INFORMATION TO USERS
|
|
- Aubrey Douglas
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original docum ent. While the m ost advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this docum ent have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.T h e sign or "target for pages apparently lacking from the docum ent photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you com plete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated w ith a large round black mark, it is an indication th at the photographer suspected th at the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite m ethod in "sectioning" the material. It is custom ary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections w ith a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again beginning below the first row and continuing on until com plete. 4. The majority of users indicate th at the textual content is of greatest value, however, a som ew hat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the O rder D epartm ent, giving the catalog num ber, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: -Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 N orth Z eeb R oad Ann Arbor, M ichigan 48106
2 76-10,044 SHAPIRO, Howard Neal, SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN POROUS MEDIA WITH APPLICATION TO SOIL WARMING WITH POWER PLANT WASTE HEAT. The Ohio State U n iv ersity, Ph.D., 1975 Engineering, mechanical Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan C o p y rig h t by- Howard N eal S h a p iro 1975 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN M ICROFILM ED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.
3 SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN POROUS MEDIA WITH APPLICATION TO SOIL WARMING WITH POWER PLANT WASTE HEAT DISSERTATION P re s e n te d i n P a r t i a l F u lf i llm e n t o f th e R equirem ents f o r th e D egree D o cto r o f P h ilo s o p h y i n th e G raduate S chool o f th e Ohio S ta te U n iv e r s ity By Howard N eal S h a p iro, B.S», M.Sc. * * * * * The Ohio S t a t e U n iv e r s ity 1975 R ead in g C om m ittees A pproved By M ich ael J. M oran, Chairm an C h a rle s D. Jo n e s Seppo A. K o rp e la W arren L. R o lle r / I A d v is e r D ep& rlpent o f M ech an ical I J e n g in e e rin g
4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would f i r s t l i k e t o acknow ledge my a d v is o r, P r o f e s s o r M ich ael J. M oran. H is p e r s o n a l s ta n d a r d s f o r e x c e lle n c e w i l l alw ays he an i n s p i r a t i o n to me. C e r t a in l y, t h i s work i s t h a t much b e t t e r f o r h i s e f f o r t s ; alw ays s t r i v i n g to b r in g o u t th e b e s t i n me. Too, he h as been my te a c h e r, my c o -w o rk e r, and my f r i e n d. I am p ro u d o f t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n. N ex t, I w ould l i k e to th a n k P r o f e s s o r W arren L. R o lle r f o r th e o p p o r tu n ity to w ork on th e p r o j e c t upon w hich t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n i s b a s e d. I would a l s o l i k e to e x p re s s my a p p r e c ia tio n f o r th e e f f o r t s t h a t he h as made on my b e h a lf. I g r a t e f u l l y acknow ledge th e s u p p o rt o f th e Ohio A g r i c u l t u r a l R e se a rc h and D evelopm ent C e n te r. I w ish to th a n k th e s p o n s o rs, th e A m erican E l e c t r i c Power Company, f o r fu n d in g th e p r o j e c t. I n a d d i tio n, I th a n k th e f a c u l t y, s t a f f, and s tu d e n ts o f th e M ech an ical E n g in e e rin g D epartm ent a t Ohio S ta te f o r a m o st m e a n in g fu l l e a r n in g e x p e rie n c e. F i n a l l y, to my w ife, L ee, who h as s a c r i f i c e d f a r more th a n I in o rd e r t h a t I co m p lete t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n, I g iv e my lo v e.
5 VITA May 13, 19^ Born - C le v e la n d, Ohio B.S., The Ohio S t a t e U n iv e r s ity R e se a rc h A s s o c ia te, D ep artm en t o f M ech an ical E n g in e e rin g, The Ohio S t a t e U n iv e r s ity, Colum bus, Ohio 1971 M.S c., The Ohio S t a t e U n iv e r s ity, C olum bus, Ohio T each in g A s s o c ia te, D ep artm en t o f M ech an ical E n g in e e rin g, The Ohio S ta te U n iv e r s ity, Colum bus, Ohio T e c h n ic a l A s s i s t a n t, The Ohio A g r i c u l t u r a l R e se a rc h an d D ev elopm ent C e n te r, W ooster, Ohio A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r, Iowa S ta te U n iv e r s ity, Ames, Iowa PUBLICATIONS "A V a ria b le Speed V -b e lt T ra n sm issio n w ith an A sy m m etrical B e l t," T ra n s. ASME, J. E ng. I n d., A u g u st, 1973* "D esig n E q u a tio n s f o r a Speed and Torque C o n tr o lle d V a r i a b le R a tio V -b e lt D riv e," T ra n s. SAE, P a p e r No »1973- FIELDS OF STUDY M ajor F i e l d : M ech an ical E n g in e e rin g S tu d ie s in Therm al S c ie n c e s. P r o f e s s o r M ic h ael J. Moran S tu d ie s in M achine D esig n. P r o f e s s o r s K en n eth G. Hornung and Ja ck C o llin s i i i
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... V IT A... LIST OF TABLES... LIST OF FIGURES NOMENCLATURE... Page i i i i i v i i i i x x i i C h a p te r 1. INTRODUCTION B ackground The T ra n s p o rt P ro b lem The D esig n P roblem P re v io u s S o il Warming S t u d i e s Time a s an In d e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le ^1* C lo s u re. c o o.. o o o.. g. o CONSTANT PROPERTY MODEL FOR SOIL TEMPERATURE I n tr o d u c tio n The C o n s ta n t P r o p e r ty M odel ^ P r e s e n ta tio n o f G ra p h ic a l R e s u l t s..... i c. t Q u a lita t iv e O b se rv a tio n s i E v a lu a tio n o f th e M odel... 33
7 C h a p te r 3. EQUATIONS FOR HEAT AND MASS TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA I n t r o d u c t i o n * 1.1 N a tu re o f th e P ro b le m Volume A v e ra g in g The C o n tin u ity E q u a tio n A The E n erg y Equation C o n s t i t u t i v e R e la tio n s h ip s * 5.1 P r e l i m i n a r i e s C o n s t i t u t i v e R e la t io n s h ip s S te a d y - S ta t e Form s o f th e G o v ern in g E q u a tio n s C lo s u r e. A. EVALUATION OF THE TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS FOR S O I L A.l I n t r o d u c t i o n A.2 E v a lu a tio n o f th e C o e f f i c i e n t s.... A.2.1 E v a lu a tio n o f th e ' s fro m T heory A.2.2 E m p ir ic a l E v a lu a tio n o f th e ' s. A.2.3 E v a lu a tio n o f th e K 's.... A.3 V a lid a tio n o f th e C o e f f i c i e n t s.... A.A Summary...
8 v i C h a p te r Page 5. VARIABLE PROPERTY MODEL FOR TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE I n t r o d u c t i o n D e s c r ip tio n o f th e N u m erical P roblem. 8^ P r e l i m i n a r i e s... 8^ The F i n i t e D iffe re n c e F o rm u la tio n E v a lu a tio n o f S o lu tio n T e c h n iq u e s ^ B oundary C o n d itio n s f o r S o i l W arming S o lu tio n o f th e N u m erical P ro b lem T e s tin g th e S o l u t i o n P r e s e n ta tio n o f Results Q u a lita t iv e O b s e rv a tio n s ^ S ig n if ic a n c e o f th e R e s u lts I l l 6. DISCUSSION OF SOIL WARMING... Ilk 6.1 Review o f O b je c tiv e s Ilk 6.2 M eetin g th e O b je c tiv e s C lo s u r e SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY Summary The T ra n s p o rt P roblem The D esig n P r o b l e m R ecom m endations f o r F u r th e r S tu d y C lo s in g C,omment ^
9 Page FOOTNOTES APPENDIX A. SOME USEFUL THEOREMS B. DERIVATION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS. lao C. COMPUTER SOLUTION OF THE FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY... 16k
10 LIST OF TABLES T able 1 B e s t Range f o r M eetin g : A g r i c u l tu r a l and Power P l a n t O b je c tiv e s 33 T able 2 C a lc u la tio n o f 72 T able 3 P a ra m e tric S tu d y o f th e M o istu re C o n te n t V a r ia tio n 106 T ab le I* M o istu re L e v e ls f o r Optimum Y ie ld o f S e v e ra l C rops i n S i l t Loam S o il 110 Page v i i i
11 LIST OF FIGURES F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re F ig u re 1.1 ) I n c r e a s e d y i e l d f o r p l a n t s i n n u t r i e n t b a th s a t d i f f e r e n t te m p e r a tu r e s. 2.1 ) L ay o u t o f a s o i l w arm ing sy ste m. 2.2 ) S o il w arm ing m odel. 2.3 ) V alu es o f th e r a d i c a l A 2-B 2 a s a f u n c tio n o f s and r. 2.4 ) D im e n sio n le ss w a te r te m p e ra tu re drop a s a f u n c tio n o f th e la y o u t p a r a m e te rs. 2.5 ) R oot sy stem s o f s e v e r a l c r o p s. 2.6 ) E x p e rim e n ta l v e r t i c a l te m p e ra tu re p r o f i l e a b o u t a b u rie d h e a t s o u rc e ) A x ia l v a r i a t i o n o f d im e n s io n le s s r o o t zone te m p e ra tu re 2.8 ) D im e n sio n le ss s o i l te m p e ra tu re a s a f u n c tio n o f th e la y o u t p a r a m e te rs. 2.9 ) D im e n sio n le ss s o i l te m p e ra tu re a s a f u n c tio n o f th e la y o u t p a r a m e te rs ) D im e n sio n le ss s o i l te m p e ra tu re a s a f u n c tio n o f th e la y o u t p a r a m e te rs ) C om parison o f c o n s ta n t p r o p e r ty m odel w ith e x p e rim e n ta l d a t a. 3.1 ) Volume e le m e n t i n a p o ro u s medium. 4.1 ) T h e o r e tic a l t r a n s p o r t c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r P a lo u s e s i l t loam. P ags IX
12 F ig u re (4.2 F ig u re (4.3 F ig u re ( 4.4 F ig u re (4.5 F ig u re (4.6 F ig u re (4.7 F ig u re (4.8 F ig u re (5»1 F ig u re (5.2 F ig u re (5-3 F ig u re (5*4 F ig u re (5-5 F ig u re (5*6 F ig u re (5-7 E x p e rim e n ta l and t h e o r e t i c a l tem p e r a t u r e and m o is tu re p r o f i l e s i n a o n e -d im e n sio n a l sam p le. T ra n s p o rt c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r m o is tu re in d u c e d flo w. T ra n s p o rt c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r te m p e ra t u r e in d u c ed flo w. Therm al c o n d u c tiv ity f o r s i l t loam s o i l a t 25 C. C a lc u la te d o n e -d im e n sio n a l te m p e ra tu r e and m o is tu re p r o f i l e s. C a lc u la te d o n e -d im e n sio n a l te m p e ra tu r e and m o is tu re p r o f i l e s. C a lc u la te d o n e -d im e n sio n a l te m p e ra tu r e and m o is tu re p r o f i l e s. S o il r e g io n f o r n u m e ric a l c a l c u l a t i o n s. V a ria b le p r o p e r ty m odel te m p e ra tu re s o l u t i o n f o r "uniform m o is tu re. V a ria b le p r o p e r ty m odel te m p e ra tu re s o l u t i o n. E x p e rim e n ta l v e r t i c a l e q u ilib r iu m m o is tu re c o n te n t a b o u t a b u r ie d p ip e sy stem. V a r ia b le p r o p e r ty m odel m o is tu re c o n te n t s o lu t io n f o r 0^= V a ria b le p r o p e r ty m odel m o is tu re c o n te n t s o l u t io n f o r 0^= V a ria b le p r o p e r ty m odel m o is tu re c o n te n t s o l u t i o n f o r 0^= Page
13 F ig u re ( 6. 1 ) Corn f i e l d w ith p ip e s i n p la c e. P age 118 F ig u re ( 6. 2 ) P o s s ib le s o lu t io n s f o r d im e n sio n - l e s s s o i l te m p e ra tu re. 119 F ig u re ( 6.3 ) P o s s ib le s o lu t i o n s f o r d im e n sio n l e s s v /a te r te m p e ra tu re d r o p F ig u re (B l) D iagram o f c a l c u l a t i o n a l g r i d. 1^7
14 NOMENCLATURE s c a l a r, v e c t o r, o r s e c o n d -o rd e r te n s o r q u a n t i t y a s s o c ia te d w ith th e i t h p h a se i n V s p e c i f i c h e a t o f w a te r (c a l/g m - C ) d e p th o f th e p ip e s (cm) c o e f f i c i e n t f o r te m p e ra tu re in d u c e d m o is tu re flow- (cm 2/day- C ) t r a n s p o r t c o e f f i c i e n t f o r te m p e ra tu re in d u c e d flo w (cm2/d a y - C ) c o e f f i c i e n t f o r m o is tu re in d u c e d m o is tu re flo w (cm2/d a y ) c o e f f i c i e n t f o r m o is tu re in d u c e d flo w (cm2/d a y ) e n th a lp y p e r u n i t m ass (c a l/g m ) d im e n s io n le s s v o lu m e tric f l u x v e r t i c a l u n i t v e c to r c o e f f i c i e n t f o r te m p e ra tu re in d u c e d e n e rg y flo w (cm2/d a y - C ) c o e f f i c i e n t f o r m o is tu re in d u c e d e n e rg y flo w (cm2/d a y - C ) le n g th o f th e p ip e s (Km) m ass flo w r a t e i n th e p ip e s (g m /s e c ) u n i t n o rm al v e c to r 2 c o n d u c tio n h e a t f l u x v e c to r (c a l/c m -d a y )
15 x i i i r R s s S Se.S 1,Sje fsw,s y t T d im e n s io n le s s p ip e r a d iu s p ip e r a d iu s (cm) d im e n s io n le s s p ip e s p a c in g pip s p a c in g (cm) s u r f a c e o f V p a r t i t i o n s o f S tim e s o i l te m p e ra tu re ( C) T j w a te r te m p e ra tu re a t sy stem i n l e t ( C ) T s s o i l s u r f a c e te m p e ra tu re ( C ) Tw w a te r te m p e ra tu re ( C) T^,Tg d im e n s io n le s s w a te r te m p e ra tu re s u i n t e r n a l e n e rg y p e r u n i t m ass (c a l/g m ) v V v e l o c i t y (cm /sec) a v e ra g in g volume volum e o f th e i t h p h ase V,J, x,y,z xfy,z e q u iv a le n t v a p o r volum e p o s i t i o n c o o r d in a te s d im e n s io n le s s p o s i t i o n c o o r d in a te s G reek Sym bols d im e n s io n le s s la y o u t p a ra m e te r v o lu m e tric m o is tu re c o n te n t
16 x iv <6> a v e ra g e r o o t zone m o is tu re c o n te n t 6 v o lu m e tric l i q u i d c o n te n t 9 e q u iv a le n t v o lu m e tric v a p o r c o n te n t * h y d r a u llic c o n d u c tiv ity (c m /sec) * th e rm a l c o n d u c tiv i ty (m c a l/c m -se c - C ) v e l o c i t y o f liq u id - v a p o r i n t e r f a c e P d e n s ity (gm/cm^) $ d im e n s io n le s s s o i l te m p e ra tu re << > d im e n s io n le s s m id f ie ld a v e ra g e r o o t zone c te m p e ra tu re S u b s c r ip ts JL v s T l i q u i d p h a se v a p o r p h a se s o l i d p h a se te m p e ra tu re in d u c ed 0 m o is tu re in d u c e d b (i»j) lo w e r b o u n d ary n o d a l p o i n t in d ic e s
17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 B ackground W ith m odern g e n e r a tin g p l a n t s em ploying ste am pow er c y c le s, a s i g n i f i c a n t f r a c t i o n o f th e e n e rg y r e le a s e d from th e f u e l i s u l t i m a t e l y r e j e c t e d to th e en v io rn m e n t by h e a t t r a n s f e r th ro u g h th e c o n d e n s e rs, A re v ie w o f p e r t i n e n t l i t e r a t u r e r e v e a l s t h a t many schem es have b ee n p ro p o se d f o r u t i l i z i n g unused th e rm a l e n e rg y. A t p r e s e n t th e co n s e n s u s i s t h a t few, i f an y, o f th e s e id e a s a p p e a r to be e c o n o m ic a lly d e s i r a b l e. B u t, a s e n e rg y s u p p lie s d w in d le, u s e s f o r w aste h e a t m ust n e c e s s a r i l y become more a t t r a c t i v e. The a w a re n e ss t h a t w aste h e a t i t s e l f may be a v a lu a b le r e s o u r c e i s r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t and i s b y no means w id e s p re a d. In th e p a s t th e c o n c e p t h a s b een d is c u s s e d a s, a t m o st, an i n t e r e s t i n g s i d e l i g h t when c o n s id e r in g th e p ro b lem o f how to d is p o s e o f la r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f warm c o n d e n se r w a te r.
18 2 I t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t th e u se o f th e rm a l e f f l u e n t h a s b een g iv e n su ch c u r s o r y c o n s id e r a tio n. The te m p era t u r e r i s e th ro u g h pow er p l a n t c o n d e n se rs i s i n th e 5 "to 15 C r a n g e. T h is r e p r e s e n t s a m inim al th e rm a l p o t e n t i a l, r e q u i r i n g a la r g e s u r f a c e a r e a to a f f e c t much e n e rg y. t r a n s f e r. W ith c o o lin g w a te r flo w s on th e o rd e r o f 500,000 g a llo n s p e r m in u te f o r a la r g e n u c le a r f a c i l i t y, th e r e a p p e a rs to be a g ra v e c a p a c ity m ism atch b etw een th e e n e rg y a v a i l a b l e i n c o o lin g w a te r and sy stem s t h a t m ig h t e x p l o i t a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n o f th e e n e rg y. Many have c o n c lu d e d, t h e r e f o r e, t h a t th e r e i s l i t t l e hope o f f in d in g a p r a c t i c a l u se f o r t h i s e n e rg y. These p o i n t s n o tw ith s ta n d in g, th e p o t e n t i a l v a lu e o f an y r e a l i s t i c and e f f i c i e n t u se f o r th e e n e rg y i n c o n d e n se r c o o lin g w a te r i s to o g r e a t to r e j e c t th e id e a a l t o g e t h e r. In d e e d, th e r e a r e a num ber o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s g o in g fo rw a rd, in v o lv in g c o n s id e r a b le in v e s tm e n ts o f tim e and money, w ith th e g o a l o f d e v e lo p in g w o rk ab le a l t e r n a t i v e s ; s e e f o r exam ple [ 2 ] and [36]. M oreover, t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n d e s c r i b e s an i n v e s t i g a t i o n aim ed a t s tu d y in g th e s im u lta n e o u s t r a n s f e r o f e n e rg y and m ass in p o ro u s m edia w ith a p p l i c a t i o n to a b u r ie d p ip e s o i l warm ing sy stem f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and f o r pow er p l a n t c o o lin g. The p rim a ry o b je c tiv e o f th e p r e s e n t s tu d y i s to d e te rm in e i f w aste h e a t can be e f f e c
19 3 t i v e l y e x p lo ite d to enhance a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n by s o i l warm ing an d, i f s o, can c o n s e n s e r w a te r be s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o o le d i n th e p r o c e s s. T here a r e two im p o rta n t a s p e c ts to th e s tu d y. One in v o lv e s m o d e llin g th e s im u lta n e o u s t r a n s p o r t o f h e a t and m o is tu re i n a p o ro u s medium. The o th e r c e n te r s upon d i s c u s s in g th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e te rm in in g sy stem d e s ig n s t h a t can m eet a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d /o r pow er p l a n t n e e d s. Each o f th e s e a s p e c ts w i l l now be d is c u s s e d b r i e f l y The T ra n s p o rt P ro b le m. H e r e to f o r e, d is c u s s io n s o f s o i l w arm ing have c e n te r e d upon th e am ount o f h e a t d i s s i p a te d by a g iv e n sy stem. I t h a s b een a ssum ed t h a t i f a s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y o f e n e rg y i s d i s s i p a t e d to s o i l, th e th e rm a l en v io rn m e n t f o r a g r i c u l t u r e m ust n e c e s s a r i l y be en h an ced. P re lim in a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o s o i l warm ing have shown t h a t t h i s n eed n o t be th e c a s e. H eat d i s s i p a t i o n a lo n e i s n o t an a d e q u a te m easure o f th e o v e r a l l p erfo rm a n ce o f a s o i l warm ing sy stem, b e c a u se w h e th e r s o i l warm ing i s u se d a t a l l i s l i k e l y to depend upon th e a g r i c u l t u r a l p a y o f f. F i e l d c ro p s do re sp o n d f a v o r a b ly to r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll in c r e a s e s i n r o o t tem p era t u r e [2k] [35 1» a s e v id e n c e d by th e d a ta i n F ig u re ( 1.1 ) ;
20 YIELD - mg/plant 1000 BUSH BEANS SOYBEANS CORN 500 COTTON SOIL TEMPERATURE F i g u r e d cl) I n c re s e d y i e l d f o r p l a n t s i n n u t r i e n t b a th s a t d i f f e r e n t tem p era t u r e s 0 3 -
21 5 Tout, i n a d d i t i o n, s o i l m o is tu re h a s an im p o r ta n t in f lu e n c e on c ro p g ro w th. U n fo rtu n a te ly, th e p re s e n c e o f warm b u r ie d p ip e s c a u s e s m o is tu re to m ig ra te from h ig h te m p e ra tu re to low te m p e ra tu re r e g io n s w ith th e r e s u l t t h a t a d ry c o re c a n d e v e lo p i n th e n e ig h b o rh o o d o f th e b u r ie d p ip e s t h a t i s d i f f i c u l t to re w e t [25]. I f th e d ry r e g io n i s o f su ch an e x t e n t t h a t c ro p g ro w th i s a d v e r s e ly a f f e c t e d, th e n s o i l warm ing w ould n o t be f e a s i b l e w ith o u t some fo rm o f s u b s u rfa c e i r r i g a t i o n to m a in ta in s u f f i c i e n t w a te r i n th e r o o t r e g io n. A c c o rd in g ly, to a s s e s s p r o p e r ly th e f e a s i b i l i t y o f m e e tin g a g r i c u l t u r a l re q u ire m e n ts a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e te m p e ra tu re and m o is tu re d i s t r i b u t i o n a b o u t a sy ste m o f warm b u r ie d p ip e s i s n e e d e d. W ith t h i s o b je c tiv e i n m ind, a s i m p lif ie d c o n s ta n t p r o p e r ty h e a t c o n d u c tio n m odel i s p r e s e n te d i n C h a p te r 2, and a v a r i a b l e p r o p e r ty a n a l y s i s o f th e s im u lta n e o u s h e a t and mass t r a n s f e r i s d e v e l oped i n d e t a i l i n C h a p te rs 3» and 5» The D esig n P ro b le m. F or i l l u s t r a t i v e p u rp o s e s, a sy stem o f b u r ie d p ip e s d e s ig n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y to d i s s i p a t e h e a t from c o n d e n se r w a te r flo w in g in s i d e i s c o n s id e r e d. The o b je c tiv e o f th e sy stem i s to m a in ta in h ig h h e a t f l u x
22 6 a t th e p ip e s u r f a c e to enhance h e a t c o n d u c tio n from th e w a te r. T h is means t h a t th e p ip e s sh o u ld be w id e ly sp a c e d and th e p ip e d ia m e te r sh o u ld be s m a ll r e l a t i v e to th e s p a c in g. F u rth e rm o re, th e ru n s o f p ip e s h o u ld be r e l a t i v e l y lo n g to a llo w th e w a te r s u f f i c i e n t o p p o r tu n ity to c o o l a s i t f lo w s. A lso, th e p ip e s sh o u ld be b u r ie d n e a r th e s o i l s u r f a c e to re d u c e th e th e rm a l r e s i s t a n c e betw een th e p ip e w a ll and th e s o i l s u r f a c e. N ex t, a sy stem d e s ig n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p u rp o s e s i s c o n s id e r e d. An im p o rta n t o b je c tiv e i s t h a t th e h e a tin g e f f e c t due to th e b u r ie d h e a t s o u rc e s be f e l t th ro u g h o u t th e r e g io n i n o rd e r to b e n e f i t c ro p g ro w th. A sy ste m s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s ig n e d to a c c o m p lish t h i s w ould r e q u ir e low h e a t f l u x n e a r th e p ip e s, im p ly in g t h a t th e te m p e ra tu re w ould n o t drop o f f r a p i d l y i n th e v i c i n i t y o f th e warm p i p e s. T h is means t h a t th e p ip e s sh o u ld be c l o s e l y sp a c ed and th e p ip e d ia m e te r sh o u ld be s iz a b le r e l a t i v e to th e s p a c in g. F u rth e rm o re, i t w ould be d e s i r a b le t h a t th e c o n d e n se r w a te r flo w be n e a r l y is o th e r m a l, so th e te m p e ra tu re p o t e n t i a l f o r h e a tin g i s h ig h a lo n g th e e n t i r e le n g th o f th e f i e l d. w ith r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t r u n s. A way o f a c h ie v in g t h i s i s A lso, th e p ip e s sh o u ld be b u r ie d s u f f i c i e n t l y deep to a llo w f o r p ro p e r r o o t fo rm a t i o n and c u l t i v a t i o n.
23 7 I t i s c l e a r, th e n, t h a t th e d e s ig n c o n s t r a i n t s f o r a g r i c u l t u r e and f o r pow er p l a n t c o o lin g a r e somewhat a t o d d s, and t h a t to d e s ig n f o r b o th may n o t be p o s s i b le w ith o u t undue com prom ise. A m ajo r t h r u s t o f t h i s s tu d y w i l l be to i n v e s t i g a t e i f su ch d e s ig n s a r e p o s s i b le by a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f th e h e a t and mass t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s e s i n th e s o i l. 1.2 P re v io u s S o i l Warming S t u d i e s. To d a te, th e r e h a s b een no r e p o r t o f a c o m p le te ly s a t i s f a c t o r y m odel o f a s o i l w arm ing sy ste m. A c o n s ta n t th e rm a l c o n d u c tiv ity, s t e a d y - s t a t e h e a t c o n d u c tio n m odel was d e v e lo p e d by K en d rick and H avens [13 1. The m odel i s r e a s o n a b ly a c c u r a te f o r p r e d i c t i n g s o i l te m p e ra tu re s a b o u t b u r ie d p ip e s i n d ry o r s a t u r a t e d s o i l and can be u sed to o b ta in u p p e r and lo w er bounds on th e h e a t d i s s i p a t i o n from a s o i l warm ing sy stem.. However, th e m odel i s in c a p a b le o f p r e d i c t i n g th e v a r i a t i o n o f m o is tu re i n th e s o i l, s in c e i t i s b ased upon th e a ssu m p tio n o f c o n s ta n t m o is tu re th ro u g h o u t. I t sh o u ld be n o te d, howe v e r, t h a t v a lu a b le i n s i g h t can be g a in e d fro m th e co n s t a n t c o n d u c tiv ity s o l u t i o n, and th e f o rm u la tio n i s s tu d ie d i n d e t a i l i n C h a p te r 2.
24 8 A t r a n s i e n t a n a ly s i s o f a s o i l warm ing sy stem h a s b een r e p o r te d by r e s e a r c h e r s a t Oregon S t a te U n iv e r s ity E 2 ]. The m odel s im u la te s a s o i l warming sy ste m t h a t i n c lu d e s s u b s u rfa c e i r r i g a t i o n to m a in ta in a d e q u a te m o is tu re i n th e s o i l. The e f f e c t s o f v a p o r t r a n s p o r t a r e n e g le c te d i n th e m odel, s in c e v a p o r flo w i s o n ly an im p o r ta n t f a c t o r when th e m o is tu re l e v e l i s low [25]. Thus, th e m odel c a n n o t be u sed to e v a lu a te th e e x t e n t to w hich th e s o i l d r i e s o u t i n th e ab sen c e o f a s u b - i r r i g a t i o n sy ste m. A n o th er sh o rtc o m in g i s t h a t o n ly r e l a t i v e l y slow s e a s o n a l t r a n s i e n t s a r e.in tro d u c e d i n t o th e s im u la tio n once th e i n i t i a l warm-up t r a n s i e n t s have d ie d o u t. Thus, th e c a p a b i l i t y 1 o f th e sy stem to re sp o n d to d iu r n a l in p u ts, w hich c o u ld be an im p o rta n t f e a t u r e o f a t r a n s i e n t a n a l y s i s, i s n o t in c lu d e d. An im p o rta n t q u e s tio n c o n s id e re d i n S e c tio n 1.3 i s w h e th e r a t r a n s i e n t a n a l y s i s i s n eed ed f o r a s s e s s in g th e f e a s i b i l i t y o f s o i l w arm ing. 1.3 Time a s an In d e p e n d e n t V a ria b le The t r a n s i e n t c h a r a c te r o f th e t r a n s p o r t p ro b lem w i l l now be d is c u s s e d. The p u rp o se o f t h i s d is c u s s io n i s to m o tiv a te th e im p o rta n c e o f th e s t e a d y - s t a t e a n a ly s e s i n C h a p te rs 2 and 5«
25 9 T r a n s ie n t phenom ena o ccu r c o n tin u o u s ly in s o i l. D i u r n a l te m p e ra tu re f l u c t u a t i o n s a f f e c t th e u p p er l a y e r s o f th e s o i l and a r e ro u g h ly p e r i o d i c. These v a r i a t i o n s a r e su p erim p o sed upon th e g r a d u a l s e a s o n a l ch an g es t h a t p ro p a g a te much d e e p e r. I t i s u n re a s o n a b le to e x p e c t t h a t a s o i l w arm ing sy stem c o u ld n e g a te th e s e e f f e c t s and m aint a i n te m p e ra tu re p r o f i l e s c o n s ta n t w ith tim e. Of w hat v a lu e th e n, i s a s t e a d y - s t a t e a n a ly s is? T here a r e c o n d itio n s u n d er w hich th e s t e a d y - s t a t e m odel g iv e s a c c u r a te p r e d i c t i o n s. F o r in s ta n c e, th e d i u r n a l te m p e ra tu re f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e c o n fin e d to th e u p p er l a y e r s o f s o i l, a s can be se e n from th e d a ta o f S kaggs, e t a l. [26]. Thus, f o r la r g e r e g io n s th e te m p e ra tu re p r o f i l e s change i n a r e l a t i v e l y slow s e a s o n a l f a s h io n. A ls o, a s r e p o r te d by R ykbost and Boersma [24- ], on a p l o t c o v e re d w ith v e g e ta t io n th e d iu r n a l te m p e ra tu re wave i s somewhat damped o u t a t th e s u r f a c e. e f f e c t o f th e gro u n d c o v e r. T h is i s due to th e sh a d in g So, f o r tim e i n t e r v a l s much s h o r t e r th a n th e p e r io d o f a n n u a l v a r i a t i o n, th e sy stem c o u ld be m o d e lle d a s b e in g a t s t e a d y - s t a t e. A lso, i n some c a s e s, i t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t th e d iu r n a l wave w ould be o f s m a ll enough m agnitu d e to be n e g le c te d.
26 10 The g r e a t e s t v a lu e o f a s t e a d y - s t a t e a n a l y s i s i s f o r d e s ig n. I n c o n s id e r in g s o i l warm ing w ith b u r ie d p ip e s i t i s u n re a s o n a b le to e x p e c t to d e s ig n a sy stem c a p a b le o f c o p in g w ith d iu r n a l te m p e ra tu re c h a n g e s. i t may n o t even be n e c e s s a r y to do s o. F o r a g r i c u l t u r e A g ro w in g p l a n t i n t e g r a t e s th e e f f e c t s o f ch an g es i n i t s en v io rn m e n t w ith tim e. I n f a c t, some p l a n t s r e q u ir e p e r io d ic d i u r n a l tem p e r a t u r e f l u c t u a t i o n f o r v ig o ro u s grow th [ 1 0 ] 13^1. S in c e a s o i l warm ing sy stem can have an e f f e c t on a v e ra g e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s i t sh o u ld be d e s ig n e d f o r s t e a d y - s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s c o rre s p o n d in g to s u i t a b l e a v e ra g e v a l u e s. T hus, th e t r a n s i e n t c h a r a c t e r o f th e sy stem n eed n o t l i m i t th e u s e f u l n e s s o f a s t e a d y - s t a t e m odel. l.ty C lo s u re. In t h i s in t r o d u c t o r y c h a p te r, th e c o n c e p t o f s o i l w arm ing u s in g pow er p l a n t w aste h e a t h a s b een d is c u s s e d. Two im p o rta n t c r i t e r i a f o r a s s e s s in g th e f e a s i b i l i t y o f s o i l w arm ing have been i d e n t i f i e d. Of p rim a ry c o n c e rn i s w h e th e r th e a g r i c u l t u r a l o b je c tiv e s o f h ig h and u n ifo rm s o i l te m p e ra tu re a lo n g w ith s u f f i c i e n t m o is tu re l e v e l s to enhance p l a n t g ro w th c a n be a c h ie v e d. I f s o, th e c a p a b i l i t y o f m e e tin g th e pow er p l a n t o b je c tiv e o f w aste h e a t
27 11 d is p o s a l must be a sse sse d as a second c o n s tr a in t. The rem ainder of th e d i s s e r t a t i o n w ill now he review ed. A c o n s ta n t p ro p e rty h e a t co n duction model o f a s o i l warming system i s p re se n te d in C hapter 2. The model i s u s e fu l f o r d eterm in in g s o i l tem p eratu re p r o f i l e s and h e a t d is s ip a tio n c a p a b ility. However, sin c e th e im p o rta n t f a c to r of s o i l m o istu re d is t r i b u t i o n i s d isre g a rd e d in th e m odel, a v a r ia b le p ro p e rty tr a n s p o r t model i s p re se n te d in C hapters 3» ^t and 5 th a t, f o r th e f i r s t tim e, en ab les the problem of m o istu re m ig ra tio n to be s tu d ie d. The r e s u l t s of th e c o n s ta n t and v a r ia b le p r o p e r tie s models a re used in C hapter 6 to a s s e s s th e c a p a b ility of a s o i l warming system to meet th e s ta te d o b je c tiv e s. F in a lly, th e m ajor c o n c lu sio n s a re summarized and some recom m endations f o r f u r t h e r stu d y a re made in C hapter 7.
28 CHAPTER 2 CONSTANT PROPERTY MODEL FOR SOIL TEMPERATURE 2.1 In tro d u c tio n The s o i l warming system analyzed here i s i l l u s t r a t e d in F ig u re (2.1 ); the system c o n s is ts of a s e r ie s of e q u a lly spaced p a r a l l e l p ip e s b u rie d a t a uniform d epth in a le v e l f i e l d. Warm w ater i s su p p lie d to th e p ip e s from a nearby power p la n t. To m ain tain more uniform s o i l tem p eratu re, w ater flow s in o p p o site d ir e c tio n s through a d ja c e n t p ip e s. The purpose of the a n a ly s is in t h i s c h a p te r i s to model the h e a t tr a n s f e r in th e s o i l around th e p ip e s and to e v a lu a te the h e a t d is s ip a tio n r a t e, under the assum ptions of pure h e a t conduction and c o n s ta n t p h y s ic a l p r o p e r tie s of the s o i l medium. S p e c if ic a lly, in S e c tio n 2.2 a c o n s ta n t p ro p e rty h e a t co nduction model, based upon [133* i s p re sen ted in d im en sio n less form and g ra p h ic a l r e s u l t s are d isc u sse d. In S ec tio n 2.3 the u t i l i t y of t h i s sim ple model i s co n sid ered and some lim ita tio n s a re i d e n t i f i e d. A lso, the need f o r a more d e ta ile d a n a ly s is of the sim ultaneous h e a t and mass tr a n s f e r in the s o i l i s in d ic a te d. 12
29 13 buried pipe -'" N soil surface flow direction SOI F ig u re (2.1 ) Layout o f a s o i l warming system.
30 The C onstant P ro p e rty Model A c o n s ta n t therm al c o n d u c tiv ity, s te a d y - s ta te h e a t co n d u ctio n model f o r s o i l h eated by a system o f su b -su rfa c e p ip e s, as shown in F igure (2.1 ), can be developed by e x p lo itin g the l i n e a r i t y of the tw o-dim ensional L aplace E quation governing the h e a t tr a n s f e r. The tech n iq u e, in v o lv in g the method o f im ages, i s o u tlin e d by Jakob E ll] and r e c e n tly was a p p lie d to the case under c o n s id e ra tio n by K endrick and Havens [13 ]. Here, f o r th e f i r s t tim e, th i s problem i s analyzed in term s of non-dim ensional e q u a tio n s, a form t h a t f a c i l i t a t e s the drawing of some g e n e ra l conc lu s io n s ab o u t the o p e ra tio n of th e system. A p o rtio n o f the s o i l warming system i s shown in F igure (2.2 ). Water e n te rs a t a tem p eratu re o f Tj, coming in to a d ja c e n t p ip e s a t o p p o site ends o f the f i e l d. Since the s o i l su rfa c e tem p eratu re Tg i s le s s than T^ when the system i s in u se, the w ater co o ls as i t flow s through the p ip e s. The tem perature a t p o in ts in the s o i l, T (x,y,z ), depends upon th e lo c a l w ater tem p eratu res Tw^ (z ) and Tw2 ( z ) as w ell a s th e s o i l su rfa c e tem p eratu re. The r a te of h e a t t r a n s f e r i s determ ined by th e lo c a l tem perature p o te n tia ls (Twi ( z )" Ts ) and (Tw 2 ^ Ts^ 311(1 th e fchermal r e s is ta n c e of th e s o i l. This h e a t flow in tu r n p la y s a ro le in d eterm in in g the w ater tem p eratu res. Other
31 soil surface at Ts 15 water in at T water in at plane of symmetry F ig u re (2.2 ) S o il warming model
32 16 p aram eters in v o lv ed in th e h e a t tr a n s f e r problem a re the mass flow r a t e in th e p ip e s, m, and the la y o u t p a ra m e te rs: depth d, sp acin g s, p ipe ra d iu s R, and the le n g th o f each p ipe L. K endrick and Havens [133 p re s e n t an e q u a tio n f o r th e s o i l tem p eratu re ab o u t 2N+1 (N i s an even number) p ip e s. The d im en sio n less form of t h a t eq u atio n, in term s o f s u i t ab le d im en sio n less v a r ia b le s and p aram eters, i s 4> fx2+ (l-y)2 *1/ x2+(i+y)2 N/2 r E i J n=l > (l-y )2+ (2ns-x)2 -\2 (l+y)2+(2ns-x) (l-y)2+(2n +x)2 (l+y)2+(2ns+x)2 /AV BTi\ \ a2- b2 / inv / ( l - y ) 2+ ( ( 2 n - l ) i - 5 ) 2 (l+y)2+((2n-l)s-x) - - n2 N/2 I E x ny i (1-y)2+((2n-1)s+x)2 -,-\2 n=l (l+y)2+((2n-l)s+x) ( )
33 17 where * - T ~Ts d im en sio n less s o i l Xi~Tg..... tem p eratu re T 11 Tw r Ts 0?T -T s 1 d im en sio n less w ater m m tem p eratu res * 1I i S m _ 2 w2~ s T -T z - v /x ~ / a - /a d im en sio n less p o s itio n ' ' y -y /d, z = z / d... c o o rd in a te s r;_r/ d d im en sio n less p ip e '..... s iz e p aram eter ( r c l ) d im en sio n less p ip e s= s/d... sp acin g p aram eter (S>2r) and A ( s,r ) = l n ( 2 / r - l ) + N/2 _ 2 _- 2' 2n V ' f(2 -r) +(2ns) I 2-JIn r-p -l (2.2.2) n=l L r + (2ns) J N/2 E H (2 -r) + (2 n -l) s 1 In ~o'~o (2.2.3 ) n=l L r + ( 2 n - l) s J From E quation (2.2.1 ) i t can be seen t h a t $ i s a fu n c tio n of p o s itio n, lo c a l w ater tem p eratu res and T2, and th e la y o u t p aram eters s and r. S y m bolically, $ = $ ( x,y,z ;T 1,T2, i l r ) (2.2.^ )
34 18 The d im en sio n less e q u a tio n d e s c rib in g w ater tem p eratu re t h a t fo llo w s from K endrick and Havens* developm ent i s Tj = cosh(nz) + B-A cosh(n)- / A -B sinh(n ) A -B co sh (n ) + A sinh(n) sin h (B z) (2.2.5 ) where n =2nX L/tfiC / A2-B2 w ith A. b ein g th e th erm al conduc- P t i v i t y of th e s o i l medium and C th e s p e c if ic h e a t o f w ate r. P A p h y s ic a l i n t e r p r e t a ti o n of th e d im en sio n less p aram eter n i s g iv en i n S e c tio n 2,2.1 a f t e r F ig u re (2.4-) i s p re s e n te d. The r a d ic a l /A 2-B2, ap p earin g in E quation (2.2.5 ) and th e d e f in it io n o f n, i s a fu n c tio n o f s and? as d efin e d in term s of E quations (2.2.2 ) and (2«2o3)» This dependence i s shown g ra p h ic a lly i n F ig u re (2.3 ) From E quation (2.2.5 ) i t can be seen t h a t T^ depends upon a x ia l p o s itio n z and th e la y o u t p aram eters s, r, and n. S y m b o lically, T^ = T^zjs,?,n ) (2.2.6)
35 CM CD ^ < S F ig u re (2.3 ) V alues of th e r a d ic a l -B^ as fu n c tio n of and?.
36 20 Only one e q u a tio n need be p re se n te d because the symmetry of the system re q u ire s t h a t f o r p ip e s w ith lo c a l w ater tem p eratu res Tw l ^ and Tw2 ^ ' Tl ( i ) = T2 ( 1 - i) T h erefo re, u sin g E quations (2.2.1 ) and (2.2.5 ) along w ith th e symmetry r e la tio n s h ip, th e system tem p eratu res a re co m p letely d e s c rib e d. A co n v en ien t s e t o f cu rv es w ill now be o b tain ed from th e non-dim ensional e q u a tio n s P re s e n ta tio n of G raphical R e s u lts. E quations (2.2.1 ) and (2.2.5 ) in d ic a te t h a t th e system tem p eratu res depend n o t only upon th e system la y o u t p aram eters s, r, and h, b u t a ls o upon p o s itio n w ith in the systems x, y, z. A conveni e n t s e t o f graphs can be developed upon e lim in a tio n of the p o s itio n dependence. The f i r s t s te p in t h i s d ir e c tio n w ill be i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of c e r t a in c r i t i c a l lo c a tio n s w ith in th e system. The v alu e o f T^ a t z=l i s a measure o f th e amount of w ater tem p eratu re drop achieved by th e system, where T^(1)=0 in d ic a te s maximum c o o lin g and T ^ (l)= l co rresp o n d s to the case of no c o o lin g. When E quation (2,2.5 ) i s e v a lu ated a t z= l, th e r e s u l t i n g e x p ressio n f o r w ater tem p eratu re drop
37 21 through th e system depends only upon the la y o u t p aram eters s, r, and n» TjCl) = T^i.r.n) (2.2.7) This r e la tio n s h ip i s p re se n te d g ra p h ic a lly i n F ig u re ( 2.4 ). A p h y s ic a l in t e r p r e t a ti o n of the p aram eter n can he o b tain ed by stu d y in g lin e s of fix e d S and r on F ig u re (2.4 ). For sm all n, co rresp o n d in g to low therm al c o n d u c tiv ity, s h o r t p ip e s, an d /o r a high mass flow r a t e, th e re i s n e a rly iso th e rm a l flow in th e p ip e s t h a t i s, T ^ (l)~ l. On the o th e r hand, when n i s la rg e, co rresp o n d in g to h ig h er!th erm al c o n d u c tiv ity, lo n g ru n s of p ip e, an d /o r a low mass flow rate* th e re i s in c re a se d c o o lin g of th e w ate r. Thus, n can be i n te r p r e te d as a gauge of th e system *s a b i l i t y to co o l th e w a te r. Next, c r i t i c a l lo c a tio n s f o r s o i l tem p eratu re w ill be i d e n t i f i e d. For ty p ic a l f i e l d cro p s, th e ro o ts can extend s e v e ra l m eters in to th e ground see F ig u re (2.5 ) And, as shown in F igure ( l. l ), t h e tem perature a t which th e r o o ts a re m ain tain ed can in flu e n c e a g r ic u ltu r a l y ie ld. The y ie ld d a ta in F ig u re ( l. l ) a re somewhat id e a liz e d, however, because th ey r e p re s e n t th e r e s u l t s of t e s t s ru n w ith the p la n ts in c o n s ta n t tem perature b a th s, in s te a d of i n s o i l.
38 2 ^ F igure (2.4-) D im ensionless w ater tem perature drop as a fu n c tio n of the la y o u t p aram eters.
39 ROOT SYSTEMS OF CROPS IN DEEPLY IRRIGATED SOIL 0 -sugar beet potato wheat 1m 3 L alfalfa F igure (2.5 ) Root system s of se v e ra l cro p s, (from J. Janick, H o rtic u ltu ra l S cie n ce, 2nd E d., W. H. Freeman Co. 1972) corn
40 2b So, th e y ie ld v a lu e s a re s t r i c t l y v a lid only when th e re i s e s s e n t i a l l y uniform tem p eratu re throughout th e r o o t zone. U n fo rtu n a tely, t h i s c o n d itio n can n o t he achieved w ith "buried p ip e s. T his i s c l e a r l y re v e a le d by F ig u re (2.6 ) which g iv e s ex p erim en tal d a ta f o r th e v a r ia tio n o f s o i l tem pera tu re w ith d epth in a p l o t h ea te d w ith iso th e rm a l c a b le s F ig u re (2.6 ) shows th a t, depending upon where the p ip e s a re lo c a te d in th e s o i l - r o o t system, th e r o o ts can ex p erien ce tem p eratu res anywhere from Tg a t th e s o i l s u rfa c e to Tj a t the p ip e s. For th e purpose of t h i s d is c u s s io n i t would be d e s i r ab le to have a s in g le measure f o r th e tem p eratu re of th e r o o ts. Then, u sin g d a ta such as t h a t p re se n te d i n F ig u re (1.1 ) as a g u id e, th is measure could be invoked to g iv e some assu ran ce t h a t th e tem p eratu res th ro u g h o u t th e r o o t re g io n a re in a b e n e f ic ia l ra n g e. A s a t is f a c t o r y m easure of t h i s k in d i s d i f f i c u l t to d e fin e, however, because th e r o o ts g e n e ra lly extend over a la rg e re g io n of s o i l (F igure ( 2.5 )) i n which the r o o t tem p eratu res v a ry over a c o n s id e ra b le range as w e ll. The n e a rly l in e a r n a tu re o f the tem p eratu re p r o f i l e in F ig u re (2.6 ) su g g e sts t h a t the v alu es o f $ a t y=0.5» i.e» h a l f the d is ta n c e from the s o i l su rfa c e to the p ip e s, g iv e a measure of th e average s o i l tem p eratu re in t h a t re g io n. For s o i l warming a p p lic a tio n s, the p ip e s a re
41 25 T - T s 0 Tf T S = y/d O heated V unheated F ig u re (2.6 ) E xperim ental v e r t i c a l tem pera tu re p r o f i l e about a "buried h e a t so u rce.
42 26 l i k e l y to "be p laced so th a t the s o i l "between th e su rfa c e and th e p ip e s encompasses the "bulk of the r o o t zone. Thus, the tem perat'ure in t h a t re g io n, c h a ra c te riz e d "by the v alu e a t y=0,5, w ill a r b i t r a r i l y be c a lle d the r o o t zone tem pera t u r e. There i s a p e rio d ic f lu c tu a tio n of r o o t zone tem pera tu re w ith x, due to th e p resen ce of warm p ip e s a t r e g u la r i n t e r v a l s. I t i s rea so n a b le to e lim in a te th e x dependence by a v era g in g a c ro ss the f i e l d. The average r o o t zone temp e r a tu re, th en, depends on ly upon z, when the la y o u t p aram eters s, r, and n a re fix e d. F igure (2.7 ) i s a s e t of cu rv es d e p ic tin g the v a r ia tio n of the average r o o t zone tem p eratu re w ith z f o r th e p aram etric v alu es in d ic a te d on the f ig u r e. I t can be seen t h a t th e v alu es a re lo w est a t m id fie ld. For the purpose of the subsequent d isc u ssio n, z=0.5 w ill be chosen as th e c r i t i c a l lo c a tio n fo r s o i l te m p e ra tu re. The average m id fie ld r o o t zone tem p eratu re, denoted as <$>, has no p o s itio n dependence and i s on ly a fu n c tio n of i, r, and r\. This dependence i s p re se n te d g ra p h ic a lly in F ig u re s (2.8 ), (2.9)» and (2.1 0 ) f o r v a rio u s v alu es o f th e p ara m ete rs.
43 I T AVERAGE ROOT ZONE TEMPERATURE vs. AXIAL POSITION (s = 2.1/r=25) ^ ".4 + y\ / K. I I f H ^ f Z F ig u re (2.7 ) A x ial v a r ia tio n of dimens io n le s s ro o t zone tem p eratu re.
44 28 a v e r a g e r o o t z o n e t e m p e r a t u r e AT MIDFIELD (s =.5),1 /r= 1 0 =25 1/r=50 = i = 27Tkl_ 1 rh Cn \/ A2-B2 F igu re (2.8) D im en sio n less s o i l tem perature a s a fu n c tio n o f th e la y o u t p ara m eters..
45 a v e r a g e r o o t z o n e t e m p e r a t u r e AT MIDFIELD ^ /r=10 Vr=25! 1/r=50 j 1/r= f kl 1 m C p / A2 -B 2 F igu re (2.9) D im en sio n less s o i l tem perature a s a fu n c tio n o f th e la y o u t p aram eters.
46 a v e r a g e r o o t z o n e t e m p e r a t u r e ; AT MIDFIELD /r=10 1/r=25 1/r=50 1/7= yj = 2/TkL 1 m C p / A2 -B 2 F igu re ( ) D im en sio n less s o i l tem perature a s a fu n c tio n o f th e la y o u t p aram eters.
47 Q u a lita tiv e O b serv atio n s. The graphs p re se n te d in the p re v io u s s e c tio n, whose v a l i d i t y i s s u b je c t to the assum ptions in volved in th e c o n s ta n t p ro p e rty model, w ill now be examined in o rd er to determ ine the ran g es of p a ra m e tric v a lu e s t h a t a re most d e s ira b le f o r m eeting a g r i c u l t u r a l and power p la n t c o o lin g needs. F i r s t, re g a rd in g the a g r ic u ltu r a l o b je c tiv e s of hig h and uniform s o i l tem p eratu re, F ig u re s (2.8 ), (2.9 ), and (2.1 0 ) show t h a t the h ig h e s t average r o o t zone tem p eratu res a re o b tain ed by d esig n s in which s, l / r, and n a re sm all, achieved f o r example when th e re i s c lo se sp acin g, la rg e p ip e s, and a s h o rt f i e l d (an d /o r la rg e flow r a t e ). Close sp acin g i s a ls o d e s ira b le f o r tem perature u n ifo rm ity. That i s, f o r c o n fig u ra tio n s in which th e p ip e s a re w idely sp aced, th e re i s l i k e l y to be f lu c tu a tio n of tem perature from p o in t to p o in t in the r o o t zone (y=0.5) due to th e in te r m itte n t lo c a tio n s of th e warm p ip e s. F urtherm ore, f o r o v e r a ll u n i fo rm ity sm all v a lu e s o f n» co rresponding to n e a rly i s o t h e r mal flow, would be b e s t; a ls o, th e re would be g r e a te r u n ifo rm ity w ith la rg e p ip e s ( l / r sm a ll). These observatio n s on the b e s t p aram etric ran g es fo r s o i l tem perature a re summarized in Table 1. Turning to th e power p la n t o b je c tiv e, the amount o f w ater c o o lin g o b tain ed by th e system i s im p o rta n t. From F ig u re (2 A ) i t can be seen t h a t la rg e v a lu e s o f n e f f e c t
48 32 th e most c o o lin g, fo r any given s and r. A lso, h ig h e r v a lu e s of i and l / r le a d to g r e a te r tem perature d ro p s, so w idely spaced, sm all p ip e s are th e most fa v o ra b le f o r maximum c o o lin g. P h y s ic a lly, th i s i s a consequence o f th e f a c t t h a t fo r such a c o n fig u ra tio n, the tem p eratu re g ra d ie n ts away from the p ip e s a re th e s te e p e s t. These r e s u l t s f o r w ater tem p eratu re drop are summarized in Table 1. In s p e c tio n o f Table 1 re v e a ls th a t d i f f e r e n t p a ra m e tric ran g es a re suggested to meet the in d ic a te d o b je c tiv e s. That i s, th e o b je c tiv e s of h ig h and uniform s o i l tem p eratu re f o r a g r ic u ltu r e a re a t odds w ith the d e s ire to t r a n s f e r la rg e amounts o f energy from condenser w ater in su b -su rfa c e p ip e s. This o b se rv a tio n i s a d i r e c t r e s u l t of th e f a c t t h a t h e a t co n d u ctio n depends d i r e c t ly upon th e tem p eratu re g r a d ie n t. Thus, as j u s t n o ted, sm all, w idely spaced p ip e s would y ie ld the l a r g e s t g ra d ie n ts, and th e re fo re would co o l most re a d ily. However, th e a g r ic u ltu r a l o b je c tiv e s are b e s t met by la r g e r, c lo s e ly spaced p ip e s, sin c e then the tem p eratu re g r a d ie n t n e a r the p ip e s i s low er and the h e a tin g e f f e c t p ro p ag a tes as f a r as p o s s ib le tow ards the s o i l s u rfa c e. I t i s c le a r, th en, t h a t th e se o b je c tiv e s a re a t odds, and to d esig n sim u lta n eo u sly fo r b o th re q u ire s some compromise.
49 33 TABLE 1 P aram eter B est Range f o r M eeting: A g ric u ltu ra l O bjective (high and uniform s o i l tem p eratu re) Power P la n t O b jectiv e (la rg e w ater tem pera tu re drop) s sm all la rg e l / r sm all la rg e n sm all la rg e 2.3 E v a lu a tio n of th e Model In t h i s s e c tio n, the a b i l i t y o f the c o n s ta n t p ro p e rty model to p r e d ic t a c c u ra te ly tem perature p r o f i l e s and h e a t d is s ip a tio n i s d isc u sse d. A lso, an im p o rtan t lim ita tio n o f th e model i s id e n tif ie d, namely the i n a b i l i t y to p r e d i c t m o istu re v a r ia tio n in the s o i l, in d ic a tin g th e need f o r a more d e ta ile d a n a ly s is. F i r s t, th e v a l i d i t y of the tem perature p re d ic tio n s i s co n sid ered. The c o n s ta n t p ro p e rty h e a t conduction model p r e d ic ts tem p eratu re p r o f i l e s t h a t a re i n s a ti s f a c t o r y agreem ent w ith a c tu a l d a ta, as evidenced by F ig u re (2.1 1 ). This i s n o t unexpected, sin c e the experim ents in which th e d a ta were o b tain ed in clu d ed su b -su rfa c e i r r i g a t i o n n e a r th e p ip e s in
50 3 ^ T Ts T - T O.2.4 S ~G >,.6!>* & o data from C2^l D data from [263 constant property model F igure (2.1 1 ) Comparison of c o n s ta n t p ro p e r ty model w ith experim ental d a ta.
LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 Infestation of Root Nodules of Soybean by Larvae of the Bean Leaf Beetle, Cerotoma Trifurcata
More informationForm and content. Iowa Research Online. University of Iowa. Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa. Theses and Dissertations
University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1979 Form and content Ann A Rahim Khan University of Iowa Posted with permission of the author. This thesis is available at Iowa Research
More informationLU N C H IN C LU D E D
Week 1 M o n d a y J a n u a ry 7 - C o lo u rs o f th e R a in b o w W e w ill b e k ic k in g o ff th e h o lid a y s w ith a d a y fu ll o f c o lo u r! J o in u s fo r a ra n g e o f a rt, s p o rt
More informationc. What is the average rate of change of f on the interval [, ]? Answer: d. What is a local minimum value of f? Answer: 5 e. On what interval(s) is f
Essential Skills Chapter f ( x + h) f ( x ). Simplifying the difference quotient Section. h f ( x + h) f ( x ) Example: For f ( x) = 4x 4 x, find and simplify completely. h Answer: 4 8x 4 h. Finding the
More informationA L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N
More informationClass Diagrams. CSC 440/540: Software Engineering Slide #1
Class Diagrams CSC 440/540: Software Engineering Slide # Topics. Design class diagrams (DCDs) 2. DCD development process 3. Associations and Attributes 4. Dependencies 5. Composition and Constraints 6.
More informationEKOLOGIE EN SYSTEMATIEK. T h is p a p e r n o t to be c i t e d w ith o u t p r i o r r e f e r e n c e to th e a u th o r. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY.
EKOLOGIE EN SYSTEMATIEK Ç.I.P.S. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE POLLUTION IN NORT H SEA. TECHNICAL REPORT 1971/O : B i o l. I T h is p a p e r n o t to be c i t e d w ith o u t p r i o r r e f e r e n c e to
More informationSodium-Initiated Polymerization of Alpha- Methylstyrene in the Vicinity of Its Reported Ceiling Temperature
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-1976 Sodium-Initiated Polymerization of Alpha- Methylstyrene in the Vicinity of Its Reported Ceiling Temperature Shuenn-long
More informationUniversity Microfilms
University Microfilms International * i---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART N ATIO NAL HI IH l A l l o t ST AN PAR P S II A
More informationMOLINA HEALTHCARE, INC. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationA Study of Attitude Changes of Selected Student- Teachers During the Student-Teaching Experience.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 A Study of Attitude Changes of Selected Student- Teachers During the Student-Teaching Experience.
More information600 Billy Smith Road, Athens, VT
600 Billy Smith Road, Athens, VT Curtis Trousdale, Owner, Broker, Realtor Cell: 802-233-5589 curtis@preferredpropertiesvt.com 2004 Williston Road, South Burlington VT 05403 www.preferredpropertiesvt.com
More informationFeasibility Analysis, Dynamics, and Control of Distillation Columns With Vapor Recompression.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 Feasibility Analysis, Dynamics, and Control of Distillation Columns With Vapor Recompression.
More informationComparative Analyses of Teacher Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in a Traditional and an Openspace
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations June 1975 Comparative Analyses of Teacher Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in a Traditional
More informationgender mains treaming in Polis h practice
gender mains treaming in Polis h practice B E R L IN, 1 9-2 1 T H A P R IL, 2 O O 7 Gender mains treaming at national level Parliament 25 % of women in S ejm (Lower Chamber) 16 % of women in S enat (Upper
More informationA Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching Computer Programming to Secondary Mathematics Students.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1983 A Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching Computer Programming to Secondary Mathematics Students.
More informationThe Effects of Apprehension, Conviction and Incarceration on Crime in New York State
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Graduate Center 1978 The Effects of Apprehension, Conviction and Incarceration on Crime in New York State
More informationAGRICULTURE SYLLABUS
Agriculture Forms 1-4.qxp_Layout 1 26/10/2016 12:29 PM Page 1 ZIMBABWE MInISTRY OF PRIMARY AnD SECOnDARY EDUCATIOn AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS FORM 1-4 2015-2022 Curriculum Development and Technical Services,
More informationTHE EFFECT Of SUSPENSION CASTING ON THE HOT WORKABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A IS I TYPE STAINLESS STEEL
THE EFFECT Of SUSPENSION CASTING ON THE HOT WORKABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A IS I TYPE 3 1 0 STAINLESS STEEL A LISTAIR GEORGE SANGSTER FORBES A D i s s e r t a t i o n s u b m i tte d t o th
More informationGrain Reserves, Volatility and the WTO
Grain Reserves, Volatility and the WTO Sophia Murphy Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy www.iatp.org Is v o la tility a b a d th in g? De pe n d s o n w h e re yo u s it (pro d uc e r, tra d e
More informationFunctional pottery [slide]
Functional pottery [slide] by Frank Bevis Fabens A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts Montana State University Copyright by Frank Bevis Fabens
More informationB ooks Expans ion on S ciencedirect: 2007:
B ooks Expans ion on S ciencedirect: 2007: 1 INFORUM, 22-24 May, Prague Piotr Golkiewicz Account Manager Elsevier B.V. Email: p.golkiewicz@elsevier.com Mobile: +48 695 30 60 17 2 Pres entation Overview
More informationThe Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses.
The Ability C ongress held at the Shoreham Hotel Decem ber 29 to 31, was a reco rd breaker for winter C ongresses. Attended by m ore than 3 00 people, all seem ed delighted, with the lectu res and sem
More informationImitative Aggression as a Function of Race of Model, Race of Target and Socioeconomic Status of Observer.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 Imitative Aggression as a Function of Race of Model, Race of Target and Socioeconomic Status
More informationANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2000
ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2000 NUCLEAR MANAGEMENT COMPANY, LLC POINT BEACH NUCLEAR PLANT January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2000 April 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Part A: Effluent Monitoring
More informationSTEEL PIPE NIPPLE BLACK AND GALVANIZED
Price Sheet Effective August 09, 2018 Supersedes CWN-218 A Member of The Phoenix Forge Group CapProducts LTD. Phone: 519-482-5000 Fax: 519-482-7728 Toll Free: 800-265-5586 www.capproducts.com www.capitolcamco.com
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C Form 8-K/A (Amendment No. 2)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 Form 8-K/A (Amendment No. 2) Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report
More informationC o r p o r a t e l i f e i n A n c i e n t I n d i a e x p r e s s e d i t s e l f
C H A P T E R I G E N E S I S A N D GROWTH OF G U IL D S C o r p o r a t e l i f e i n A n c i e n t I n d i a e x p r e s s e d i t s e l f i n a v a r i e t y o f f o r m s - s o c i a l, r e l i g i
More informationThe Construction and Testing of a New Empathy Rating Scale
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1980 The Construction and Testing of a New Empathy Rating Scale Gary D. Gray Western Michigan University Follow this and
More informationThe Effects of Symbolic Modeling and Parent Training on Noncompliance in Hyperactive Children
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-1985 The Effects of Symbolic Modeling and Parent Training on Noncompliance in Hyperactive Children George Kahle Henry Western
More informationSurvey of the subjects taught in Lake County high schools with recommendations for curriculum revision
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1950 Survey of the subjects taught in Lake County high schools
More informationThe Measurement of Investment Center Managerial Performance Within Selected Diversified Industrial Firms: an Inquiry.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1975 The Measurement of Investment Center Managerial Performance Within Selected Diversified Industrial
More informationTTM TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 November 15, 2006
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C FORM 8-K
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationThe use and effectiveness of financial and physical reserves in Montana's dryland wheat area by Howard W Hjort
The use and effectiveness of financial and physical reserves in Montana's dryland wheat area by Howard W Hjort A THESIS Submitted, to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
More informationTHE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 8-K. Farmer Bros. Co.
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationCompulsory Continuing Education for Certified Public Accountants: a Model Program for the State of Louisiana.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1975 Compulsory Continuing Education for Certified Public Accountants: a Model Program for the State
More informationUniversity Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS
INFORMATION TO USERS.his dissertation was p ro d u ced from a m icrofilm copy of the original d o cu m en t m ile the most advanced technological m eans to photograph and reproduce this urgent have been
More informationJoh n L a w r e n c e, w ho is on sta ff at S ain t H ill, w r ite s :
Minor Issue 168 S C I E N T O L O G Y A N D C H I L D R E N T h e r e a r e at p r e s e n t no b o o k s a v a ila b le on th e su b je c t of te a c h in g S c ie n to lo g y to c h ild r e n. A s th
More informationA Comparison of the Early Social Behavior of Twins and Singletons.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 A Comparison of the Early Social Behavior of Twins and Singletons. Randall Louis Lemoine Louisiana
More informationVisceral mass and reticulorumen volume of differing biological types of beef cattle by Eddie L Fredrickson
Visceral mass and reticulorumen volume of differing biological types of beef cattle by Eddie L Fredrickson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
More informationS ca le M o d e l o f th e S o la r Sy ste m
N a m e ' D a t e ' S ca le M o d e l o f th e S o la r Sy ste m 6.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e S olar System is large, at least w hen com pared to distances we are fam iliar w ith on a day-to-day basis.
More informationThe development of equipment capable of measuring the density and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under controlled temperatures.
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1-1-1969 The development of equipment capable of measuring the density and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under
More informationINCOME TAXES IN ALONG-TERMMACROECONOMETRIC FORECASTING MODEL. Stephen H. Pollock
INCOME TAXES IN ALONG-TERMMACROECONOMETRIC FORECASTING MODEL. by Stephen H. Pollock Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of
More informationDistributive Justice, Injustice and Beyond Justice: The Difference from Principle to Reality between Karl Marx and John Rawls
W CP 2 0 0 8 P ro c e e d in g s V o l.5 0 S o cia l a n d P o litic a l P h ilo s o p h y Distributive Justice, Injustice and Beyond Justice: The Difference from Principle to Reality between Karl Marx
More informationModel Checking. Automated Verification of Computational Systems
Model Checking Automated Verification of Computational Systems Madhavan Mukund T h e A C M T u r in g A w a r d fo r 2 0 0 7 w a s a w a r d e d t o C la r k e, E m e r s o n a n d S ifa k is fo r t h
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, DC FORM 8-K. Current Report
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, DC 20549 FORM 8-K Current Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationUNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C FORM 8-K
Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 DATE OF REPORT (DATE
More informationRule-Governed Behavior in Preschool Children
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1985 Rule-Governed Behavior in Preschool Children Cassandra Ann Braam Western Michigan University Follow this and additional
More informationMAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(ISO/IEC - 7-5 Certiied) Page No: /6 WINTER 5 EXAMINATION MODEL ANSWER Subject: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (EMS) Subject Code: 76 Important Instructions to eaminers: The model answer shall be the complete
More informationResponse Rate, Latency, and Resistance to Change
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-1981 Response Rate, Latency, and Resistance to Change Stephen Joseph Fath Western Michigan University Follow this and additional
More informationREFUGEE AND FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF REFUGEE AND FORCED MIGRATION STUDIES Edited by ELENA FIDDIAN-QASMIYEH GIL LOESCHER KATY LONG NANDO SIGONA OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS C o n t e n t s List o f Abbreviations List o f
More informationA Finite-Element Program for the Analysis of Embankments Over Soft, Saturated Soils Including Consolidation and Creep Effects.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital ommons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 A Finite-Element Program for the Analysis of Embankments Over Soft, Saturated Soils Including
More informationA Study of Protein-A of Staphylococcus Aureus of Bovine Origin.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 A Study of Protein-A of Staphylococcus Aureus of Bovine Origin. Joseph Woodrow Pankey Jr Louisiana
More informationM I E A T? Y A H 0E 3TE S
M I E A T? Y A H 0E 3TE S Corrgimi c a tod to the- Councl 1 and 1,'ombors ox the League 3/36456712247 p 9 AP t * no 1 Q A L» * O i-» m i. i O JL /» X T T i ttt.' n *7 T-T * n i T n TTi U U jj!.» -! 1 Uj.']
More informationTransverse curvature effects on turbulent boundary layers.
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations 4-1-1969 Transverse curvature effects on turbulent boundary layers. M. C. Joseph University of Windsor Follow this and
More informationStatus of industrial arts teaching in Montana high schools with enrollments of from forty to one hundred fifty students in 1950
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1952 Status of industrial arts teaching in Montana high schools
More informationA study of intra-urban mobility in Omaha
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 1-1-1947 A study of intra-urban mobility in Omaha Magdalene Pickens University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at:
More informationNORWEGIAN MARITIME DIRECTORATE
PAME Snap shot Analysis NORWEGIAN MARITIME DIRECTORATE PAME Snap Shot Analysis of Maritime Activities in the Arctic Revision No. 01 REPORT NO. 2000-3220 Page 1 PAME Snap shot Analysis Table of Contents
More informationTECHNICAL MANUAL OPTIMA PT/ST/VS
TECHNICAL MANUAL OPTIMA PT/ST/VS Page 2 NT1789 Rév.A0 TABLE OF CHANGES The information contained in this document only concerns : OPTIMA PT/ST/VS type, MCM 440 PT/OT type, MCM550 ST type. Technical Manual
More informationAlgebraic Methods in Plane Geometry
Algebraic Methods in Plane Geometry 1. The Use of Conic Sections Shailesh A Shirali Shailesh Shirali heads a Community Mathematics Center at Rishi Valley School (KFI). He has a deep interest in teaching
More informationObsidian hydration dating of naturally worked sediments in the Yellowstone region, Montana and Wyoming by Kenneth Donald Adams
MONTANA ~ STATE UNIVERSITY Obsidian hydration dating of naturally worked sediments in the Yellowstone region, Montana and Wyoming by Kenneth Donald Adams A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
More informationT h is dissertation has been 65 13,214 m icrofilm ed exactly as received
T h is dissertation has been 65 13,214 m icrofilm ed exactly as received CORINO, Edward Robert, 1936- A VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF THE WALL REGION IN TURBULENT FLOW. The Ohio State U niversity, Ph.D., 1965
More informationXerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan INFORMATION TO USERS
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the
More informationA Study of Integral Equations for Computing Radial Distribution Functions
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1985 A Study of Integral Equations for Computing Radial Distribution Functions Zainuriah Hassan Western Michigan University
More informationTh e E u r o p e a n M ig r a t io n N e t w o r k ( E M N )
Th e E u r o p e a n M ig r a t io n N e t w o r k ( E M N ) H E.R E T h em at ic W o r k sh o p an d Fin al C o n fer en ce 1 0-1 2 Ju n e, R agu sa, It aly D avid R eisen zein IO M V ien n a Foto: Monika
More informationSub: Filing of Reconciliation of share capital for the quarter ended September 30, 2018
I N D I A Tl F in an c ial H o ld in g s L im ite d (F o rm e rly k n o w n as T u b e In v e s tm e n ts o f In d ia L im ite d ) Dare House, 234, N.S.C. Bose Road, Chennai 600 001, India Tel: 91.44.4217
More informationHeider's Five Levels of Causality and Assignment of Responsibility by Actors and Observers.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1977 Heider's Five Levels of Causality and Assignment of Responsibility by Actors and Observers. David
More informationMONTHLY REVIEW. f C r e d i t a n d B u s i n e s s C o n d i t i o n s F E D E R A L R E S E R V E B A N K O F N E W Y O R K MONEY MARKET IN JUNE
MONTHLY REVIEW O f C r e d i t a n d B u s i n e s s C o n d i t i o n s F E D E R A L R E S E R V E B A N K O F N E W Y O R K V o l u m e 38 J U L Y 1956 No. 7 P re s su re s o n m e m b e r b a n k re
More informationGAMMA RAIS FROM THE S i2 9 (p, lf)p 30 REACTION DISSERTATION
GAMMA RAIS FROM THE S i2 9 (p, lf)p 30 REACTION DISSERTATION P re s e n te d in P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t o f th e R equirem ents f o r th e D egree D octor o f P h ilo so p h y i n th e G raduate
More informationNUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MHD-PROBLEMS ON THE BASIS OF VARIATIONAL APPROACH
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MHD-PROBLEMS ON THE BASIS OF VARIATIONAL APPROACH V.M. G o lo v izn in, A.A. Sam arskii, A.P. Favor s k i i, T.K. K orshia In s t it u t e o f A p p lie d M athem atics,academy
More informationA Fluidization Process for Making Sodium Sulphate From Sodium Chloride.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1950 A Fluidization Process for Making Sodium Sulphate From Sodium Chloride. Roger Foster Detman Louisiana
More informationI zm ir I nstiute of Technology CS Lecture Notes are based on the CS 101 notes at the University of I llinois at Urbana-Cham paign
I zm ir I nstiute of Technology CS - 1 0 2 Lecture 1 Lecture Notes are based on the CS 101 notes at the University of I llinois at Urbana-Cham paign I zm ir I nstiute of Technology W hat w ill I learn
More informationLet us know how access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at:
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1976 A comparison of the effects of command and guided discovery
More informationAn Economic Analysis of a Reserve Stock Program for Rice in the United States.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 An Economic Analysis of a Reserve Stock Program for Rice in the United States. Francis Xavier
More informationA Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Racial Employment Discrimination in Louisiana:
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Racial Employment Discrimination in Louisiana: 1950-1971.
More informationOH BOY! Story. N a r r a t iv e a n d o bj e c t s th ea t e r Fo r a l l a g e s, fr o m th e a ge of 9
OH BOY! O h Boy!, was or igin a lly cr eat ed in F r en ch an d was a m a jor s u cc ess on t h e Fr en ch st a ge f or young au di enc es. It h a s b een s een by ap pr ox i ma t ely 175,000 sp ect at
More informationApplied Tape Techniques for Use With Electronic Music Synthesizers.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1974 Applied Tape Techniques for Use With Electronic Music Synthesizers. Robert Bruce Greenleaf Louisiana
More informationGenetic Behavior of Resistance to Lodging in Sugarcane.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 Genetic Behavior of Resistance to Lodging in Sugarcane. Howard Preston Viator II Louisiana State
More information176 5 t h Fl oo r. 337 P o ly me r Ma te ri al s
A g la di ou s F. L. 462 E l ec tr on ic D ev el op me nt A i ng er A.W.S. 371 C. A. M. A l ex an de r 236 A d mi ni st ra ti on R. H. (M rs ) A n dr ew s P. V. 326 O p ti ca l Tr an sm is si on A p ps
More informationA new ThermicSol product
A new ThermicSol product Double-Faced Thermo-Electric Solar-Panel TD/PV & Solar Tracker & Rotation Device An EU-patent protected product TP4-referens.pdf D o y o u w a n t to c o n v e rt it i n to G re
More informationAn Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Counselor Trainee's Implicit and Explicit Personality Theory
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-1976 An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Counselor Trainee's Implicit and Explicit Personality Theory E. G.
More informationApplications of Pattern Recognition and Learning Controllers to Power System Analysis and Control.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1977 Applications of Pattern Recognition and Learning Controllers to Power System Analysis and Control.
More informationStructure and metabolism of cuticular lipids of the grasshopper melanoplus sanguinipes
Structure and metabolism of cuticular lipids of the grasshopper melanoplus sanguinipes by Gary James Blomquist A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for
More informationAn Investigation of the Relationship Between Learning-style and Temperament of Senior Highschool Students in the Bahamas and Jamaica
Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Master's Theses Graduate Research 1984 An Investigation of the Relationship Between Learning-style and Temperament of Senior Highschool Students
More informationAgenda Rationale for ETG S eek ing I d eas ETG fram ew ork and res u lts 2
Internal Innovation @ C is c o 2 0 0 6 C i s c o S y s t e m s, I n c. A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d. C i s c o C o n f i d e n t i a l 1 Agenda Rationale for ETG S eek ing I d eas ETG fram ew ork
More informationM a n a g e m e n t o f H y d ra u lic F ra c tu rin g D a ta
M a n a g e m e n t o f H y d ra u lic F ra c tu rin g D a ta M a rc h 2 0 1 5, A n n a F ilip p o v a a n d J e re m y E a d e 1 W h a t is H y d ra u lic F ra c tu rin g? Im a g e : h ttp ://w w w.h
More informationCountry Report Government (Part I) Due: November 14, 2017
Country Report Government (Part I) Due: November 14, 2017 o The government has a total of three sections: government, flag, and national anthem. You will start by researching your government. o Step 1:
More informationSex-Role Attitudes, Sex, and Logos of Control: A Study of their Interrelationships in Reference to Social Change
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-1990 Sex-Role Attitudes, Sex, and Logos of Control: A Study of their Interrelationships in Reference to Social Change Virginia
More informationAn Historical and Comparative Study of Elementary School Counselor Education Programs; Past-Present-Future
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-1975 An Historical and Comparative Study of Elementary School Counselor Education Programs; Past-Present-Future Alton E.
More informationUniversity Micrdfilms International 300 N. Z e e b Road Ann Arbor, Ml INFORMATION TO USERS
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy o f a docum ent sent to us for microfilming. While the m ost advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this docum ent, the
More informationINFORMATION TO USERS
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the
More informationA Confusion Matrix Intelligibility Testing Procedure for Preschool Children
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1981 A Confusion Matrix Intelligibility Testing Procedure for Preschool Children Jane C. Coe-Kruse Western Michigan University
More informationDentists incomes, fees, practice costs, and the Economic Stabilization Act: to 1976
HE A S S O C IA T IO N Dentists incomes, fees, practice costs, and the Economic Stabilization Act: 19 52 to 1976 B u r e a u o f E c o n o m ic a n d B e h a v io r a l R e s e a r c h D a r i n g th e
More informationH STO RY OF TH E SA NT
O RY OF E N G L R R VER ritten for the entennial of th e Foundin g of t lair oun t y on ay 8 82 Y EEL N E JEN K RP O N! R ENJ F ] jun E 3 1 92! Ph in t ed b y h e t l a i r R ep u b l i c a n O 4 1922
More informationMcCormick & Company, Incorporated (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 8-K CURRENT REPORT Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Date of Report (Date of earliest event
More informationCreating Deviance: The Collective Stigmatization of Cigarette Smoking
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-1980 Creating Deviance: The Collective Stigmatization of Cigarette Smoking Ronald Jay Troyer Western Michigan University
More information1980 Annual Report / FEDERAL R ESER V E BA N K OF RICHMOND. Digitized for FRASER Federal Reserve Bank of St.
1980 Annual Report / FEDERAL R ESER V E BA N K OF RICHMOND IS S N 0164-0798 L IB R A R Y OK C O N G R E SS C A T A L O G C A R D N U M B E R : 16-72o4 Additional <
More informationCompetition Between Females and Males at Different Age Levels on Perceptual Motor Performance.
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1975 Competition Between Females and Males at Different Age Levels on Perceptual Motor Performance.
More information