Minimum Spanning Trees
|
|
- Jonathan Gregory
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Mnmum Spnnng Trs Spnnng Tr A tr (.., connctd, cyclc grph) whch contns ll th vrtcs of th grph Mnmum Spnnng Tr Spnnng tr wth th mnmum sum of wghts 1 1 Spnnng forst If grph s not connctd, thn thr s spnnng tr for ch connctd componnt of th grph
2 Applctons of MST Fnd th lst xpnsv wy to connct st of cts, trmnls, computrs, tc. 3
3 Exmpl Problm A town hs st of houss nd st of rods A rod conncts nd only houss A rod connctng houss u nd v hs rpr cost w(u, v) 1 1 Gol: Rpr nough (nd no mor) rods such tht: 1. Evryon stys connctd.., cn rch vry hous from ll othr houss. Totl rpr cost s mnmum
4 Mnmum Spnnng Trs A connctd, undrctd grph: Vrtcs = houss, Edgs = rods A wght w(u, v) on ch dg (u, v) E 1 1 Fnd T E such tht: 1. T conncts ll vrtcs. w(t) = Σ (u,v)t w(u, v) s mnmzd
5 Proprts of Mnmum Spnnng Trs Mnmum spnnng tr s not unqu MST hs no cycls (by dfnton) : # of dgs n MST: V - 1
6 Prm s Algorthm Strts from n rbtrry root : V A = {} At ch stp: Fnd lght dg crossng (V A, V - V A ) Add ths dg to st A (Th dgs n st A lwys form sngl tr) Rpt untl th tr spns ll vrtcs 1 1
7 How to Fnd Lght Edgs Quckly? Us prorty quu Q: Contns vrtcs not yt ncludd n th tr,.., (V V A ) V A = {}, Q = {b, c, d,, f, g, h, } W ssoct ky wth ch vrtx v: ky[v] = mnmum wght of ny dg (u, v) connctng v to V A Ky[] = mn(w 1,w ) w 1 w 1 1
8 How to Fnd Lght Edgs Quckly? (cont.) Aftr ddng nw nod to V A w updt th wghts of ll th nods djcnt to t.g., ftr ddng to th tr, Ky[b]= nd Ky[h]= Ky[v] = f v s not djcnt to ny vrtcs n V A 1 1
9 Exmpl Q = {, b, c, d,, f, g, h, } V A = Extrct-MIN(Q) ky [b] = [b] = ky [h] = [h] = Q = {b, c, d,, f, g, h, } V A = {} Extrct-MIN(Q) b
10 Exmpl Q = {c, d,, f, g, h, } V A = {, b} ky [c] = [c] = b ky [h] = [h] = - unchngd Extrct-MIN(Q) c Q = {d,, f, g, h, } V A = {, b, c} ky [d] = [d] = c ky [f] = [f] = c ky [] = [] = c Extrct-MIN(Q)
11 Exmpl Q = {d,, f, g, h} V A = {, b, c, } ky [h] = [h] = ky [g] = [g] = Extrct-MIN(Q) f Q = {d,, g, h} V A = {, b, c,, f} ky [g] = [g] = f ky [d] = [d] = c unchngd ky [] = [] = f Extrct-MIN(Q) g 1
12 Exmpl Q = {d,, h} V A = {, b, c,, f, g} ky [h] = 1 [h] = g 1 Extrct-MIN(Q) h Q = {d, } V A = {, b, c,, f, g, h} Extrct-MIN(Q) d 13
13 Exmpl Q = {} V A = {, b, c,, f, g, h, d} ky [] = [] = d Extrct-MIN(Q) Q = V A = {, b, c,, f, g, h, d, } 1
14 PRIM(V, E, w, r) 1. Q. for ch u V 3. do ky[u]. π[u] NIL 5. INSERT(Q, u). DECREASE-KEY(Q, r, 0) % ky[r] 0. whl Q. do u EXTRACT-MIN(Q). for ch v Adj[u]. do f v Q nd w(u, v) < ky[v]. thn π[v] u Totl tm: O(VlgV + ElgV) = O(ElgV) O(V) f Q s mplmntd s mn-hp Excutd V tms Tks O(lgV) Excutd O(E) tms totl 1. DECREASE-KEY(Q, v, w(u, v)) O(lgV) Constnt Tks O(lgV) Mn-hp oprtons: O(VlgV) O(ElgV)
15 Prm s Algorthm Totl tm: O(E lgv ) Prm s lgorthm s grdy lgorthm Grdy lgorthms fnd solutons bsd on squnc of chocs whch r loclly optml t ch stp. Nvrthlss, Prm s grdy strtgy producs globlly optmum soluton! 1
16 Kruskl s Algorthm How s t dffrnt from Prm s lgorthm? Prm s lgorthm grows on tr ll th tm Kruskl s lgorthm grows multpl trs (.., forst) t th sm tm. tr1 Trs r mrgd togthr usng sf dgs u Snc n MST hs xctly V - 1 dgs, ftr V - 1 mrgs, w would hv only on componnt v tr 1
17 Kruskl s Algorthm Strt wth ch vrtx bng ts own componnt Rptdly mrg two componnts nto on by choosng th lght dg tht conncts thm Whch componnts to consdr t ch trton? Scn th st of dgs n monotonclly ncrsng ordr by wght 1 1 W would dd dg (c, f) 1
18 Exmpl 1 1 1: (h, g) : (, h), (b, c) : (c, ), (g, f) : (d, ) : (, b), (c, f) : (, f) : (, g) : (b, h) : (c, d), (, h) 1: (d, f) {}, {b}, {c}, {d}, {}, {f}, {g}, {h}, {} 1. Add (h, g). Add (c, ) 3. Add (g, f). Add (, b) 5. Add (c, f). Ignor (, g). Add (c, d). Ignor (, h). Add (, h). Ignor (b, c). Add (d, ) 1. Ignor (, f) 13. Ignor (b, h) 1. Ignor (d, f) {g, h}, {}, {b}, {c},{d},{},{f},{} {g, h}, {c, }, {}, {b}, {d}, {}, {f} {g, h, f}, {c, }, {}, {b}, {d}, {} {g, h, f}, {c, }, {, b}, {d}, {} {g, h, f, c, }, {, b}, {d}, {} {g, h, f, c, }, {, b}, {d}, {} {g, h, f, c,, d}, {, b}, {} {g, h, f, c,, d}, {, b}, {} {g, h, f, c,, d,, b}, {} {g, h, f, c,, d,, b}, {} {g, h, f, c,, d,, b, } {g, h, f, c,, d,, b, } {g, h, f, c,, d,, b, } {g, h, f, c,, d,, b, }
19 Implmntton of Kruskl s Algorthm Uss dsjont-st dt structur (s Chptr 1) to dtrmn whthr n dg conncts vrtcs n dffrnt componnts 1 1 W would dd dg (c, f) 0
20 Oprtons on Dsjont Dt Sts MAKE-SET(u) crts nw st whos only mmbr s u FIND-SET(u) rturns rprsnttv lmnt from th st tht contns u Any of th lmnts of th st tht hs prtculr proprty E.g.: S u = {r, s, t, u}, th proprty s tht th lmnt b th frst on lphbtclly FIND-SET(u) = r FIND-SET(s) = r FIND-SET hs to rturn th sm vlu for gvn st 1
21 Oprtons on Dsjont Dt Sts UNION(u, v) unts th dynmc sts tht contn u nd v, sy S u nd S v E.g.: S u = {r, s, t, u}, S v = {v, x, y} UNION (u, v) = {r, s, t, u, v, x, y} Runnng tm for FIND-SET nd UNION dpnds on mplmntton. W hd sn rlr tht FIND-SET cn b don n O(lgn) tm nd UNION oprton cn b don n O(1) (s Chptr 1)
22 KRUSKAL(V, E, w) 1. A. for ch vrtx v V 3. do MAKE-SET(v) O(V). sort E nto non-dcrsng ordr by w 5. for ch (u, v) tkn from th sortd lst. do f FIND-SET(u) FIND-SET(v). thn A A {(u, v)}. UNION(u, v). rturn A O(ElgE) O(E) O(lgV) Runnng tm: O(V+ElgE+ElgV) O(ElgE) dpndnt on th mplmntton of th dsjont-st dt structur Snc E=O(V ), w hv lge=o(lgv)=o(lgv)
23 Kruskl s Algorthm O(E lge ) or O(E lgv ) Kruskl s lgorthm s grdy It producs globlly optmum soluton
Minimum Spanning Trees
Minimum Spnning Trs Minimum Spnning Trs Problm A town hs st of houss nd st of rods A rod conncts nd only houss A rod conncting houss u nd v hs rpir cost w(u, v) Gol: Rpir nough (nd no mor) rods such tht:
More informationPreview. Graph. Graph. Graph. Graph Representation. Graph Representation 12/3/2018. Graph Graph Representation Graph Search Algorithms
/3/0 Prvw Grph Grph Rprsntton Grph Srch Algorthms Brdth Frst Srch Corrctnss of BFS Dpth Frst Srch Mnmum Spnnng Tr Kruskl s lgorthm Grph Drctd grph (or dgrph) G = (V, E) V: St of vrt (nod) E: St of dgs
More informationSpanning Tree. Preview. Minimum Spanning Tree. Minimum Spanning Tree. Minimum Spanning Tree. Minimum Spanning Tree 10/17/2017.
0//0 Prvw Spnnng Tr Spnnng Tr Mnmum Spnnng Tr Kruskl s Algorthm Prm s Algorthm Corrctnss of Kruskl s Algorthm A spnnng tr T of connctd, undrctd grph G s tr composd of ll th vrtcs nd som (or prhps ll) of
More informationLecture 20: Minimum Spanning Trees (CLRS 23)
Ltur 0: Mnmum Spnnn Trs (CLRS 3) Jun, 00 Grps Lst tm w n (wt) rps (unrt/rt) n ntrou s rp voulry (vrtx,, r, pt, onnt omponnts,... ) W lso suss jny lst n jny mtrx rprsntton W wll us jny lst rprsntton unlss
More informationCOMP108 Algorithmic Foundations
Grdy mthods Prudn Wong http://www.s.liv..uk/~pwong/thing/omp108/01617 Coin Chng Prolm Suppos w hv 3 typs of oins 10p 0p 50p Minimum numr of oins to mk 0.8, 1.0, 1.? Grdy mthod Lrning outoms Undrstnd wht
More informationA general N-dimensional vector consists of N values. They can be arranged as a column or a row and can be real or complex.
Lnr lgr Vctors gnrl -dmnsonl ctor conssts of lus h cn rrngd s column or row nd cn rl or compl Rcll -dmnsonl ctor cn rprsnt poston, loct, or cclrton Lt & k,, unt ctors long,, & rspctl nd lt k h th componnts
More informationShortest Paths in Graphs. Paths in graphs. Shortest paths CS 445. Alon Efrat Slides courtesy of Erik Demaine and Carola Wenk
S 445 Shortst Paths n Graphs lon frat Sls courtsy of rk man an arola Wnk Paths n raphs onsr a raph G = (V, ) wth -wht functon w : R. Th wht of path p = v v v k s fn to xampl: k = w ( p) = w( v, v + ).
More informationOutline. 1 Introduction. 2 Min-Cost Spanning Trees. 4 Example
Outlin Computr Sin 33 Computtion o Minimum-Cost Spnnin Trs Prim's Alorithm Introution Mik Joson Dprtmnt o Computr Sin Univrsity o Clry Ltur #33 3 Alorithm Gnrl Constrution Mik Joson (Univrsity o Clry)
More information4.1 Interval Scheduling. Chapter 4. Greedy Algorithms. Interval Scheduling: Greedy Algorithms. Interval Scheduling. Interval scheduling.
Cptr 4 4 Intrvl Suln Gry Alortms Sls y Kvn Wyn Copyrt 005 Prson-Ason Wsly All rts rsrv Intrvl Suln Intrvl Suln: Gry Alortms Intrvl suln! Jo strts t s n nss t! Two os omptl ty on't ovrlp! Gol: n mxmum sust
More information(Minimum) Spanning Trees
(Mnmum) Spnnn Trs Spnnn trs Kruskl's lortm Novmr 23, 2017 Cn Hrn / Gory Tn 1 Spnnn trs Gvn G = V, E, spnnn tr o G s onnt surp o G wt xtly V 1 s mnml sust o s tt onnts ll t vrts o G G = Spnnn trs Novmr
More informationSpanning Trees. BFS, DFS spanning tree Minimum spanning tree. March 28, 2018 Cinda Heeren / Geoffrey Tien 1
Spnnn Trs BFS, DFS spnnn tr Mnmum spnnn tr Mr 28, 2018 Cn Hrn / Gory Tn 1 Dpt-rst sr Vsts vrts lon snl pt s r s t n o, n tn ktrks to t rst junton n rsums own notr pt Mr 28, 2018 Cn Hrn / Gory Tn 2 Dpt-rst
More informationLecture II: Minimium Spanning Tree Algorithms
Ltur II: Mnmum Spnnn Tr Alortms Dr Krn T. Hrly Dprtmnt o Computr Sn Unvrsty Coll Cork Aprl 0 KH (/0/) Ltur II: Mnmum Spnnn Tr Alortms Aprl 0 / 5 Mnmum Spnnn Trs Mnmum Spnnn Trs Spnnn Tr tr orm rom rp s
More informationOutline. Computer Science 331. Computation of Min-Cost Spanning Trees. Costs of Spanning Trees in Weighted Graphs
Outlin Computr Sin 33 Computtion o Minimum-Cost Spnnin Trs Prim s Mik Joson Dprtmnt o Computr Sin Univrsity o Clry Ltur #34 Introution Min-Cost Spnnin Trs 3 Gnrl Constrution 4 5 Trmintion n Eiiny 6 Aitionl
More informationImproving Union. Implementation. Union-by-size Code. Union-by-Size Find Analysis. Path Compression! Improving Find find(e)
POW CSE 36: Dt Struturs Top #10 T Dynm (Equvln) Duo: Unon-y-Sz & Pt Comprsson Wk!! Luk MDowll Summr Qurtr 003 M! ZING Wt s Goo Mz? Mz Construton lortm Gvn: ollton o rooms V Conntons twn t rooms (ntlly
More informationOutline. Circuits. Euler paths/circuits 4/25/12. Part 10. Graphs. Euler s bridge problem (Bridges of Konigsberg Problem)
4/25/12 Outlin Prt 10. Grphs CS 200 Algorithms n Dt Struturs Introution Trminology Implmnting Grphs Grph Trvrsls Topologil Sorting Shortst Pths Spnning Trs Minimum Spnning Trs Ciruits 1 2 Eulr s rig prolm
More informationAn undirected graph G = (V, E) V a set of vertices E a set of unordered edges (v,w) where v, w in V
Unirt Grphs An unirt grph G = (V, E) V st o vrtis E st o unorr gs (v,w) whr v, w in V USE: to mol symmtri rltionships twn ntitis vrtis v n w r jnt i thr is n g (v,w) [or (w,v)] th g (v,w) is inint upon
More informationCSC Design and Analysis of Algorithms. Example: Change-Making Problem
CSC 801- Dsign n Anlysis of Algorithms Ltur 11 Gry Thniqu Exmpl: Chng-Mking Prolm Givn unlimit mounts of oins of nomintions 1 > > m, giv hng for mount n with th lst numr of oins Exmpl: 1 = 25, 2 =10, =
More informationV={A,B,C,D,E} E={ (A,D),(A,E),(B,D), (B,E),(C,D),(C,E)}
Introution Computr Sin & Enginring 423/823 Dsign n Anlysis of Algorithms Ltur 03 Elmntry Grph Algorithms (Chptr 22) Stphn Sott (Apt from Vinohnrn N. Vriym) I Grphs r strt t typs tht r pplil to numrous
More informationCopyright 2000, Kevin Wayne 1
Chptr. Intrvl Shulng Gry Algorthms Sls y Kvn Wyn. Copyrght 005 Prson-Ason Wsly. All rghts rsrv. Intrvl Shulng Intrvl Shulng: Gry Algorthms Intrvl shulng. Jo strts t s n fnshs t f. Two os omptl f thy on't
More information12/3/12. Outline. Part 10. Graphs. Circuits. Euler paths/circuits. Euler s bridge problem (Bridges of Konigsberg Problem)
12/3/12 Outlin Prt 10. Grphs CS 200 Algorithms n Dt Struturs Introution Trminology Implmnting Grphs Grph Trvrsls Topologil Sorting Shortst Pths Spnning Trs Minimum Spnning Trs Ciruits 1 Ciruits Cyl 2 Eulr
More information5/9/13. Part 10. Graphs. Outline. Circuits. Introduction Terminology Implementing Graphs
Prt 10. Grphs CS 200 Algorithms n Dt Struturs 1 Introution Trminology Implmnting Grphs Outlin Grph Trvrsls Topologil Sorting Shortst Pths Spnning Trs Minimum Spnning Trs Ciruits 2 Ciruits Cyl A spil yl
More informationMinimum Spanning Trees (CLRS 23)
Mnmum Spnnn Trs (CLRS 3) T prolm Rll t nton o spnnn tr: Gvn onnt, unrt rp G = (V, E), sust o s o G su tt ty onnt ll vrts n G n orm no yls s ll spnnn tr (ST) o G. Any unrt, onnt rp s spnnn tr. Atully, rp
More informationCh 1.2: Solutions of Some Differential Equations
Ch 1.2: Solutions of Som Diffrntil Equtions Rcll th fr fll nd owl/mic diffrntil qutions: v 9.8.2v, p.5 p 45 Ths qutions hv th gnrl form y' = y - b W cn us mthods of clculus to solv diffrntil qutions of
More informationCycles and Simple Cycles. Paths and Simple Paths. Trees. Problem: There is No Completely Standard Terminology!
Outlin Computr Sin 331, Spnnin, n Surphs Mik Joson Dprtmnt o Computr Sin Univrsity o Clry Ltur #30 1 Introution 2 3 Dinition 4 Spnnin 5 6 Mik Joson (Univrsity o Clry) Computr Sin 331 Ltur #30 1 / 20 Mik
More informationFSA. CmSc 365 Theory of Computation. Finite State Automata and Regular Expressions (Chapter 2, Section 2.3) ALPHABET operations: U, concatenation, *
CmSc 365 Thory of Computtion Finit Stt Automt nd Rgulr Exprssions (Chptr 2, Sction 2.3) ALPHABET oprtions: U, conctntion, * otin otin Strings Form Rgulr xprssions dscri Closd undr U, conctntion nd * (if
More informationPaths. Connectivity. Euler and Hamilton Paths. Planar graphs.
Pths.. Eulr n Hmilton Pths.. Pth D. A pth rom s to t is squn o gs {x 0, x 1 }, {x 1, x 2 },... {x n 1, x n }, whr x 0 = s, n x n = t. D. Th lngth o pth is th numr o gs in it. {, } {, } {, } {, } {, } {,
More informationV={A,B,C,D,E} E={ (A,D),(A,E),(B,D), (B,E),(C,D),(C,E)}
s s of s Computr Sin & Enginring 423/823 Dsign n Anlysis of Ltur 03 (Chptr 22) Stphn Sott (Apt from Vinohnrn N. Vriym) s of s s r strt t typs tht r pplil to numrous prolms Cn ptur ntitis, rltionships twn
More informationConvergence Theorems for Two Iterative Methods. A stationary iterative method for solving the linear system: (1.1)
Conrgnc Thors for Two Itrt Mthods A sttonry trt thod for solng th lnr syst: Ax = b (.) ploys n trton trx B nd constnt ctor c so tht for gn strtng stt x of x for = 2... x Bx c + = +. (.2) For such n trton
More informationDepth First Search. Yufei Tao. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong
Dprtmnt o Computr Sn n Ennrn Cns Unvrsty o Hon Kon W v lry lrn rt rst sr (BFS). Toy, w wll suss ts sstr vrson : t pt rst sr (DFS) lortm. Our susson wll on n ous on rt rps, us t xtnson to unrt rps s strtorwr.
More informationERDOS-SMARANDACHE NUMBERS. Sabin Tabirca* Tatiana Tabirca**
ERDO-MARANDACHE NUMBER b Tbrc* Tt Tbrc** *Trslv Uvrsty of Brsov, Computr cc Dprtmt **Uvrsty of Mchstr, Computr cc Dprtmt Th strtg pot of ths rtcl s rprstd by rct work of Fch []. Bsd o two symptotc rsults
More informationSingle Source Shortest Paths (with Positive Weights)
Snl Sour Sortst Pts (wt Postv Wts) Yuf To ITEE Unvrsty of Qunslnd In ts ltur, w wll rvst t snl sour sortst pt (SSSP) problm. Rll tt w v lrdy lrnd tt t BFS lortm solvs t problm ffntly wn ll t ds v t sm
More informationCS 461, Lecture 17. Today s Outline. Example Run
Prim s Algorithm CS 461, Ltur 17 Jr Si Univrsity o Nw Mxio In Prim s lgorithm, th st A mintin y th lgorithm orms singl tr. Th tr strts rom n ritrry root vrtx n grows until it spns ll th vrtis in V At h
More informationLucas Test is based on Euler s theorem which states that if n is any integer and a is coprime to n, then a φ(n) 1modn.
Modul 10 Addtonal Topcs 10.1 Lctur 1 Prambl: Dtrmnng whthr a gvn ntgr s prm or compost s known as prmalty tstng. Thr ar prmalty tsts whch mrly tll us whthr a gvn ntgr s prm or not, wthout gvng us th factors
More informationMinimum Spanning Trees (CLRS 23)
Mnmum Spnnn Trs (CLRS 3) T prolm Gvn onnt, unrt rp G = (V, E), sust o s o G su tt ty onnt ll vrts n G n orm no yls s ll spnnn tr (ST) o G. Clm: Any unrt, onnt rp s spnnn tr (n nrl rp my v mny spnnn trs).
More informationCS 253: Algorithms. Chapter 24. Shortest Paths. Credit: Dr. George Bebis
CS : Algorithms Chapter 4 Shortest Paths Credit: Dr. George Bebis Shortest Path Problems How can we find the shortest route between two points on a road map? Model the problem as a graph problem: Road
More informationSection 3: Antiderivatives of Formulas
Chptr Th Intgrl Appli Clculus 96 Sction : Antirivtivs of Formuls Now w cn put th is of rs n ntirivtivs togthr to gt wy of vluting finit intgrls tht is ct n oftn sy. To vlut finit intgrl f(t) t, w cn fin
More informationMath 61 : Discrete Structures Final Exam Instructor: Ciprian Manolescu. You have 180 minutes.
Nm: UCA ID Numr: Stion lttr: th 61 : Disrt Struturs Finl Exm Instrutor: Ciprin nolsu You hv 180 minuts. No ooks, nots or lultors r llow. Do not us your own srth ppr. 1. (2 points h) Tru/Fls: Cirl th right
More informationa b c cat CAT A B C Aa Bb Cc cat cat Lesson 1 (Part 1) Verbal lesson: Capital Letters Make The Same Sound Lesson 1 (Part 1) continued...
Progrssiv Printing T.M. CPITLS g 4½+ Th sy, fun (n FR!) wy to tch cpitl lttrs. ook : C o - For Kinrgrtn or First Gr (not for pr-school). - Tchs tht cpitl lttrs mk th sm souns s th littl lttrs. - Tchs th
More informationPartially Observable Systems. 1 Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) Formalism
CS294-40 Lernng for Rootcs nd Control Lecture 10-9/30/2008 Lecturer: Peter Aeel Prtlly Oservle Systems Scre: Dvd Nchum Lecture outlne POMDP formlsm Pont-sed vlue terton Glol methods: polytree, enumerton,
More informationCSE 373: More on graphs; DFS and BFS. Michael Lee Wednesday, Feb 14, 2018
CSE 373: Mor on grphs; DFS n BFS Mihl L Wnsy, F 14, 2018 1 Wrmup Wrmup: Disuss with your nighor: Rmin your nighor: wht is simpl grph? Suppos w hv simpl, irt grph with x nos. Wht is th mximum numr of gs
More informationIntegration Continued. Integration by Parts Solving Definite Integrals: Area Under a Curve Improper Integrals
Intgrtion Continud Intgrtion y Prts Solving Dinit Intgrls: Ar Undr Curv Impropr Intgrls Intgrtion y Prts Prticulrly usul whn you r trying to tk th intgrl o som unction tht is th product o n lgric prssion
More informationChapter Interval Scheduling. Greedy Algorithms. What is a Greedy Algorithm? Interval Scheduling
Wht s Grdy Algorthm? Chptr Grdy Algorthms Grdy lgorthm Hrd to gv prs dfnton It ulds up soluton n smll stps, hoosng dson t h stp to optmz som undrlyng rtron Mk lol dsons, nd mglly gt glol optmum Vry ffnt
More informationFundamentals of Continuum Mechanics. Seoul National University Graphics & Media Lab
Fndmntls of Contnm Mchncs Sol Ntonl Unvrsty Grphcs & Md Lb Th Rodmp of Contnm Mchncs Strss Trnsformton Strn Trnsformton Strss Tnsor Strn T + T ++ T Strss-Strn Rltonshp Strn Enrgy FEM Formlton Lt s Stdy
More information1.9 Cartesian Tensors
Scton.9.9 Crtsn nsors s th th ctor, hghr ordr) tnsor s mthmtc obct hch rprsnts mny physc phnomn nd hch xsts ndpndnty of ny coordnt systm. In ht foos, Crtsn coordnt systm s sd to dscrb tnsors..9. Crtsn
More informationFilter Design Techniques
Fltr Dsgn chnqus Fltr Fltr s systm tht psss crtn frquncy componnts n totlly rcts ll othrs Stgs of th sgn fltr Spcfcton of th sr proprts of th systm ppromton of th spcfcton usng cusl scrt-tm systm Rlzton
More informationWeek 3: Connected Subgraphs
Wk 3: Connctd Subgraphs Sptmbr 19, 2016 1 Connctd Graphs Path, Distanc: A path from a vrtx x to a vrtx y in a graph G is rfrrd to an xy-path. Lt X, Y V (G). An (X, Y )-path is an xy-path with x X and y
More information4.8 Huffman Codes. Wordle. Encoding Text. Encoding Text. Prefix Codes. Encoding Text
2/26/2 Word A word a word coag. A word contrctd ot of on of th ntrctor ar: 4.8 Hffan Cod word contrctd ng th java at at word.nt word a randozd grdy agorth to ov th ackng rob Encodng Txt Q. Gvn a txt that
More informationWeighted Graphs. Weighted graphs may be either directed or undirected.
1 In mny ppltons, o rp s n ssot numrl vlu, ll wt. Usully, t wts r nonntv ntrs. Wt rps my tr rt or unrt. T wt o n s otn rrr to s t "ost" o t. In ppltons, t wt my msur o t lnt o rout, t pty o ln, t nry rqur
More informationExamples and applications on SSSP and MST
Exampls an applications on SSSP an MST Dan (Doris) H & Junhao Gan ITEE Univrsity of Qunslan COMP3506/7505, Uni of Qunslan Exampls an applications on SSSP an MST Dijkstra s Algorithm Th algorithm solvs
More informationON THE COMPLEXITY OF K-STEP AND K-HOP DOMINATING SETS IN GRAPHS
MATEMATICA MONTISNIRI Vol XL (2017) MATEMATICS ON TE COMPLEXITY OF K-STEP AN K-OP OMINATIN SETS IN RAPS M FARAI JALALVAN AN N JAFARI RA partmnt of Mathmatcs Shahrood Unrsty of Tchnology Shahrood Iran Emals:
More informationb.) v d =? Example 2 l = 50 m, D = 1.0 mm, E = 6 V, " = 1.72 #10 $8 % & m, and r = 0.5 % a.) R =? c.) V ab =? a.) R eq =?
xmpl : An 8-gug oppr wr hs nomnl mtr o. mm. Ths wr rrs onstnt urrnt o.67 A to W lmp. Th nsty o r ltrons s 8.5 x 8 ltrons pr u mtr. Fn th mgntu o. th urrnt nsty. th rt vloty xmpl D. mm,.67 A, n N 8.5" 8
More informationWalk Like a Mathematician Learning Task:
Gori Dprtmnt of Euction Wlk Lik Mthmticin Lrnin Tsk: Mtrics llow us to prform mny usful mthmticl tsks which orinrily rquir lr numbr of computtions. Som typs of problms which cn b on fficintly with mtrics
More informationUNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. M.Sc. in Economics MICROECONOMIC THEORY I. Problem Set II
Mcroeconomc Theory I UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS MSc n Economcs MICROECONOMIC THEORY I Techng: A Lptns (Note: The number of ndctes exercse s dffculty level) ()True or flse? If V( y )
More information1 Introduction to Modulo 7 Arithmetic
1 Introution to Moulo 7 Arithmti Bor w try our hn t solvin som hr Moulr KnKns, lt s tk los look t on moulr rithmti, mo 7 rithmti. You ll s in this sminr tht rithmti moulo prim is quit irnt rom th ons w
More informationStrongly Connected Components
Strongly Connctd Componnts Lt G = (V, E) b a dirctd graph Writ if thr is a path from to in G Writ if and is an quivalnc rlation: implis and implis s quivalnc classs ar calld th strongly connctd componnts
More informationDennis Bricker, 2001 Dept of Industrial Engineering The University of Iowa. MDP: Taxi page 1
Denns Brcker, 2001 Dept of Industrl Engneerng The Unversty of Iow MDP: Tx pge 1 A tx serves three djcent towns: A, B, nd C. Ech tme the tx dschrges pssenger, the drver must choose from three possble ctons:
More information8. Linear Contracts under Risk Neutrality
8. Lnr Contrcts undr Rsk Nutrlty Lnr contrcts r th smplst form of contrcts nd thy r vry populr n pplctons. Thy offr smpl ncntv mchnsm. Exmpls of lnr contrcts r mny: contrctul jont vnturs, quty jont vnturs,
More informationCS 103 BFS Alorithm. Mark Redekopp
CS 3 BFS Aloritm Mrk Rkopp Brt-First Sr (BFS) HIGHLIGHTED ALGORITHM 3 Pt Plnnin W'v sn BFS in t ontxt o inin t sortst pt trou mz? S?? 4 Pt Plnnin W xplor t 4 niors s on irtion 3 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 F I you
More informationGraphs. CSC 1300 Discrete Structures Villanova University. Villanova CSC Dr Papalaskari
Grphs CSC 1300 Disrt Struturs Villnov Univrsity Grphs Grphs r isrt struturs onsis?ng of vr?s n gs tht onnt ths vr?s. Grphs n us to mol: omputr systms/ntworks mthm?l rl?ons logi iruit lyout jos/prosss f
More informationSearching Linked Lists. Perfect Skip List. Building a Skip List. Skip List Analysis (1) Assume the list is sorted, but is stored in a linked list.
3 3 4 8 6 3 3 4 8 6 3 3 4 8 6 () (d) 3 Sarching Linkd Lists Sarching Linkd Lists Sarching Linkd Lists ssum th list is sortd, but is stord in a linkd list. an w us binary sarch? omparisons? Work? What if
More informationJones vector & matrices
Jons vctor & matrcs PY3 Colást na hollscol Corcagh, Ér Unvrst Collg Cork, Irland Dpartmnt of Phscs Matr tratmnt of polarzaton Consdr a lght ra wth an nstantanous -vctor as shown k, t ˆ k, t ˆ k t, o o
More informationConstructive Geometric Constraint Solving
Construtiv Gomtri Constrint Solving Antoni Soto i Rir Dprtmnt Llngutgs i Sistms Inormàtis Univrsitt Politèni Ctluny Brlon, Sptmr 2002 CGCS p.1/37 Prliminris CGCS p.2/37 Gomtri onstrint prolm C 2 D L BC
More informationb. How many ternary words of length 23 with eight 0 s, nine 1 s and six 2 s?
MATH 3012 Finl Exm, My 4, 2006, WTT Stunt Nm n ID Numr 1. All our prts o this prolm r onrn with trnry strings o lngth n, i.., wors o lngth n with lttrs rom th lpht {0, 1, 2}.. How mny trnry wors o lngth
More informationChapter Newton-Raphson Method of Solving a Nonlinear Equation
Chpter 0.04 Newton-Rphson Method o Solvng Nonlner Equton Ater redng ths chpter, you should be ble to:. derve the Newton-Rphson method ormul,. develop the lgorthm o the Newton-Rphson method,. use the Newton-Rphson
More informationGraphs. Graphs. Graphs: Basic Terminology. Directed Graphs. Dr Papalaskari 1
CSC 00 Disrt Struturs : Introuon to Grph Thory Grphs Grphs CSC 00 Disrt Struturs Villnov Univrsity Grphs r isrt struturs onsisng o vrs n gs tht onnt ths vrs. Grphs n us to mol: omputr systms/ntworks mthml
More informationHeisenberg Model. Sayed Mohammad Mahdi Sadrnezhaad. Supervisor: Prof. Abdollah Langari
snbrg Modl Sad Mohammad Mahd Sadrnhaad Survsor: Prof. bdollah Langar bstract: n ths rsarch w tr to calculat analtcall gnvalus and gnvctors of fnt chan wth ½-sn artcls snbrg modl. W drov gnfuctons for closd
More informationData Structures and and Algorithm Xiaoqing Zheng
Data Structures and Algorithm Xiaoqing Zheng zhengxq@fudan.edu.cn Representations of undirected graph 1 2 1 2 5 / 5 4 3 2 3 4 5 1 3 4 / 2 4 / 2 5 3 / 4 1 / Adjacency-list representation of graph G = (V,
More informationChapter Newton-Raphson Method of Solving a Nonlinear Equation
Chpter.4 Newton-Rphson Method of Solvng Nonlner Equton After redng ths chpter, you should be ble to:. derve the Newton-Rphson method formul,. develop the lgorthm of the Newton-Rphson method,. use the Newton-Rphson
More informationFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF
FINIT LMNT NLYSIS OF D MODL PROBLM WITH SINGL VRIBL Fnt lmnt modl dvlopmnt of lnr D modl dffrntl qton nvolvng sngl dpndnt nknown govrnng qtons F modl dvlopmnt wk form. JN Rddy Modlqn D - GOVRNING TION
More informationHandout 4. Inverse and Implicit Function Theorems.
8.95 Hndout 4. Inverse nd Implicit Function Theorems. Theorem (Inverse Function Theorem). Suppose U R n is open, f : U R n is C, x U nd df x is invertible. Then there exists neighborhood V of x in U nd
More informationCSE 373. Graphs 1: Concepts, Depth/Breadth-First Search reading: Weiss Ch. 9. slides created by Marty Stepp
CSE 373 Grphs 1: Conpts, Dpth/Brth-First Srh ring: Wiss Ch. 9 slis rt y Mrty Stpp http://www.s.wshington.u/373/ Univrsity o Wshington, ll rights rsrv. 1 Wht is grph? 56 Tokyo Sttl Soul 128 16 30 181 140
More informationWeighted graphs -- reminder. Data Structures LECTURE 15. Shortest paths algorithms. Example: weighted graph. Two basic properties of shortest paths
Dt Strutur LECTURE Shortt pth lgorithm Proprti of hortt pth Bllmn-For lgorithm Dijktr lgorithm Chptr in th txtook (pp ). Wight grph -- rminr A wight grph i grph in whih g hv wight (ot) w(v i, v j ) >.
More information23 Minimum Spanning Trees
3 Mnmum Spnnn Trs Eltron rut sns otn n to mk t pns o svrl omponnts ltrlly quvlnt y wrn tm totr. To ntronnt st o n pns, w n us n rrnmnt o n wrs, onntn two pns. O ll su rrnmnts, t on tt uss t lst mount o
More informationCS200: Graphs. Graphs. Directed Graphs. Graphs/Networks Around Us. What can this represent? Sometimes we want to represent directionality:
CS2: Grphs Prihr Ch. 4 Rosn Ch. Grphs A olltion of nos n gs Wht n this rprsnt? n A omputr ntwork n Astrtion of mp n Soil ntwork CS2 - Hsh Tls 2 Dirt Grphs Grphs/Ntworks Aroun Us A olltion of nos n irt
More informationBasic Polyhedral theory
Basic Polyhdral thory Th st P = { A b} is calld a polyhdron. Lmma 1. Eithr th systm A = b, b 0, 0 has a solution or thr is a vctorπ such that π A 0, πb < 0 Thr cass, if solution in top row dos not ist
More informationLast time: introduced our first computational model the DFA.
Lctur 7 Homwork #7: 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3 (hnd in c nd d), Misc: Givn: M, NFA Prov: (q,xy) * (p,y) iff (q,x) * (p,) (follow proof don in clss tody) Lst tim: introducd our first computtionl modl th DFA. Tody
More informationpriority queue ADT heaps 1
COMP 250 Lctur 23 priority quu ADT haps 1 Nov. 1/2, 2017 1 Priority Quu Li a quu, but now w hav a mor gnral dinition o which lmnt to rmov nxt, namly th on with highst priority..g. hospital mrgncy room
More informationRank One Update And the Google Matrix by Al Bernstein Signal Science, LLC
Introducton Rnk One Updte And the Google Mtrx y Al Bernsten Sgnl Scence, LLC www.sgnlscence.net here re two dfferent wys to perform mtrx multplctons. he frst uses dot product formulton nd the second uses
More informationminimize c'x subject to subject to subject to
z ' sut to ' M ' M N uostrd N z ' sut to ' z ' sut to ' sl vrls vtor of : vrls surplus vtor of : uostrd s s s s s s z sut to whr : ut ost of :out of : out of ( ' gr of h food ( utrt : rqurt for h utrt
More informationlearning objectives learn what graphs are in mathematical terms learn how to represent graphs in computers learn about typical graph algorithms
rp loritms lrnin ojtivs loritms your sotwr systm sotwr rwr lrn wt rps r in mtmtil trms lrn ow to rprsnt rps in omputrs lrn out typil rp loritms wy rps? intuitivly, rp is orm y vrtis n s twn vrtis rps r
More informationINTEGRALS. Chapter 7. d dx. 7.1 Overview Let d dx F (x) = f (x). Then, we write f ( x)
Chptr 7 INTEGRALS 7. Ovrviw 7.. Lt d d F () f (). Thn, w writ f ( ) d F () + C. Ths intgrls r clld indfinit intgrls or gnrl intgrls, C is clld constnt of intgrtion. All ths intgrls diffr y constnt. 7..
More informationChapter 6 Continuous Random Variables and Distributions
Chpter 6 Continuous Rndom Vriles nd Distriutions Mny economic nd usiness mesures such s sles investment consumption nd cost cn hve the continuous numericl vlues so tht they cn not e represented y discrete
More informationApplications of trees
Trs Apptons o trs Orgnzton rts Attk trs to syst Anyss o tr ntworks Prsng xprssons Trs (rtrv o norton) Don-n strutur Mutstng Dstnton-s orwrng Trnsprnt swts Forwrng ts o prxs t routrs Struturs or nt pntton
More information(a) v 1. v a. v i. v s. (b)
Outlin RETIMING Struturl optimiztion mthods. Gionni D Mihli Stnford Unirsity Rtiming. { Modling. { Rtiming for minimum dly. { Rtiming for minimum r. Synhronous Logi Ntwork Synhronous Logi Ntwork Synhronous
More informationConnected-components. Summary of lecture 9. Algorithms and Data Structures Disjoint sets. Example: connected components in graphs
Prm University, Mth. Deprtment Summry of lecture 9 Algorithms nd Dt Structures Disjoint sets Summry of this lecture: (CLR.1-3) Dt Structures for Disjoint sets: Union opertion Find opertion Mrco Pellegrini
More information1.2. Linear Variable Coefficient Equations. y + b "! = a y + b " Remark: The case b = 0 and a non-constant can be solved with the same idea as above.
1 12 Liner Vrible Coefficient Equtions Section Objective(s): Review: Constnt Coefficient Equtions Solving Vrible Coefficient Equtions The Integrting Fctor Method The Bernoulli Eqution 121 Review: Constnt
More informationCHAPTER 33: PARTICLE PHYSICS
Collg Physcs Studnt s Manual Chaptr 33 CHAPTER 33: PARTICLE PHYSICS 33. THE FOUR BASIC FORCES 4. (a) Fnd th rato of th strngths of th wak and lctromagntc forcs undr ordnary crcumstancs. (b) What dos that
More informationBridging the gap: GCSE AS Level
Bridging the gp: GCSE AS Level CONTENTS Chpter Removing rckets pge Chpter Liner equtions Chpter Simultneous equtions 8 Chpter Fctors 0 Chpter Chnge the suject of the formul Chpter 6 Solving qudrtic equtions
More informationWinter 2016 COMP-250: Introduction to Computer Science. Lecture 23, April 5, 2016
Wintr 2016 COMP-250: Introduction to Computr Scinc Lctur 23, April 5, 2016 Commnt out input siz 2) Writ ny lgorithm tht runs in tim Θ(n 2 log 2 n) in wors cs. Explin why this is its running tim. I don
More informationDUET WITH DIAMONDS COLOR SHIFTING BRACELET By Leslie Rogalski
Dut with Dimons Brlt DUET WITH DIAMONDS COLOR SHIFTING BRACELET By Lsli Roglski Photo y Anrw Wirth Supruo DUETS TM from BSmith rt olor shifting fft tht mks your work tk on lif of its own s you mov! This
More informationCSE303 - Introduction to the Theory of Computing Sample Solutions for Exercises on Finite Automata
CSE303 - Introduction to th Thory of Computing Smpl Solutions for Exrciss on Finit Automt Exrcis 2.1.1 A dtrministic finit utomton M ccpts th mpty string (i.., L(M)) if nd only if its initil stt is finl
More informationTOPIC 5: INTEGRATION
TOPIC 5: INTEGRATION. Th indfinit intgrl In mny rspcts, th oprtion of intgrtion tht w r studying hr is th invrs oprtion of drivtion. Dfinition.. Th function F is n ntidrivtiv (or primitiv) of th function
More informationKleene s Theorem. Kleene s Theorem. Kleene s Theorem. Kleene s Theorem. Kleene s Theorem. Kleene s Theorem 2/16/15
Models of Comput:on Lecture #8 Chpter 7 con:nued Any lnguge tht e defined y regulr expression, finite utomton, or trnsi:on grph cn e defined y ll three methods We prove this y showing tht ny lnguge defined
More informationReview - Probabilistic Classification
Mmoral Unvrsty of wfoundland Pattrn Rcognton Lctur 8 May 5, 6 http://www.ngr.mun.ca/~charlsr Offc Hours: Tusdays Thursdays 8:3-9:3 PM E- (untl furthr notc) Gvn lablld sampls { ɛc,,,..., } {. Estmat Rvw
More informationCONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
MCD CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY NCERT Solvd mpls upto th sction 5 (Introduction) nd 5 (Continuity) : Empl : Chck th continuity of th function f givn by f() = + t = Empl : Emin whthr th function f
More information(2) If we multiplied a row of B by λ, then the value is also multiplied by λ(here lambda could be 0). namely
. DETERMINANT.. Dtrminnt. Introution:I you think row vtor o mtrix s oorint o vtors in sp, thn th gomtri mning o th rnk o th mtrix is th imnsion o th prlllppi spnn y thm. But w r not only r out th imnsion,
More informationΕρωτήσεις και ασκησεις Κεφ. 10 (για μόρια) ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΗ 29/11/2016. (d)
Ερωτήσεις και ασκησεις Κεφ 0 (για μόρια ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΗ 9//06 Th coffcnt A of th van r Waals ntracton s: (a A r r / ( r r ( (c a a a a A r r / ( r r ( a a a a A r r / ( r r a a a a A r r / ( r r 4 a a a a 0 Th
More informationWeighted Matching and Linear Programming
Wightd Mtching nd Linr Progrmming Jonthn Turnr Mrch 19, 01 W v sn tht mximum siz mtchings cn b found in gnrl grphs using ugmnting pths. In principl, this sm pproch cn b pplid to mximum wight mtchings.
More informationCOMPLEX NUMBER PAIRWISE COMPARISON AND COMPLEX NUMBER AHP
ISAHP 00, Bal, Indonsa, August -9, 00 COMPLEX NUMBER PAIRWISE COMPARISON AND COMPLEX NUMBER AHP Chkako MIYAKE, Kkch OHSAWA, Masahro KITO, and Masaak SHINOHARA Dpartmnt of Mathmatcal Informaton Engnrng
More informationProblem solving by search
Prolm solving y srh Tomáš voo Dprtmnt o Cyrntis, Vision or Roots n Autonomous ystms Mrh 5, 208 / 3 Outlin rh prolm. tt sp grphs. rh trs. trtgis, whih tr rnhs to hoos? trtgy/algorithm proprtis? Progrmming
More information