Visual Techniques in Thomas Hardy s Five Major Novels. A Dissertation Submitted to Mukogawa Women s University
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- Melanie Barnett
- 5 years ago
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1 Visual Techniques in Thomas Hardy s Five Major Novels A Dissertation Submitted to Mukogawa Women s University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Midori Shimizu 2015
2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Hardy and Visual Art. 6 Chapter 2. Influence of Ruskin and Turner.. 33 Chapter 3. The Return of the Native: Nature and the Human in Chiaroscuro. 61 Chapter 4. The Mayor of Casterbridge: A Man of Character in a Changing Society 89 Chapter 5. Tess of D Urbervilles: Colours of Destiny and Chiaroscuro 121 Chapter 6. Jude the Obscure: Gradations of Shade, the Atmosphere of the Age Chapter 7. The Well-Beloved: Life of an Artist in Colour and Chiaroscuro Conclusion Notes Bibliography. 214
3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Akira Tamai, the chairman of my committee for his invaluable assistance at all preparatory stages, Professor Stephen Boyd for proofreading my English, and the members of the Graduate School of the English Department and Administration Office at Mukogawa Women s University for their support. i
4 I n t r o d u c t i o n T h o m a s H a r d y, a n E n g l i s h n o v e l i s t a n d p o e t o f t h e V i c t o r i a n p e r i o d a n d e a r l y 2 0 th C e n t u r y, w r o t e a n u m b e r o f n o v e l s w h o s e b a c k g r o u n d i s t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n p a r t o f E n g l a n d w h i c h h e n a m e d We s s e x, a n a m e o n c e u s e d a s a r e a l g e o g r a p h i c a l n a m e, b u t n o l o n g e r u s e d t h u s i n H a r d y s d a y. H i s b i o g r a p h i c a l w o r k s a n d l e t t e r s s h o w t h a t h i s i n t e r e s t r a n g e d f r o m a r c h i t e c t u r e, p o e t r y, m u s i c t o p a i n t i n g f r o m e a r l y i n h i s t w e n t i e s a n d h e b e c a m e w e l l v e r s e d i n t h e s e a r e a s. H i s i n t e r e s t i n t h e m l a s t e d t h r o u g h o u t h i s l i f e. R e a d e r s c o m e a c r o s s a b u n d a n t d e s c r i p t i o n s o f a r c h i t e c t u r e, m u s i c a n d p a i n t i n g i n h i s n o v e l s. M a n y c r i t i c s, r e f e r r i n g t o t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a i n t i n g o n h i s n o v e l s, c i t e p i c t o r i a l i s m i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e. T h e w o r d p i c t o r i a l i s m h a s d i f f e r e n t i m p l i c a t i o n s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e c r i t i c. A l i s t a i r S m a r t m e n t i o n s t h a t H a r d y c o m p a r e s t h e c h a r a c t e r s a n d s c e n e s i n h i s n o v e l s t o f a m o u s p a i n t i n g s i n E u r o p e a n a r t h i s t o r y a n d c a l l s t h i s p i c t o r i a l i m a g e r y. J. B. B u l l e n c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e w o r d r e f l e c t s m a n y d i f f e r e n t m o d e s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n, i n c l u d i n g t h e n a m e s o f a r t i s t s o r p i c t u r e s, l i g h t, c o l o u r, p o r t r a i t s, a n d t h e use o f t h e t e r m i n o l o g y o f p a i n t i n g s u c h a s p e r s p e c t i v e, f o r e g r o u n d a n d s o o n. T h e i d e a o f p i c t o r i a l i s m s e e m s o n l y t o r e f e r t o t h i n g s l i k e 1
5 t h e n a m e s o f p a i n t i n g s o r p a i n t e r s w h i c h m i g h t e v o k e i m a g e s f o r a r e a d e r f a m i l i a r w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r p a i n t i n g. T h e s e r e f e r e n c e s t h e m s e l v e s a r e a r b i t r a r y a n d c a n n o t b e s e e n a s e x p r e s s i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a i n t i n g a s a w h o l e. I n o t h e r w o r d s, t h e y d o n t g o t o t h e h e a r t o f t h e p r o b l e m ; w h a t i n p a i n t i n g i n f l u e n c e d H a r d y, h i s i d e a s a n d t e c h n i q u e s i n t h e w r i t i n g o f n o v e l s, a n d h o w t h e y a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n h i s n o v e l s. To a n s w e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n s, I w i l l e x a m i n e Tu r n e r s p a i n t i n g s a n d a l s o J o h n R u s k i n s M o d e r n P a i n t e r s, w h i c h p r o p o s e s n e w i d e a s a n d t e c h n i q u e s o f p a i n t i n g a n d i s f u l l o f d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n s o f Tu r n e r s p a i n t i n g a s a n i d e a l. T h e i n f l u e n c e o f Tu r n e r a n d R u s k i n o n H a r d y i s m e n t i o n e d b y a l m o s t a l l t h e c r i t i c s, a n d H a r d y h i m s e l f l e f t s i g n i f i c a n t c o m m e n t s o n T u r n e r i n h i s o w n w r i t i n g. H o w e v e r, p r o p e r d i s c u s s i o n r e l a t i n g H a r d y w i t h Tu r n e r, a n d R u s k i n i n p a r t i c u l a r, i s s c a r c e a n d f r a g m e n t a r y. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n i s t o e l u c i d a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a i n t i n g, Tu r n e r s i n p a r t i c u l a r, a n d a l s o o f J o h n R u s k i n s M o d e r n P a i n t e r s, o n H a r d y s n o v e l s f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f i d e a s a n d t e c h n i q u e s, w h i c h a r e v e r y c l o s e l y r e l a t e d. T h i s i s b e c a u s e H a r d y s c o m m e n t s o n n o v e l w r i t i n g s e e m t o b e i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h o s e o f R u s k i n ; t h e t r u t h o f i d e a s a n d p a i n t i n g t e c h n i q u e s p r o p o s e d i n M o d e r n P a i n t e r s, w h i c h h e h a d r e a d i n h i s y o u t h. C h a p t e r 1 w i l l g i v e a b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o n o f H a r d y s i n t e r e s t i n p a i n t i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e b a s e d o n h i s a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l w o r k s, 2
6 T h e E a r l y Ye a r s o f T h o m a s H a r d y a n d T h e L a t e r Ye a r s o f T h o m a s H a r d y, a n d h i s l e t t e r t o h i s s i s t e r a b o u t h i s c l o s e r e a d i n g o f M o d e r n P a i n t e r s. T h e n I w i l l s u m m a r i z e c r i t i c s v i e w s o n t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a i n t i n g o n H a r d y a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p i c t o r i a l i s m a s d i s c u s s e d b y A l i s t a i r S m a r t, J o a n G r u n d y, D a v i d L o d g e, To n y Ta n n e r a n d J. B. B u l l e n, a l l o f w h o s e v i e w s c e n t e r o n p i c t o r i a l i s m t o v a r y i n g d e g r e e s. D a v i d L o d g e a l s o p r e s e n t s a n i d e a o f p a t t e r n a n d To n y Ta n n e r d i s c u s s e s t h e r o l e o f t h e c o l o u r r e d i n Te s s o f t h e D U r b e r v i l l e s. H i l l i s M i l l e r s i d e a o f r e p e t i t i o n o r r e i t e r a t i o n i s a l s o p r e s e n t e d h e r e a s a u s e f u l i d e a f o r i d e n t i f y i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a i n t i n g i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f f i v e o f H a r d y s m a j o r n o v e l s. F i n a l l y, S h e i l a B e r g e r s a n a l y s i s o f t h e m e c h a n i s m s f o r c r e a t i n g i m p r e s s i o n i n H a r d y s w o r k s i s t a k e n u p. T h e c o n c e p t o f i m p r e s s i o n i s i m p o r t a n t i n d i s c u s s i n g H a r d y s w o r k s s i n c e h e h i m s e l f u s e s t h e w o r d s, i m p r e s s i o n, o r m o m e n t o f v i s i o n i n t h e p r e f a c e s o f h i s n o v e l s a n d s e e s i m p r e s s i o n i s m a s p r o m i s i n g i n l i t e r a t u r e i n T h e L a t e r Ye a r s o f T h o m a s H a r d y. C h a p t e r 2 c e n t e r s o n a n a l y s i s o f J o h n R u s k i n s i d e a s a n d t e c h n i q u e s o f p a i n t i n g i n M o d e r n P a i n t e r s a n d o n a n a l y s i s o f H a r d y s i d e a s o f n o v e l w r i t i n g o n t h e b a s i s o f h i s c o m m e n t s i n T h e E a r l y Ye a r s o f T h o m a s H a r d y a n d T h e L a t e r Ye a r s o f T h o m a s H a r d y, a n d i n h i s l e t t e r s a n d h i s p r e f a c e s t o t h e n o v e l s. T h e s e a n a l y s e s s h o w t h a t t h e y a l l h a v e i n c o m m o n v i t a l i d e a s a b o u t t h e a i m s o f p a i n t i n g o r n o v e l w r i t i n g a s w e l l a s a b o u t t h e t e c h n i q u e s 3
7 n e e d e d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e s e a i m s. T h e i d e a o f w h a t R u s k i n a n d H a r d y c a l l t r u t h, b e i n g t r u e t o h u m a n i t y, a n d t r u e t o t h e f a c t s, i s w h a t t h e y a i m a t. Underlying t h i s i s t h e i d e a t h a t w e c a n o n l y g e t t o t h e t r u t h t h r o u g h o u r v i s i o n, w h i c h c r e a t e s i m a g e s i n o u r m i n d, a n d w i t h t h e w o r k o f i m a g i n a t i o n t h e s e i m a g e s c o n v e r g e i n t o o u r o w n s u b j e c t i v e v i e w o f t h e w o r l d a s i m p r e s s i o n. A g r e a t p a i n t e r o r a n a r t i s t m a k e s a n a t t e m p t t o c o n v e y h i s o r h e r i m p r e s s i o n s o t h a t h i s o r h e r s u b j e c t i v e i m p r e s s i o n w i l l t r a n s m u t e i n t o t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e s p e c t a t o r o r t h e r e a d e r. A p a i n t e r d o e s t h i s b y p a i n t i n g a n d a n a r t i s t t h r o u g h p o e t r y o r a n o v e l. J o h n R u s k i n g i v e s e x a m p l e s o f Tu r n e r s p a i n t i n g a n d s a y s t h a t t h e y b e s t r e a l i z e h i s i d e a s a n d t e c h n i q u e s. T h e v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s R u s k i n s u g g e s t s f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g t r u t h a r e : c h i a r o s c u r o, e m p l o y e d s o a s t o l e t s h a d o w e n f o r c e t h e b r i g h t n e s s o f l i g h t a n d v i c e v e r s a ; f o r m i s m o s t i m p o r t a n t a n d c o l o u r s, g r a d a t i o n s a n d t o n e s f o l l o w. C h i a r o s c u r o m a k e s f o r m d i s t i n c t, a n d l o c a l c o l o u r s m a k e t h e p i c t u r e g l o w i n Tu r n e r s p a i n t i n g. C h a p t e r s 3 t o 7 o f m y t h e s i s t a k e u p H a r d y s m a j o r n o v e l s a n d i n v e s t i g a t e t h e m i n t e r m s o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s : T h e R e t u r n o f t h e N a t i v e i n C h a p t e r 3, i n w h i c h c h i a r o s c u r o h i g h l i g h t s h u m a n s l i v i n g u n d e r t h e a b s o l u t e p o w e r o r i n f l u e n c e o f n a t u r e ; T h e M a y o r o f C a s t e r b r i d g e c o n s i d e r e d i n C h a p t e r 4 i s a b o u t a m a n o f c h a r a c t e r w h o l i v e s i n a t r a n s i t i o n a l p e r i o d, h i s life b e i n g i n f l u e n c e d b y h i s t e m p e r a n d t h e i r r e p a r a b l e s a l e o f 4
8 h i s w i f e ; Te s s o f t h e D U r b e r v i l l e s i n C h a p t e r 5 i s a b o u t a p u r e w o m a n w h o f a l l s v i c t i m t o t h e m o r a l s o f t h e s o c i e t y i n w h i c h s h e l i v e s ; J u d e t h e O b s c u r e i n C h a p t e r 6 i s c e n t r e d o n J u d e, h a r b i n g e r o f t h e c o m i n g a g e i n h i s v i e w, w h o i s b u f f e t e d b y a s o c i e t y a n d s o c i a l s y s t e m w h i c h i s b e c o m i n g o b s o l e t e ; a n d T h e We l l - B e l o v e d i n C h a p t e r 7 i s a b o u t t h e l i f e s t o r y o f a s c u l p t o r i n p u r s u i t o f h i s w e l l - b e l o v e d. T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o w s t h a t i n a l l t h e n o v e l s c h i a r o s c u r o, c o l o u r, r e d i n p a r t i c u l a r, a n d g r a d a t i o n s o f c o l o u r h a v e f u n c t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c e r t a i n i m p r e s s i o n s o r i d e a s, t h o u g h t h e i m a g e e a c h t e c h n i q u e o r c o l o u r c r e a t e s i s d i f f e r e n t. I n o t h e r w o r d s, H a r d y e m p l o y s t h e v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s J o h n R u s k i n s u g g e s t s a n d a p p l i e s t h e m t o n o v e l w r i t i n g, a s w e l l a s t h e i d e a o f c o n v e y i n g h i s i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e w o r l d t o t h e r e a d e r t h r o u g h t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s. To a p p l y t h e p a i n t e r s v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s t o n o v e l w r i t i n g i s w h a t H a r d y a i m e d a t. H e a p p l i e d s u c h t e c h n i q u e s t o l a n d s c a p e d e s c r i p t i o n a n d a l s o t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f his c h a r a c t e r s, a n d t h e i m p r e s s i o n h e i n t e n d s t o c o n v e y i s t h u s r e i n f o r c e d o r i n t e n s i f i e d. T h i s l e a d s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t J o h n R u s k i n s t h e o r y o f p a i n t i n g h a d g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e w a y H a r d y t h o u g h t a b o u t n o v e l w r i t i n g a n d t h a t h e e m p l o y e d t h e v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s o f p a i n t i n g i n t h e w a y p r o p o s e d b y R u s k i n a n d a p p l i e d t h e m t o h i s n o v e l s i n t h e f o r m o f w o r d p a i n t i n g o f h i s o w n. 5
9 C h a p t e r 1 H a r d y a n d V i s u a l A r t I T h i s c h a p t e r c o n s i s t s o f t w o p a r t s : f i r s t, a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e b a c k g r o u n d t o H a r d y s i d e a s o n l i t e r a t u r e a n d p a i n t i n g a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s a n d s e c o n d, a r e v i e w o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o n H a r d y s w o r k s, t h e n o v e l s i n p a r t i c u l a r, f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f v i s u a l a r t ( p a i n t i n g ). To u n d e r s t a n d a n d c l a r i f y H a r d y s u s e o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s, i t s n e c e s s a r y t o s t u d y w h y h e c a m e t o a d o p t t h e m a n d h o w. To s t u d y t h e s e m e a n s t o i d e n t i f y H a r d y s t h o u g h t s o r i d e a s a b o u t t h e m. N e x t, I w i l l r e v i e w p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o n H a r d y s v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s a n d d i s c u s s t h e p r o b l e m s w h i c h r e m a i n u n i l l u m i n a t e d. T h e d i s c u s s i o n c o n t i n u e s i n C h a p t e r 2, w h i c h t a k e s u p Tu r n e r s p a i n t i n g a n d R u s k i n s M o d e r n P a i n t e r s, s i n c e t h e y e x e r t e d g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o n H a r d y s v i e w o f p a i n t i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e a n d p l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f h i s i d e a s a b o u t a d o p t i n g Tu r n e r e s q u e v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s in h i s n o v e l s. 1 I w i l l t o u c h o n t h e b a c k g r o u n d to h i s i d e a s h e r e s i n c e i t p r o v i d e s t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r h i s w o r k s. I n his b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l w o r k s a n d l e t t e r s, h e c o m m e n t s o n b o t h p a s t E u r o p e a n p a i n t e r s a n d p a i n t i n g s, a n d o n h i s o w n c o n t e m p o r a r i e s. F r o m e a r l y i n h i s y o u t h, h e c o m e s i n c o n t a c t w i t h E u r o p e a n a r t, i t s h i s t o r y a n d R u s k i n s M o d e r n P a i n t e r s. I n h e w r i t e s, q u o t i n g t h e n a m e s o f l e a d i n g E u r o p e a n p a i n t e r s, M y a r t i s t o i n t e n s i f y t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h i n g s, a s i s d o n e b y C r i v e l l i, B e l l i n i, e t c., s o t h a t 6
10 t h e h e a r t a n d i n n e r m e a n i n g i s m a d e v i v i d l y v i s i b l e ( T h e E a r l y L i f e o f T h o m a s H a r d y, h e r e a f t e r E a r l y L i f e, ). 2 This r e m a r k s h o w s h i s i n t e r e s t i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s a n d t e c h n i q u e s o f p a i n t i n g t o l i t e r a t u r e, p r o s e a n d p o e t r y. I n O c t o b e r o f t h e s a m e y e a r, h e w r i t e s t h a t t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f t h e i m p r e s s i o n i s t s c h o o l o f a r t w i l l p o s s i b l y p r o v i d e i d e a s f o r n o v e l - w r i t i n g : A t t h e S o c i e t y o f B r i t i s h A r t i s t s t h e r e i s g o o d t e c h n i q u e i n a b u n d a n c e ; b u t i d e a s f o r s u b j e c t s a r e l a c k i n g. T h e i m p r e s s i o n i s t s c h o o l i s s t r o n g. I t i s e v e n m o r e s u g g e s t i v e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f l i t e r a t u r e t h a n i n t h a t o f a r t B u t t h e i r principle i s, a s I u n d e r s t a n d i t, t h a t w h a t y o u c a r r y a w a y w i t h y o u f r o m a s c e n e i s t h e t r u e f e a t u r e t o g r a s p ; o r i n o t h e r w o r d s, w h a t a p p e a l s t o y o u r o w n i n d i v i d u a l e y e a n d h e a r t i n p a r t i c u l a r a m i d m u c h t h a t d o e s n o t s o a p p e a l, a n d w h i c h y o u t h e r e f o r e o m i t t o r e c o r d. ( E a r l y L i f e 241) H a r d y s r e m a r k s o n a r t i s t s a n d i m p r e s s i o n i s m o b v i o u s l y i n d i c a t e h i s a w a r e n e s s o f a n d c o n c e r n f o r b o t h p a i n t i n g a n d n o v e l w r i t i n g, w h i c h h a v e p r i n c i p l e s a n d t e c h n i q u e s i n c o m m o n. 3 H e a l s o s t r e s s e s t h a t t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f t h i n g s w h i c h s t r i k e s a n a r t i s t i s w h a t h e h a s t o t a k e u p a n d c o n v e y t o t h e r e a d e r. A c c o r d i n g t o T h e E a r l y Ye a r s o f T h o m a s H a r d y , h i s i n t e r e s t in a n d i n s i g h t i n to p a i n t i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e d e v e l o p e d i n h i s y o u t h. I n , h e m o v e d t o L o n d o n a t t h e a g e o f 2 2 i n o r d e r t o w o r k u n d e r a r e n o w n e d a r c h i t e c t, A r t h u r B l o o m f i e l d. T h e r e h e u s e d t o s p e n d t i m e i n t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y s t u d y i n g t h e h i s t o r y 7
11 o f p a i n t i n g b y h i m s e l f. I n o n e o f h i s l e t t e r s a d d r e s s e d t o h i s s i s t e r, h e w r i t e s t h a t h e h a s t o m a k e a c o m m e n t o n w h a t s o m e o n e h e i d e n t i f i e s a s P. S. r e a d s, n a m e l y, e x t r a c t s f r o m R u s k i n s M o d e r n P a i n t e r s ( E a r l y L i f e 5 0 ). T h i s i n c i d e n t s h o w s t h a t i n h i s t w e n t i e s h e h a d a l r e a d y c o m e i n c o n t a c t w i t h R u s k i n s r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e a s o n p a i n t i n g w h i c h f i r s t a p p e a r e d i n W h e n H a r d y b e g a n t o t h i n k a b o u t w r i t i n g p r o s e, h e c o m p a r e d i t t o a p a i n t e r s w o r k ( E a r l y L i f e 62). B e f o r e h e d e c i d e d t o w r i t e p r o s e a s a p r o f e s s i o n, h e f i r s t c o n c e n t r a t e d o n r e a d i n g p o e t r y, t h i n k i n g t h e e s s e n c e o f i m a g i n a t i v e a n d e m o t i o n a l l i t e r a t u r e t o be in v e r s e ( E a r l y L i f e 64). H e m u s t h a v e a l r e a d y p e r c e i v e d a t t h i s s t a g e t h a t p a i n t i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e h a v e m e a n s a n d i d e a s i n c o m m o n, a n d a s f o r t h e h e a r t o f a r t h e w r i t e s, T h e p o e t r y o f a s c e n e v a r i e s w i t h t h e m i n d s o f t h e p e r c e i v e r. I n d e e d, i t d o e s n o t lie i n t h e s c e n e a t a l l ( E a r l y L i f e 6 6 ). H e h a s a l r e a d y r e a l i z e d t h a t w h a t i s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e p o e t r y o f a s c e n e i s t h e s u b j e c t i v e v i e w o f a p o e t. H e a l s o l e f t a n i n s i g h t f u l c o m m e n t a b o u t a v i t a l t r u t h i n w r i t i n g : H o w o f t e n w e s e e a v i t a l t r u t h f l u n g a b o u t c a r e l e s s l y w r a p t i n a c o m m o n p l a c e s u b j e c t, w i t h o u t t h e s l i g h t e s t c o n c e p t i o n o n t h e s p e a k e r s p a r t t h a t h i s w o r d s c o n t a i n a n u n s m e l t e d - t r e a s u r e ( E a r l y L i f e 63). J u d g i n g f r o m t h e s e, i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t h e w a s a l r e a d y w e l l - v e r s e d b o t h in p a i n t i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e a n d h a d d e v e l o p e d h i s o w n i d e a s o f a r t b y s t u d y i n g p a i n t i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e. H i s i d e a s s e e m t o r e m i n d u s o f R u s k i n s t h o u g h t, t o b e d i s c u s s e d i n 8
12 C h a p t e r 2 t h a t p a i n t i n g i s l i k e a n e x p r e s s i v e l a n g u a g e a n d t h e g r e a t n e s s o f a p a i n t e r a n d a p o e t i s d e t e r m i n e d b y w h a t i s r e p r e s e n t e d a n d s a i d ( T h e Wo r k s o f J o h n R u s k i n, h e r e a f t e r R u s k i n, v o l ). I t i s n o w o n d e r t h a t H a r d y, w h o h a d b e c o m e f a m i l i a r w i t h p a i n t i n g a n d p o e t r y a n d R u s k i n s M o d e r n P a i n t e r s, c a m e u p w i t h t h e i d e a o f e m p l o y i n g t h e v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s o f p a i n t i n g i n w r i t i n g p r o s e q u i t e e a r l y i n h i s l i f e, w h e n h e s t a r t e d w r i t i n g. II M a n y c r i t i c s r e f e r t o H a r d y s i n t e r e s t i n p a i n t i n g a n d s o m e m a k e a n a t t e m p t t o i d e n t i f y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a i n t i n g o n h i s w o r k s. E v e l y n H a r d y i n h e r a r t i c l e, Thomas H a r d y a n d Tu r n e r T h e P a i n t e r s E y e, ( ) w r i t e s : T h i s a w a r e n e s s, t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n o f, a n d a t t e m p t t o d e p i c t i n t h e w o r d s t h e e f f e c t s o f l i g h t a n d c o l o u r o r t h e l a c k o f b o t h b e c a m e a l i f e l o n g p r e o c c u p a t i o n. ( T h o m a s H a r d y C r i t i c a l A s s e s s m e n t, h e r e a f t e r T H C A, 463) S h e c o n t i n u e s : t h e n u m b e r o f p a i n t e r s a l l u d e d t o b y h i m c o m e s t o m o r e t h a n s i x t y, r a n g i n g t h r o u g h t h e I t a l i a n, F r e n c h, D u t c h, S p a n i s h a n d E n g l i s h S c h o o l s i n h i s p r o s e Tu r n e r i s t h e o n l y o n e t o b e m e n t i o n e d t w i c e b y n a m e i n h i s n o v e l s ( T H C A 465). T h e s e f a c t s s h o w t h a t h e w a s q u i t e s u f f i c i e n t l y w e l l - i n f o r m e d a b o u t p a i n t i n g a n d p a i n t e r s t o b e a b l e t o i n t r o d u c e t h e m i n t o h i s n o v e l s, c o n s i d e r i n g t h e e f f e c t s t h e s e i m a g e s c r e a t e. O n e o f t h e s e 9
13 c a s e s i s t h e s c e n e f r o m T h e M a y o r o f C a s t e r b r i d g e w h e r e S u s a n a n d E l i z a b e t h J a n e t a k e p a r t i n t h e d a n c e p l a n n e d b y F a r f r a e a n d s e e h i m d a n c i n g : A m o n g t h e r e s t o f t h e o n l o o k e r s w e r e E l i z a b e t h a n d h e r m o t h e r t h e f o r m e r t h o u g h t f u l y e t m u c h i n t e r e s t e d, h e r e y e s b e a m i n g w i t h a l o n g i n g l i n g e r i n g l i g h t, a s i f N a t u r e h a d b e e n a d v i s e d b y C o r r e g g i o i n t h e i r c r e a t i o n. ( T h e M a y o r o f C a s t e r b r i d g e 104) H a r d y c i t e s t h e I t a l i a n p a i n t e r C o r r e g g i o ( ) w h o s e p e c u l i a r s u b t l e c h i a r o s c u r o e f f e c t s i m p r e s s e d H a r d y a s h e w r i t e s i n h i s S c h o o l o f P a i n t i n g n o t e b o o k ( ). C o r r e g g i o i s t a k e n u p t o i n t e n s i f y a n d d e p i c t t h e l i g h t in E l i z a b e t h - J a n e s e y e s. T h e c r i t i c a l w o r k s o n H a r d y s v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s c a n b e c a t e g o r i z e d r o u g h l y i n t o t w o g r o u p s, a s t h e y f o c u s o n d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f h i s p i c t o r i a l i s m : t h e g r o u p d e a l i n g m a i n l y w i t h p i c t o r i a l e x p r e s s i o n s i n h i s n o v e l s a n d t h e o t h e r g r o u p w h o s e f o c u s i s o n t h e p r o c e s s o f f o r m a t i o n o f v i s u a l s t r u c t u r e s a n d p a t t e r n i n g. A l i s t a i r S m a r t ( ), N. Ay u z a w a ( ), D a v i d L o d g e ( ) a n d J o a n G r u n d y ( ) d i s c u s s t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p a i n t i n g o n H a r d y s n o v e l s f r o m t h e v i e w p o i n t o f p i c t o r i a l i s m i n p a r t i c u l a r. 4 I n t h e a r t i c l e, P i c t o r i a l I m a g e r y i n t h e N o v e l s o f T h o m a s H a r d y, S m a r t m a i n l y d e a l s w i t h v i s u a l i z a t i o n o f p e o p l e a n d s c e n e s i n H a r d y s w o r k s a n d c o n s i d e r s t h a t H a r d y s i n t e r e s t i n p a i n t i n g i s s e e n i n h i s p i c t o r i a l i s m. H e f o c u s e s o n H a r d y s d e s c r i p t i o n s o f p e o p l e a n d s c e n e s w h i c h a r e a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e 10
14 n a m e s o f p a i n t e r s a n d p a i n t i n g s a n d w r i t e s t h a t t h e s e d e s c r i p t i o n s e v o k e i m a g e s o f t h e e f f e c t H a r d y i s a i m i n g a t. I n S m a r t s v i e w, t h e n a m e s o f p a i n t i n g s a n d p a i n t e r s, t o g e t h e r w i t h H a r d y s e l a b o r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n o f p e o p l e o r s c e n e s s u c c e e d e x q u i s i t e l y i n e v o k i n g v i s u a l i m a g e s i n t h e r e a d e r s m i n d. A c c o r d i n g t o h i m, t h e p o r t r a i t u r e, p e r s p e c t i v e, r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d t e c h n i c a l t e r m s o f p i c t o r i a l a r t t h a t H a r d y e m p l o y s i n h i s n o v e l s a r e c l e a r e v i d e n c e o f h i s u s e o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s. H e g i v e s a s a n e x a m p l e t h e p a s s a g e s o n d a r k n e s s i n t h e s e t t i n g o f h i s l y r i c, T h e D a r k l i n g T h r u s h a n d i n s e v e r a l e a r l i e r p a s s a g e s o f t h e p r o s e. H e w r i t e s t h a t w e d i s c o v e r t h e i m a g e r y o f w h a t w e m a y t h i n k o f a s t h e t y p i c a l l y H a r d y e s q u e l a n d s c a p e, o m i n o u s, d e s o l a t e, a n d e s s e n t i a l l y i n i m i c a l t o m a n. H e c o n t i n u e s, i n t r o d u c i n g p a i n t e r s n a m e s : T h i s H a r d y e s q u e l a n d s c a p e m a y p e r h a p s c a l l t o m i n d t h e l a n d s c a p e s o f R u i s d a e l a n d R e m b r a n d t, a n d t h e r e c a n b e n o d o u b t t h a t i t s d e v e l o p m e n t i n H a r d y s h a n d s w a s i n t i m a t e l y b o u n d u p w i t h h i s v i e w s o n t h e a r t o f l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t i n g. H a r d y, i n d e e d, h a d t h e e y e o f a p a i n t e r ; d r a w i n g t h e o u t l i n e s o f h i s f o r m s a s c o n s c i o u s l y a s h e f i l l e d t h e m w i t h s u b s t a n c e a n d w i t h c o l o u r ; g i v i n g t h e m t h e i r p r o p e r t e x t u r e a n d l i g h t i n g ; f i x i n g t h e m f i r m l y i n a d e f i n i t e s p a c e ; a n d r e l a t i n g t h e m i n s c a l e t o t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s. ( S m a r t ) H e r e, S m a r t r e l a t e s H a r d y s l a n d s c a p e d e s c r i p t i o n t o p a i n t i n g s b y t h e D u t c h l a n d s c a p e p a i n t e r, J a c o b v a n R u i s d a e l, a n d b y R e m b r a n d t, a n d t o H a r d y s v i e w o n t h e a r t o f l a n d s c a p e p a i n t i n g, 11
15 a n d t h e n c o n c l u d e s t h a t H a r d y s d e s c r i p t i o n s r e f l e c t h i s e y e o f a p a i n t e r. I n o t h e r w o r d s, a c c o r d i n g t o S m a r t, H a r d y d e p i c t s l a n d s c a p e a s i f h e w a s p a i n t i n g a l a n d s c a p e. 5 I m p r e s s i o n i s a w o r d a l l t h e c r i t i c s n o t e a s i m p o r t a n t i n H a r d y s a r t. S m a r t c o n s i d e r s i m p r e s s i o n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i m a g e s c o n v e y e d b y p i c t u r e s o f g r e a t a r t i s t s a n d t h e p i c t o r i a l d e f i n i t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s. H e g i v e s a n e x a m p l e : t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f L u c e t t a Te m p l e m a n i n T h e M a y o r o f C a s t e r b r i d g e, w h i c h, h e w r i t e s, r e m i n d s u s o f a T i t i a n o f t h e R a p e o f E u r o p a o r t h e B a c c h a n a l o r e v e n G i o r g i o n e s D r e s d e n Ve n u s. 6 S m a r t a t t r i b u t e s t h i s k i n d o f d e s c r i p t i o n t o H a r d y s u s e o f h i s k n o w l e d g e o f a r t a n d t o h i s e x p e r i m e n t s i n p i c t o r i a l d e f i n i t i o n u s i n g t h e w o r k s o f g r e a t a r t i s t s. S m a r t t h i n k s p i c t o r i a l d e s c r i p t i o n a n d t h e n a m e s o f p a i n t e r s t h u s e m p l o y e d m a k e H a r d y s d e s c r i p t i o n m o r e i m p r e s s i v e, a n d t h e i m a g e s c o m i n g f r o m p i c t o r i a l d e f i n i t i o n c o n v e y t h e i m p r e s s i o n, e v e n t h e n a t i o n a l i t y, o f a p a r t i c u l a r a r t i s t. I t i s t r u e t h a t t h i s k i n d o f p i c t o r i a l i s m e v o k e s r e l e v a n t v i s u a l i m a g e s o f f i g u r e s o r s c e n e s w i t h p a i n t i n g s f o r r e a d e r s f a m i l i a r w i t h p a i n t i n g s o r p a i n t e r s a n d h e l p t o g i v e t h e m c e r t a i n i m p r e s s i o n s a b o u t a n o v e l a s a w h o l e. T h e p r o b l e m a r i s e s, h o w e v e r, t h a t u n l e s s o n e i s f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e p a i n t e r s w h o a p p e a r i n H a r d y s n o v e l s, t h e d e s c r i p t i o n h a r d l y r e m i n d s o n e o f a n y t h i n g. I n c a s e t h e p a i n t e r s n a m e o r t h e p a i n t i n g i s n o t k n o w n t o t h e r e a d e r, n o t o n l y i s i t i m p o s s i b l e f o r 12
16 h i m t o a s s o c i a t e t h e d e s c r i p t i o n w i t h t h e p i c t u r e ; t h e a l l u s i o n i t s e l f m a y b e c o m e a n u i s a n c e. I n t h i s s e n s e, a l l u s i o n s t o p a i n t e r s a n d p a i n t i n g s m e a n n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h a t H a r d y s d e s c r i p t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s a n d n a t u r e i s d e t a i l e d a n d i m a g e - e v o k i n g o r p i c t u r e s q u e t o t h o s e f a m i l i a r w i t h p a i n t e r s a n d p a i n t i n g s. A c c o r d i n g l y, t h i s a r t i s t i c t e c h n i q u e o f p i c t o r i a l i s m t h r o u g h g i v i n g t h e n a m e s o f p a i n t e r s a n d p a i n t i n g s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a u n i v e r s a l l y a v a i l a b l e i m a g e - c r e a t i n g t e c h n i q u e w h i c h a n y r e a d e r c a n u n d e r s t a n d. A n d t h e i m p r e s s i o n c r e a t e d b y t h e p a i n t e r s a n d p a i n t i n g b e c o m e s s i m i l a r t o t h e i m p r e s s i o n o f a p a r t i c u l a r p a i n t i n g o r p a i n t e r n a m e d i n a H a r d y s n o v e l, d e r i v i n g f r o m t h e l i m i t e d i m a g e o f t h e f i g u r e o r t h e s c e n e i n a p a i n t i n g. T h i s t y p e o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e i s s i m p l e, y e t n o t c r e a t i v e e n o u g h, s i n c e t h e i m a g e c r e a t e d i s d i r e c t l y t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m t h a t o f a p a i n t i n g o r p a i n t e r. I n p a i n t i n g, f o r m, l i n e, c o l o u r a r e u s u a l l y r e q u i r e d a s a m e a n s o f e x p r e s s i o n. A s t o c o l o u r, S m a r t b r i e f l y m e n t i o n s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f H a r d y s a w a r e n e s s o f t h e c o l o u r - t h e o r i e s o f m e n l i k e R o o d a n d C h e v r e u l, w h i c h h e w r i t e s, w e r e t o h a v e s o m e i n f l u e n c e o n I m p r e s s i o n i s m. T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t H a r d y h a s a n i n t e r e s t i n c o l o r a n d c o l o u r t h e o r y. 7 F u r t h e r m o r e, S m a r t m a k e s a c o m m e n t o n H a r d y s u n i q u e s k i l l w i t h p i c t o r i a l a l l u s i o n w h i c h i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p s y c h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e i n Te s s o f t h e D U r b e r v i l l e s, a n d o n h i s s k i l l a t p a i n t i n g i n w o r d s p i c t u r e s o f g r e a t a r t i s t s f o r d r a m a t i c e f f e c t. S m a r t s c o m m e n t s o n t h e s e e f f e c t s s h o w t h a t h e 13
17 r e c o g n i z e s t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e a r t o f p a i n t i n g t o o t h e r f u n c t i o n s o r e f f e c t s s u c h a s p s y c h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e i n a c h a r a c t e r a n d d r a m a t i c e f f e c t i n t h e n o v e l s. He a l s o d r a w s a t t e n t i o n t o H a r d y s c o n s c i o u s u s e o f l i g h t t o i l l u m i n a t e t h e i m a g e o f a f a c e o r a n o b j e c t a t s o m e p a r t i c u l a r d r a m a t i c m o m e n t i n t h e s t o r y o r t o h i g h l i g h t a s c e n e o r c h a r a c t e r a t s o m e c r u c i a l m o m e n t. H e c o n n e c t s t h i s t e c h n i q u e w i t h v i s u a l i m p r e s s i o n, c o m m e n t i n g t h a t t h e s e s c e n e s m a k e a v i s u a l i m p r e s s i o n t h r o u g h i m a g e s. H e a l s o n a m e s t h e p a i n t e r s, f o r e x a m p l e, R e m b r a n d t a s a l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t e r, a n d R u i s d a e l, H o b b e m a, t h e I m p r e s s i o n i s t s a n d Tu r n e r a s p a i n t e r s w h o i n f l u e n c e d h i s v i s i o n o f N a t u r e. 8 A b o u t H a r d y s u s e o f I m p r e s s i o n i s t t h e o r y h e w r i t e s : A n y d o u b t t h a t t h e e a r l i e r r e f e r e n c e i n t h e j o u r n a l m i g h t h a v e r a i s e d a b o u t t h e c o m p l e t e n e s s o f H a r d y s u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f I m p r e s s i o n i s m m u s t b e d i s p e l l e d b y t h i s p a s s a g e f r o m T h e Wo o d l a n d e r s, i n w h i c h s o t e l l i n g a u s e i s m a d e o f o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l c a n o n s o f I m p r e s s i o n i s t t h e o r y t h a t a l l f o r m s l y i n g o u t s i d e t h e i m m e d i a t e f o c u s o f g a z e a r e i n e v i t a b l y b l u r r e d a n d i n d i s t i n c t, a n d t h a t i t i s t h e r e f o r e l e g i t i m a t e f o r t h e p a i n t e r, h a v i n g s e l e c t e d h i s f o c a l p o i n t, t o t r e a t t h e m a s s u c h ( n o t o f c o u r s e t h a t t h i s p r i n c i p l e, w h i c h i n v o l v e s o b v i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s i n p r a c t i c e, w a s c o n s i s t e n t l y a d o p t e d b y t h e I m p r e s s i o n i s t s a s a w h o l e ) I n Te s s, f o r e x a m p l e, h e d e s c r i b e s h i s h e r o i n e a t o n e p o i n t a s b e i n g i n a d r e a m w h e r e i n f a m i l i a r o b j e c t s a p p e a r e d a s h a v i n g l i g h t a n d s h a d e a n d p o s i t i o n, b u t n o p a r t i c u l a r o u t l i n e. ( S m a r t ) S m a r t a t t r i b u t e s t h e r i c h n e s s a n d e v o c a t i v e n e s s o f H a r d y s i m a g e r y t o t h e n a t u r a l f r u i t s o f e x c e p t i o n a l p o w e r s o f 14
18 o b s e r v a t i o n a n d a l s o t o h i s p e r c e p t i v e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d p r o f o u n d k n o w l e d g e o f t h e v i s u a l a r t s. H i s a p p r a i s a l i s c h i e f l y b a s e d u p o n t h e d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f H a r d y s p i c t o r i a l a l l u s i o n t o, a n d i m a g e r y f r o m, a v a r i e t y o f p a i n t i n g s. I n c o n c l u s i o n, h e s e e m s t o h a v e d i s m i s s e d t h e e s s e n t i a l e f f e c t s H a r d y i n t e n d s, d e s p i t e h i s a l l u s i o n t o t h e e f f e c t o f l i g h t. H i s a s s e s s m e n t, h o w e v e r, t h r o w s l i g h t o n o n e a s p e c t o f H a r d y s v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s. I t s e e m s t o f o c u s o n r a n d o m i n d i v i d u a l i m a g e s, s e p a r a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s f r o m t h e h e a r t o f t h e a r t. W h a t H a r d y m a i n l y a i m e d a t s e e m s t o b e s o m e t h i n g m o r e e s s e n t i a l, a s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d l a t e r. A s a n o v e l i s t v e r s e d i n p a i n t i n g, H a r d y m u s t h a v e p e r c e i v e d t h e e s s e n t i a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n a r t i n t h e n o v e l a n d i n p a i n t i n g. A c c o r d i n g l y, w e w i l l p u r s u e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p a i n t i n g a n d p r o s e, i n o t h e r w o r d s, w h a t a s p e c t o f p a i n t i n g i n f l u e n c e d H a r d y i n h i s n o v e l w r i t i n g a n d h o w h e a p p l i e d p a i n t i n g t e c h n i q u e s t o t h e m a k i n g o f l i t e r a r y w o r k s o f p r o s e, l a t e r i n t h i s c h a p t e r a n d i n C h a p t e r 2. J o a n G r u n d y s a p p r o a c h i s s i m i l a r t o S m a r t s i n H a r d y a n d t h e S i s t e r A r t s ( ), b u t b o t h m o r e e x t e n s i v e a n d s t i l l l i m i t e d. W h a t s h e f o c u s e s o n i n p a r t i c u l a r i s o n e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f H a r d y s h a n d l i n g o f l i g h t, c o l o r a n d l i n e in p o r t r a y i n g c h a r a c t e r s, w h i c h s h e c o n c l u d e s c o m e s f r o m H a r d y s p a i n t e r l y e y e : H a r d y s c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s c e n e s i n h i s n o v e l s i n t o p i c t u r e s 15
19 b y m e a n s o f l i g h t a n d s h a d e a n d c o l o u r i s s u f f i c i e n t l y o b v i o u s a n d u b i q u i t o u s t o r e q u i r e n o s t r e s s i n g h e r e. I t i s p r o b a b l y t h e c h i e f m e a n s b y w h i c h d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e t r a n s m u t e d i n t o p i c t u r e s. E f f e c t s o f c h i a r o s c u r o a b o u n d i t i s t o w a r d s t h e r e a d e r s e y e t h a t t h e p i c t u r e i s p r i m a r i l y d i r e c t e d. T h u s i t i s i n t h e s e p a s s a g e s t h a t t h e p u r e l y p i c t o r i a l n a t u r e o f t h e w r i t i n g i s l i k e l y t o b e f e l t m o s t s t r o n g l y. ( G r u n d y 20) A s i n a g o o d p o r t r a i t, c h a r a c t e r i s c o m m u n i c a t e d t h r o u g h t h e d e f t h a n d l i n g o f l i g h t a n d c o l o u r a n d l i n e ; t h e l i g h t f a l l s f i t t i n g l y o n t h e f o r e h e a d o f t h i s c l e v e r y o u n g m a n w h o k n o w s h o w t o t u r n g r o w n w h e a t i n t o w h o l e s o m e w h e a t ; t h e v e l v e t - p i l e o r d o w n s u g g e s t s a n a l m o s t f e m i n i n e r e f i n e m e n t a n d d e l i c a c y, i n c o n t r a s t w i t h H e n c h a r d s s w a r t h i n e s s ( G r u n d y 4 2 ) S h e p o i n t s o u t t h a t s o c i a l r e a l i s m b e c o m e s a n i n g r e d i e n t o f H a r d y s a r t a f t e r T h e M a y o r o f C a s t e r b r i d g e, r e f e r r i n g t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f c h a r a c t e r s b e h a v i o r o r a t t i r e. T h u s s h e r e l a t e s H a r d y s v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s t o g e n r e p a i n t i n g. T h i s a p p r o a c h, l i k e S m a r t s, d o e s n o t g e t t o t h e e s s e n c e o f H a r d y s i d e a o f a r t, t h o u g h it m a y b e p o s s i b l e t o c h a r a c t e r i z e a n d c a t e g o r i z e H a r d y s d e s c r i p t i o n s o f f i g u r e s a n d l a n d s c a p e a s S m a r t a n d G r u n d y d o. B o t h S m a r t a n d G r u n d y p a y t o o m u c h a t t e n t i o n t o r e l a t i n g H a r d y s d e s c r i p t i o n s o f c h a r a c t e r s a n d l a n d s c a p e t o c e r t a i n p a i n t i n g s, p a i n t e r s, o r g e n r e s o f p a i n t i n g a n d d o n o t s e e w h a t u n d e r l i e s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s : H a r d y s i d e a o f a r t, n a m e l y, t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f p a i n t i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e. Tu r n e r s i n f l u e n c e, s h e c o n t i n u e s, c a n b e f o u n d i n H a r d y s d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e b a c k g r o u n d l a n d s c a p e a n d w e a t h e r w h i c h 16
20 i n v o l v e s m a i n l y l i g h t a n d s h a d e, c o l o u r, a n d a t m o s p h e r e : H i s p e a s a n t s, l i k e t h o s e o f B a r n e s a s h e d e s c r i b e s t h e m, l i v e a l i f e o f a b s o l u t e d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e m o o d s o f t h e a i r, e a r t h, a n d s k y. A l t h o u g h H a r d y s r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e s e m o o d s i s n o t e f f e c t e d b y m e a n s o f t h e p a i n t e r s ( o r l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t e r s ) a r t a l o n e, i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n i s, n e v e r t h e l e s s, o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e. I t i n v o l v e s m a i n l y l i g h t a n d s h a d e, c o l o u r, a n d a t m o s p h e r e. H a r d y s t r e a t m e n t o f t h e s e s h o w s h i m a s t h e d i s c i p l e o f m a n y m a s t e r s, t h e m o s t p e r v a s i v e b e i n g Tu r n e r. ( G r u n d y ) A s t h e q u o t a t i o n s h o w s, G r u n d y r e c o g n i z e s Tu r n e r s i n f l u e n c e o n H a r d y i n h i s u s e o f l i g h t, t h e so- c a l l e d Tu r n e r e s q u e e f f e c t s i n h i s n o v e l s. H e r c o m m e n t s o n Tu r n e r s i n f l u e n c e o n H a r d y s d e p i c t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r s a n d t h e b a c k g r o u n d t o t h e s t o r i e s, h o w e v e r, a r e n o t p e r s u a s i v e e n o u g h c o n c e r n i n g t h e c o n c r e t e e f f e c t s o r i m p r e s s i o n t h e t e c h n i q u e s c r e a t e. T h i s i s b e c a u s e i d e a s, t e c h n i q u e s a n d i m p r e s s i o n s a r e n o t w e l l d e f i n e d a n d t h e s y s t e m a t i c r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e m a r e n o t c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d. I t i s o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f H a r d y s a r t a n d n o v e l s t o d e f i n e n o t i o n s s u c h a s i m p r e s s i o n s, o r i d e a s, a n d t o r e v e a l t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s, c h i a r o s c u r o / c o l o r s a n d t h e s e n o t i o n s. D a v i d L o d g e i n T h o m a s H a r d y a s a C i n e m a t i c N o v e l i s t ( ) p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e r e i s a p a t t e r n o r a s t r u c t u r e i n h i s v i s u a l s t r u c t u r e s. 9 H e c o n s i d e r s H a r d y s v i s u a l e f f e c t s a s p a r t o f s o m e l a r g e r a e s t h e t i c a n d t h e m a t i c p a t t e r n, w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o 17
21 t h e r e l a t i o n o f h i g h l y v i s u a l i z e d d e s c r i p t i o n a n d i m p r e s s i o n o r v i e w p o i n t, p r o d u c t o f m o r e o r l e s s o r g a n i z e d v i s u a l s t r u c t u r e s : T h e r e c u r r e n t m o t i f i n T h e Wo o d l a n d e r s o f t h e i l l u m i n a t e d f i g u r e i n s i d e, o b s e r v e d b y a n u n o b s e r v e d o b s e r v e r o u t s i d e, s y m b o l i z e s t h e i m p e r f e c t u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d d e f e c t i v e c o m m u n i c a t i o n t h a t o b t a i n s b e t w e e n t h e m a i n c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e n o v e l ; j u s t a s t h e d i m i n u t i v e f i g u r e s o n t h e r i m o f a h u g e h o r i z o n t a l l a n d s c a p e i n T h e R e t u r n o f t h e N a t i v e s y m b o l i z e t h e v u l n e r a b i l i t y o f h u m a n c r e a t u r e s a n d t h e i n d i f f e r e n c e o f N a t u r e t o t h e i r a g o n i e s a n d e c s t a s i e s. ( T H C A, v o l. 4, ) T h e i d e a o f r e c u r r e n c e C r y s t a l r e f e r s t o i s a k e y n o t i o n f o r a s s o c i a t i n g a s c e n e w i t h a n i d e a. R e c u r r e n c e o f s o m e s c e n e, o r c o l o u r, f o r t h a t m a t t e r, w i t h a s i m i l a r o r t h e s a m e i d e a c a n b e p e r c e i v e d a s a p a t t e r n. A n e t w o r k o f p a t t e r n s l e a d s t o a n i d e a o r i m p r e s s i o n a s a w h o l e. To n y Ta n n e r s a t t e m p t t o p r o v e H a r d y s m a n i f e s t v i s i b i l i t y b y m e a n s o f t h e c o l o u r r e d i n Te s s o f t h e D U r b e r v i l l e s is s u g g e s t i v e. 10 A c c o r d i n g t o Ta n n e r, t h e i d e a s r e p r e s e n t e d b y p a t t e r n s c r e a t e a p e c u l i a r i m p r e s s i o n o f Te s s. H e f o c u s e s o n t h e c o l o u r r e d, a l o u d c o l o u r w h i c h i s r e c u r r e n t i n t h e s t o r y i n r e l a t i o n w i t h Te s s, a n d c l a r i f i e s i t s r o l e i n t h e s t o r y. W h a t h e d o e s i s t o e x a m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f r e d a n d Te s s a n d t o f i n d a p a t t e r n o f r e d a n d w h i t e, w h i c h h e p e r c e i v e s a s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o s e x a n d d e a t h. H e i s t h e o n l y c r i t i c w h o h a s p a i d a t t e n t i o n t o r e d a n d c l a r i f i e d t h e c o n s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n r e d a n d 18
22 w h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s. H i s v i e w i s : F o r a n a r t i s t a s v i s u a l l y s e n s i t i v e a s H a r d y, c o l o u r i s o f t h e f i r s t i m p o r t a n c e a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e, a n d t h e r e i s o n e c o l o u r w h i c h l i t e r a l l y c a t c h e s t h e e y e, a n d i s m e a n t t o c a t c h i t, t h r o u g h o u t t h e b o o k ( T H C A, v o l. 4, ). H e p e r c e i v e s t h a t t h e c o l o u r r e d i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Te s s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t o r y, a n d f i n d s p a t t e r n s o f r e d a n d w h i t e w h i c h h e c o n s i d e r s v i s i b l e o m e n s. H e p o i n t s o u t t h a t r e d a p p e a r s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f s e x a n d d e a t h. We c a n i n t e r p r e t w h a t h e c a l l s p a t t e r n a n d o m e n s a s c r e a t e d b y r e p e t i t i o n s o f i m a g e s w h i c h l e a d t o t w o k i n d s o f i d e a s o r i m p r e s s i o n s t h a t c h a r a c t e r i z e Te s s. H i s a n a l y s i s a l s o s u g g e s t s t h a t c h a n g e o f c o l o u r i s l i n k e d w i t h c h a n g e s i n t h e s t a t e o f t h i n g s o r of p e o p l e. C o n s e q u e n t l y, h e i d e n t i f i e s t h e r o l e t h a t c o l o u r r e d h a s i n t h e s t o r y, t h a t o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g Te s s a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e o f d e v e l o p i n g t h e s t o r y a n d m o v i n g i t f o r w a r d t o w a r d s i t s e n d. We s e e l a t e r t h a t h i s a n a l y s i s o f r e d b e a r s s o m e r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n s o f i m p r e s s i o n c r e a t e d b y a s e r i e s o f i m a g e s, s i n c e h e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g v i e w i n m i n d : t h e c o l o u r r e d r e p r e s e n t s s o m e i d e a o r i d e a s, w h i c h h e c o n s i d e r s, a c c u m u - l a t i o n o f v i s i b l e o m e n s ( T H C A, v o l. 4, ). J. B. B u l l e n t a k e s u p t h e w o r k s o f H a r d y i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y a n d d o e s a n e l a b o r a t e a n a l y s i s o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s i n H a r d y s n o v e l s. 11 H e p r e s e n t s a v a r i e t y o f i d e a s a b o u t H a r d y s v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s, a n d w r i t e s t h a t H a r d y m a k e s f u l l u s e o f p i c t o r i a l i s m, w h i c h i s t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e m e a n s f o r a n o v e l i s t. H e c o n s i d e r s t h a t 19
23 t h e w o r d p i c t o r i a l i s m h a s m a n y d i f f e r e n t m o d e s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n : I n e v i t a b l y, t h e s i n g l e m o s t h i g h l y o r g a n i z e d a n d t h e m o s t c a r e f u l l y s t r u c t u r e d v i s u a l e f f e c t o p e n t o t h e n o v e l i s t w a s p i c t o r i a l i s m, a n d H a r d y, w h o w a s w e l l v e r s e d i n t h e w a y s o f b o t h t h e d r a u g h t s m a n a n d p a i n t e r, f r e q u e n t l y a d o p t s p i c t o r i a l i s t t e c h n i q u e s P i c t o r i a l i s m i s n o t, h o w e v e r, a s i m p l e c a t e g o r y, a n d, t h o u g h i t i s o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l m e a n s o f v e r b a l - v i s u a l e f f e c t s i n f i c t i o n, i t h a s m a n y d i f f e r e n t m o d e s. ( J. B. B u l l e n 6 ) H e a t t r i b u t e s H a r d y s s u c c e s s i n v i s u a l i z a t i o n t o h i s u s e o f a v a r i e t y o f s o u r c e s o t h e r t h a n t h e n a m e s o f a r t i s t s o r p i c t u r e s, s u c h a s l i g h t, c o l o u r, p o r t r a i t s a n d u s e o f t h e t e r m i n o l o g y o f p a i n t i n g a n d a r t c r i t i c i s m s u c h a s p e r s p e c t i v e, f o r e g r o u n d a n d b a c k g r o u n d, a n d o f s o m e t w o h u n d r e d c o l o r w o r d s. H e s h o w s t h a t H a r d y m a k e s u s e o f m a n y d i f f e r e n t m o d e s o f p i c t o r i a l i s m t o p r o d u c e v e r b a l v i s u a l e f f e c t s. H e t a k e s u p m a n y d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s a n d e x p l a i n s i n d e t a i l t h e i r u s e s i n H a r d y s w o r k s. I n s h o r t, h e r e g a r d s t h e s o u r c e o f H a r d y s v i s u a l i z a t i o n a n d i m a g e s a s b e i n g a p i c t o r i a l i s m c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f H a r d y. A l t h o u g h h i s p o s i t i o n i s t h a t p i c t o r i a l i s m i s H a r d y s m a i n v i s u a l i z i n g t e c h n i q u e, h e a l l u d e s a l s o t o t h e s t r u c t u r e i n w h i c h i m a g e l e a d s t o a b s t r a c t i d e a s, a n d a l s o t o v i s u a l i z a t i o n, w i t h d r a m a t i c e f f e c t s : 20
24 H a r d y h i m s e l f w a s f u l l y c o n s c i o u s o f h i s v i s u a l p r o p e n s i t i e s : h e r e a l i z e d t h a t n o t o n l y d i d c h a r a c t e r s a n d s c e n e s p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s t o h i s m i n d a s p i c t u r e s, b u t t h a t e v e n a b s t r a c t i d e a s, c o n c e p t s, a n d m e n t a l p r o p o s i t i o n s c a m e t o h i m m o s t r e a d i l y i n t h e f o r m o f i m a g e s. ( J. B. B u l l e n 10) A l t h o u g h B u l l e n s a n a l y s i s c o v e r s a v a r i e t y o f t h e v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s t h a t p i c t o r i a l i s m i m p l i e s, a n d i t i s t r u e t h a t i t i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f H a r d y t h a t h e m a k e s u s e o f a v a r i e t y o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e, h i s e x t e n s i v e c o v e r a g e o f H a r d y s w o r k s, a n d t h e v a r i e t y o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s h e p o i n t s o u t a s H a r d y s, m a k e s h i s w o r k i n s i g h t f u l a n d v a l u a b l e f o r s t u d e n t s a n d r e s e a r c h e r s e n g a g e d i n t h e s t u d y o f H a r d y s v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s. T h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m a t i c r e l a t i o n o f v i s u a l i m a g e s t o a b s t r a c t i d e a s, h o w e v e r, i s n o t a d e q u a t e l y c l a r i f i e d i n h i s w o r k ; i n o t h e r w o r d s, h o w r e a l i t y, w h a t i s s e e n, s y s t e m a t i c a l l y r e p r e s e n t s t h e a b s t r a c t m e a n i n g i t c o m p r i s e s. H i s a n a l y s i s o f H a r d y s m a j o r n o v e l s i s t h o r o u g h a n d e x h a u s t i v e, a n d g i v e s a n o v e r a l l p i c t u r e o f H a r d y s u s e o f c h i a r o s c u r o a n d o f p o r t r a i t u r e a s a v e h i c l e f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g c h a r a c t e r s p s y c h o l o g i c a l m o v e m e n t s. H i s i d e a o f v i s u a l t e c h n i q u e s i n e a c h w o r k b e c o m e s a g o o d s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r u s t o b e g i n w i t h, l o o k a t a n d e x a m i n e. S o h i s v i e w s o n f i v e m a j o r n o v e l s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n c h a p t e r s 3 t o 7 t o s e e w h e t h e r t h e y a g r e e w i t h m i n e o r n o t. T h u s f a r, w e h a v e l o o k e d a t a v a r i e t y o f c r i t i c a l s t u d i e s a n d 21
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