rdicls, we need to be fmilir with perfect squres, cubes, etc Try nd do s mny s you cn without clcultor!!! n The nth root of n n Be ble

More information

x = b a N. (13-1) The set of points used to subdivide the range [a, b] (see Fig. 13.1) is

x = b a N. (13-1) The set of points used to subdivide the range [a, b] (see Fig. 13.1) is Jnury 28, 2002 13. The Integrl The concept of integrtion, nd the motivtion for developing this concept, were described in the previous chpter. Now we must define the integrl, crefully nd completely. According

More information

Integrals - Motivation

Integrals - Motivation Integrls - Motivtion When we looked t function s rte of chnge If f(x) is liner, the nswer is esy slope If f(x) is non-liner, we hd to work hrd limits derivtive A relted question is the re under f(x) (but

More information

4.6 Numerical Integration

4.6 Numerical Integration .6 Numericl Integrtion 5.6 Numericl Integrtion Approimte definite integrl using the Trpezoidl Rule. Approimte definite integrl using Simpson s Rule. Anlze the pproimte errors in the Trpezoidl Rule nd Simpson

More information

Section 6: Area, Volume, and Average Value

Section 6: Area, Volume, and Average Value Chpter The Integrl Applied Clculus Section 6: Are, Volume, nd Averge Vlue Are We hve lredy used integrls to find the re etween the grph of function nd the horizontl xis. Integrls cn lso e used to find

More information

Main topics for the First Midterm

Main topics for the First Midterm Min topics for the First Midterm The Midterm will cover Section 1.8, Chpters 2-3, Sections 4.1-4.8, nd Sections 5.1-5.3 (essentilly ll of the mteril covered in clss). Be sure to know the results of the

More information

The area under the graph of f and above the x-axis between a and b is denoted by. f(x) dx. π O

The area under the graph of f and above the x-axis between a and b is denoted by. f(x) dx. π O 1 Section 5. The Definite Integrl Suppose tht function f is continuous nd positive over n intervl [, ]. y = f(x) x The re under the grph of f nd ove the x-xis etween nd is denoted y f(x) dx nd clled the

More information

Improper Integrals, and Differential Equations

Improper Integrals, and Differential Equations Improper Integrls, nd Differentil Equtions October 22, 204 5.3 Improper Integrls Previously, we discussed how integrls correspond to res. More specificlly, we sid tht for function f(x), the region creted

More information

a < a+ x < a+2 x < < a+n x = b, n A i n f(x i ) x. i=1 i=1

a < a+ x < a+2 x < < a+n x = b, n A i n f(x i ) x. i=1 i=1 Mth 33 Volume Stewrt 5.2 Geometry of integrls. In this section, we will lern how to compute volumes using integrls defined by slice nlysis. First, we recll from Clculus I how to compute res. Given the

More information

Section 6.1 INTRO to LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Section 6.1 INTRO to LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Section 6. INTRO to LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Key terms: Improper Integrl; diverge, converge A A f(t)dt lim f(t)dt Piecewise Continuous Function; jump discontinuity Function of Exponentil Order Lplce Trnsform

More information

MA123, Chapter 10: Formulas for integrals: integrals, antiderivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (pp.

MA123, Chapter 10: Formulas for integrals: integrals, antiderivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (pp. MA123, Chpter 1: Formuls for integrls: integrls, ntiderivtives, nd the Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus (pp. 27-233, Gootmn) Chpter Gols: Assignments: Understnd the sttement of the Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus.

More information

4.4 Areas, Integrals and Antiderivatives

4.4 Areas, Integrals and Antiderivatives . res, integrls nd ntiderivtives 333. Ares, Integrls nd Antiderivtives This section explores properties of functions defined s res nd exmines some connections mong res, integrls nd ntiderivtives. In order

More information

Continuous Random Variables Class 5, Jeremy Orloff and Jonathan Bloom

Continuous Random Variables Class 5, Jeremy Orloff and Jonathan Bloom Lerning Gols Continuous Rndom Vriles Clss 5, 8.05 Jeremy Orloff nd Jonthn Bloom. Know the definition of continuous rndom vrile. 2. Know the definition of the proility density function (pdf) nd cumultive

More information

Mathematics Number: Logarithms

Mathematics Number: Logarithms plce of mind F A C U L T Y O F E D U C A T I O N Deprtment of Curriculum nd Pedgogy Mthemtics Numer: Logrithms Science nd Mthemtics Eduction Reserch Group Supported y UBC Teching nd Lerning Enhncement

More information

MAT 168: Calculus II with Analytic Geometry. James V. Lambers

MAT 168: Calculus II with Analytic Geometry. James V. Lambers MAT 68: Clculus II with Anlytic Geometry Jmes V. Lmbers Februry 7, Contents Integrls 5. Introduction............................ 5.. Differentil Clculus nd Quotient Formuls...... 5.. Integrl Clculus nd

More information

MA 124 January 18, Derivatives are. Integrals are.

MA 124 January 18, Derivatives are. Integrals are. MA 124 Jnury 18, 2018 Prof PB s one-minute introduction to clculus Derivtives re. Integrls re. In Clculus 1, we lern limits, derivtives, some pplictions of derivtives, indefinite integrls, definite integrls,

More information

5.1 Estimating with Finite Sums Calculus

5.1 Estimating with Finite Sums Calculus 5.1 ESTIMATING WITH FINITE SUMS Emple: Suppose from the nd to 4 th hour of our rod trip, ou trvel with the cruise control set to ectl 70 miles per hour for tht two hour stretch. How fr hve ou trveled during

More information

Z b. f(x)dx. Yet in the above two cases we know what f(x) is. Sometimes, engineers want to calculate an area by computing I, but...

Z b. f(x)dx. Yet in the above two cases we know what f(x) is. Sometimes, engineers want to calculate an area by computing I, but... Chpter 7 Numericl Methods 7. Introduction In mny cses the integrl f(x)dx cn be found by finding function F (x) such tht F 0 (x) =f(x), nd using f(x)dx = F (b) F () which is known s the nlyticl (exct) solution.

More information

Week 10: Line Integrals

Week 10: Line Integrals Week 10: Line Integrls Introduction In this finl week we return to prmetrised curves nd consider integrtion long such curves. We lredy sw this in Week 2 when we integrted long curve to find its length.

More information

4.5 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

4.5 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 4.5 The Funmentl Theorem of Clculus Contemporry Clculus 4.5 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS This section contins the most importnt n most use theorem of clculus, THE Funmentl Theorem of Clculus. Discovere

More information

Appendix 3, Rises and runs, slopes and sums: tools from calculus

Appendix 3, Rises and runs, slopes and sums: tools from calculus Appendi 3, Rises nd runs, slopes nd sums: tools from clculus Sometimes we will wnt to eplore how quntity chnges s condition is vried. Clculus ws invented to do just this. We certinly do not need the full

More information

Calculus Module C21. Areas by Integration. Copyright This publication The Northern Alberta Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.

Calculus Module C21. Areas by Integration. Copyright This publication The Northern Alberta Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved. Clculus Module C Ares Integrtion Copright This puliction The Northern Alert Institute of Technolog 7. All Rights Reserved. LAST REVISED Mrch, 9 Introduction to Ares Integrtion Sttement of Prerequisite

More information

A-Level Mathematics Transition Task (compulsory for all maths students and all further maths student)

A-Level Mathematics Transition Task (compulsory for all maths students and all further maths student) A-Level Mthemtics Trnsition Tsk (compulsory for ll mths students nd ll further mths student) Due: st Lesson of the yer. Length: - hours work (depending on prior knowledge) This trnsition tsk provides revision

More information

Review of basic calculus

Review of basic calculus Review of bsic clculus This brief review reclls some of the most importnt concepts, definitions, nd theorems from bsic clculus. It is not intended to tech bsic clculus from scrtch. If ny of the items below

More information

P 3 (x) = f(0) + f (0)x + f (0) 2. x 2 + f (0) . In the problem set, you are asked to show, in general, the n th order term is a n = f (n) (0)

P 3 (x) = f(0) + f (0)x + f (0) 2. x 2 + f (0) . In the problem set, you are asked to show, in general, the n th order term is a n = f (n) (0) 1 Tylor polynomils In Section 3.5, we discussed how to pproximte function f(x) round point in terms of its first derivtive f (x) evluted t, tht is using the liner pproximtion f() + f ()(x ). We clled this

More information

38 Riemann sums and existence of the definite integral.

38 Riemann sums and existence of the definite integral. 38 Riemnn sums nd existence of the definite integrl. In the clcultion of the re of the region X bounded by the grph of g(x) = x 2, the x-xis nd 0 x b, two sums ppered: ( n (k 1) 2) b 3 n 3 re(x) ( n These

More information

Main topics for the Second Midterm

Main topics for the Second Midterm Min topics for the Second Midterm The Midterm will cover Sections 5.4-5.9, Sections 6.1-6.3, nd Sections 7.1-7.7 (essentilly ll of the mteril covered in clss from the First Midterm). Be sure to know the

More information

ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER /2019

ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER /2019 ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS MATH00030 SEMESTER 208/209 DR. ANTHONY BROWN 7.. Introduction to Integrtion. 7. Integrl Clculus As ws the cse with the chpter on differentil

More information

5: The Definite Integral

5: The Definite Integral 5: The Definite Integrl 5.: Estimting with Finite Sums Consider moving oject its velocity (meters per second) t ny time (seconds) is given y v t = t+. Cn we use this informtion to determine the distnce

More information

Time in Seconds Speed in ft/sec (a) Sketch a possible graph for this function.

Time in Seconds Speed in ft/sec (a) Sketch a possible graph for this function. 4. Are under Curve A cr is trveling so tht its speed is never decresing during 1-second intervl. The speed t vrious moments in time is listed in the tle elow. Time in Seconds 3 6 9 1 Speed in t/sec 3 37

More information

2 b. , a. area is S= 2π xds. Again, understand where these formulas came from (pages ).

2 b. , a. area is S= 2π xds. Again, understand where these formulas came from (pages ). AP Clculus BC Review Chpter 8 Prt nd Chpter 9 Things to Know nd Be Ale to Do Know everything from the first prt of Chpter 8 Given n integrnd figure out how to ntidifferentite it using ny of the following

More information

Math 8 Winter 2015 Applications of Integration

Math 8 Winter 2015 Applications of Integration Mth 8 Winter 205 Applictions of Integrtion Here re few importnt pplictions of integrtion. The pplictions you my see on n exm in this course include only the Net Chnge Theorem (which is relly just the Fundmentl

More information

We partition C into n small arcs by forming a partition of [a, b] by picking s i as follows: a = s 0 < s 1 < < s n = b.

We partition C into n small arcs by forming a partition of [a, b] by picking s i as follows: a = s 0 < s 1 < < s n = b. Mth 255 - Vector lculus II Notes 4.2 Pth nd Line Integrls We begin with discussion of pth integrls (the book clls them sclr line integrls). We will do this for function of two vribles, but these ides cn

More information

Math& 152 Section Integration by Parts

Math& 152 Section Integration by Parts Mth& 5 Section 7. - Integrtion by Prts Integrtion by prts is rule tht trnsforms the integrl of the product of two functions into other (idelly simpler) integrls. Recll from Clculus I tht given two differentible

More information

Line and Surface Integrals: An Intuitive Understanding

Line and Surface Integrals: An Intuitive Understanding Line nd Surfce Integrls: An Intuitive Understnding Joseph Breen Introduction Multivrible clculus is ll bout bstrcting the ides of differentition nd integrtion from the fmilir single vrible cse to tht of

More information

Improper Integrals. Type I Improper Integrals How do we evaluate an integral such as

Improper Integrals. Type I Improper Integrals How do we evaluate an integral such as Improper Integrls Two different types of integrls cn qulify s improper. The first type of improper integrl (which we will refer to s Type I) involves evluting n integrl over n infinite region. In the grph

More information

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus MATH 151 Clculus for Mngement J. Robert Buchnn Deprtment of Mthemtics Fll 2018 Objectives Define nd evlute definite integrls using the concept of re. Evlute definite integrls

More information

Chapter 7 Notes, Stewart 8e. 7.1 Integration by Parts Trigonometric Integrals Evaluating sin m x cos n (x) dx...

Chapter 7 Notes, Stewart 8e. 7.1 Integration by Parts Trigonometric Integrals Evaluating sin m x cos n (x) dx... Contents 7.1 Integrtion by Prts................................... 2 7.2 Trigonometric Integrls.................................. 8 7.2.1 Evluting sin m x cos n (x)......................... 8 7.2.2 Evluting

More information

Section Areas and Distances. Example 1: Suppose a car travels at a constant 50 miles per hour for 2 hours. What is the total distance traveled?

Section Areas and Distances. Example 1: Suppose a car travels at a constant 50 miles per hour for 2 hours. What is the total distance traveled? Section 5. - Ares nd Distnces Exmple : Suppose cr trvels t constnt 5 miles per hour for 2 hours. Wht is the totl distnce trveled? Exmple 2: Suppose cr trvels 75 miles per hour for the first hour, 7 miles

More information

6.5 Numerical Approximations of Definite Integrals

6.5 Numerical Approximations of Definite Integrals Arknss Tech University MATH 94: Clculus II Dr. Mrcel B. Finn 6.5 Numericl Approximtions of Definite Integrls Sometimes the integrl of function cnnot be expressed with elementry functions, i.e., polynomil,

More information

Week 10: Riemann integral and its properties

Week 10: Riemann integral and its properties Clculus nd Liner Algebr for Biomedicl Engineering Week 10: Riemnn integrl nd its properties H. Führ, Lehrstuhl A für Mthemtik, RWTH Achen, WS 07 Motivtion: Computing flow from flow rtes 1 We observe the

More information

Summer MTH142 College Calculus 2. Section J. Lecture Notes. Yin Su University at Buffalo

Summer MTH142 College Calculus 2. Section J. Lecture Notes. Yin Su University at Buffalo Summer 6 MTH4 College Clculus Section J Lecture Notes Yin Su University t Bufflo yinsu@bufflo.edu Contents Bsic techniques of integrtion 3. Antiderivtive nd indefinite integrls..............................................

More information

f(x) dx, If one of these two conditions is not met, we call the integral improper. Our usual definition for the value for the definite integral

f(x) dx, If one of these two conditions is not met, we call the integral improper. Our usual definition for the value for the definite integral Improper Integrls Every time tht we hve evluted definite integrl such s f(x) dx, we hve mde two implicit ssumptions bout the integrl:. The intervl [, b] is finite, nd. f(x) is continuous on [, b]. If one

More information

5.1 A r e a s a n d D i s t a n c e s

5.1 A r e a s a n d D i s t a n c e s To compute n re we pproimte region b rectngles nd let the number of rectngles become lrge. The precise re is the limit of these sums of res of rectngles. Integrls Now is good time to red (or rered) A Preview

More information

different methods (left endpoint, right endpoint, midpoint, trapezoid, Simpson s).

different methods (left endpoint, right endpoint, midpoint, trapezoid, Simpson s). Mth 1A with Professor Stnkov Worksheet, Discussion #41; Wednesdy, 12/6/217 GSI nme: Roy Zho Problems 1. Write the integrl 3 dx s limit of Riemnn sums. Write it using 2 intervls using the 1 x different

More information

Definite Integrals. The area under a curve can be approximated by adding up the areas of rectangles = 1 1 +

Definite Integrals. The area under a curve can be approximated by adding up the areas of rectangles = 1 1 + Definite Integrls --5 The re under curve cn e pproximted y dding up the res of rectngles. Exmple. Approximte the re under y = from x = to x = using equl suintervls nd + x evluting the function t the left-hnd

More information

Riemann Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Riemann Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Riemnn Integrls nd the Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus Jmes K. Peterson Deprtment of Biologicl Sciences nd Deprtment of Mthemticl Sciences Clemson University September 16, 2013 Outline Grphing Riemnn Sums

More information

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION. The inverse process to differentiation in calculus is integration. Mathematically, integration is represented by.

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION. The inverse process to differentiation in calculus is integration. Mathematically, integration is represented by. NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 1 Introduction The inverse process to differentition in clculus is integrtion. Mthemticlly, integrtion is represented by f(x) dx which stnds for the integrl of the function f(x) with

More information

(0.0)(0.1)+(0.3)(0.1)+(0.6)(0.1)+ +(2.7)(0.1) = 1.35

(0.0)(0.1)+(0.3)(0.1)+(0.6)(0.1)+ +(2.7)(0.1) = 1.35 7 Integrtion º½ ÌÛÓ Ü ÑÔÐ Up to now we hve been concerned with extrcting informtion bout how function chnges from the function itself. Given knowledge bout n object s position, for exmple, we wnt to know

More information

W. We shall do so one by one, starting with I 1, and we shall do it greedily, trying

W. We shall do so one by one, starting with I 1, and we shall do it greedily, trying Vitli covers 1 Definition. A Vitli cover of set E R is set V of closed intervls with positive length so tht, for every δ > 0 nd every x E, there is some I V with λ(i ) < δ nd x I. 2 Lemm (Vitli covering)

More information

5.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

5.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus CHAPTER 5. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 35 5.3 The Funmentl Theorem of Clculus Emple. Let f(t) t +. () Fin the re of the region below f(t), bove the t-is, n between t n t. (You my wnt to look up the re formul

More information