WHITE PAPER: SLOA011 Author: Jim Karki Digital Signal Processing Solutions April 1998
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1 OPerational AMPlifier lifiers Source: Understanding Operational Amplifier Specifications Source: Understanding Operational Amplifier Specifications WHITE PAPE: SLOA0 Author: Jim Karki Digital Signal Processing Solutions April 998 Enzo Paterno
2 GAIN A A GAIN: / A If > ; / > AMPLIFICATION Positive gain since A(db) 0 log A If < ; / < ATTENUATION Negative gain since A(db) 0 log A - Enzo Paterno 2
3 CASCADING A x A2 A A2 GAIN: / A A2 Enzo Paterno 3
4 dd Negative input (n) Positive input (p) -ee Standard Op Amp Model Enzo Paterno 4
5 Dual voltage Power Supply Differential inputs Enzo Paterno 5
6 Enzo Paterno 6
7 LM74 Enzo Paterno 7
8 p Non-inverting input n Inverting Input OPerational AMPlifierS Why Differential inputs? S Signal Single-ended input: N Noise S N A * A (S N) AS AN Differential Inputs: p, n Signals (Double ended Inputs) N Noise p Sp Np n Sn Nn Let Np ~ Nn N d (Sp N) (Sn N) Sp Sn N N Sp Sn A d Noise eduction Enzo Paterno 8
9 Open Loop Gain Aol Three assumptions Actual 00,000 2 MEG 50 Ohms Enzo Paterno 9
10 d p - n We get: Ideal Op Amp Model Enzo Paterno 0
11 Simplifications can be derived by using the ideal Op-Amp model: Enzo Paterno
12 rtual Short Concept: d 0 Thus; p n Enzo Paterno 2
13 Open Loop Application Threshold detector (Comparator) -/ dd dd; ee; p > n ( d p < n ( d ) ) khz A LM74/NS B k - 5 -ee Enzo Paterno 3
14 A: v_ B: u_6 B OPerational AMPlifierS Threshold Detector A ms 0.500ms.000ms.500ms 2.000ms 2.500ms 3.000ms 3.500ms 4.000ms 4.500ms 5.000ms Enzo Paterno 4
15 Open Loop Application Threshold detector (Comparator) -/ khz A 5 - LM74/NS B k 2 k C 3 k Q NPN - s3 5-5 Enzo Paterno 5
16 A: v_ B: u_6 C: q_ C B A OPerational AMPlifierS Threshold Detector ms 0.500ms.000ms.500ms 2.000ms 2.500ms 3.000ms 3.500ms 4.000ms 4.500ms 5.000ms Enzo Paterno 6
17 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier d Aol Derive the equation for f() so that we may find the equation for GAIN: A / Let P n i (rtual Short) i GAIN : Enzo Paterno 7 2
18 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier d Aol Derive the equation for f() so that we may find the equation for GAIN: A / b is called the feedback factor it represents the portion of the output that is fed back to the input Enzo Paterno 8
19 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier d Aol Let Aol a p n b Enzo Paterno 9
20 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier d Aol a ab ab a ( ab ) a a ab ab ( a ab ) b ( ab Enzo Paterno 20 )
21 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier d Aol b Substitute ( ab a ) b b b ( ) b ( 0 ) 2 Enzo Paterno 2
22 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier d Aol GAIN : Enzo Paterno 22
23 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier d Aol Example: v, 2 0K, K Acl * v v rtual Short Technique n p ( Enzo Paterno Closed Loop Gain Acl * Acl Acl / I (2/) )
24 Closed Loop Application Non-Inverting Amplifier 2 0k -/ k A B 3 k khz Acl / I (2/) Acl (0K/K) Enzo Paterno 24
25 A: v_ B: u_6 B v OPerational AMPlifierS Non inverting amplifier A v ms 0.500ms.000ms.500ms 2.000ms 2.500ms 3.000ms 3.500ms 4.000ms 4.500ms 5.000ms Enzo Paterno 25
26 Closed Loop Application Inverting Amplifier I n 0v (rtual Short) Kirchhoff s rule - I - I2 - / - 0 / 2 I2 - (2/) Example: v, 2 0K, K Closed Loop Gain Acl Acl -0-0 * v -0 v - * Acl Acl - / I - 2/ Enzo Paterno 26
27 Closed Loop Application Inverting Amplifier 0k -/ A 2 k B khz 3 k Acl - / I - 2/ Acl - 0K/K - 0 Enzo Paterno 27
28 A: v_ B: u_6 B v A ms 0.500ms.000ms.500ms 2.000ms 2.500ms 3.000ms 3.500ms 4.000ms 4.500ms 5.000ms Enzo Paterno 28
29 Summer: 0 I I I I Enzo Paterno Enzo Paterno I I I I F F F o F o F
30 Summer: OPerational AMPlifierS Op-Amp Circuit: Example: Enzo Paterno 30
31 Integrator With Gain of : I in ( t ) d C out ( t ) 0 dt in ( t ) d C out ( t ) dt d out ( t ) in ( t ) dt C τ ( t ) out in ( t ) dt C 0 The output voltage is proportional to the integral of the input voltage. I C 0 Enzo Paterno 3
32 Integrator: OPerational AMPlifierS jn out Op-Amp Circuits: Gain Gain F / out ( t) ( τ ) dτ C t 0 F ut ( t) ( τ ) dτ C 0 Enzo Paterno 32 t
33 Differentiator: OPerational AMPlifierS C F I F ut n - I C The output voltage is proportional to the derivative of the input voltage. I I C 0 d C in ( t ) dt out out ( t F ( t ) ) C F d dt C out d dt ( t F in ) ( t in ) ( t ) 0 Enzo Paterno 33
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