Department of. Co pr i co. The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada. Date 3>k^ -Woc^.1995" DE-6 (2/88)
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- Ethan Townsend
- 5 years ago
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1 M U L T I M E D I A I N N O V A T I O N I N H I G H E R E D U C A T I O N : A N E X P L O R A T O R Y C A S E S T U D Y b y A J I B O L A O. A J A Y I B. S c, T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I b a d a n, N i g e r i a, D i p l o m a i n E d u c a t i o n, T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f L a g o s, N i g e r i a, D i p l o m a i n C o m p u t i n g S t u d i e s E d u c a t i o n, T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a, A T h e s i s S u b m i t t e d i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l m e n t o f t h e R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e D e g r e e o f M a s t e r o f A r t s i n T h e F a c u l t y o f G r a d u a t e S t u d i e s D e p a r t m e n t o f C u r r i c u l u m S t u d i e s W e a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s a s c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F B R I T I S H C O L U M B I A J a n u a r y, A j i b o l a O. A j a y i,
2 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Co pr i co The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date 3>k^ -Woc^.1995" DE-6 (2/88)
3 ABSTRACT T h i s s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t e d a p r o f e s s o r ' s f i r s t a t t e m p t a t i n c o r p o r a t i n g m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y a s a n i n s t r u c t i o n a l t o o l i n a f i r s t - y e a r l e v e l A s t r o n o m y c o u r s e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a. T h e i s s u e s e x p l o r e d w e r e t h e k i n d s o f p l a n n i n g, o r g a n i z a t i o n, a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n t h a t w e r e u n d e r t a k e n, a s w e l l a s t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e t e c h n o l o g y o n t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g. A q u a l i t a t i v e c a s e s t u d y r e s e a r c h m e t h o d o l o g y w a s e m p l o y e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n. T h e t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e t h a t i n f o r m e d t h e s t u d y w a s a h o l i s t i c w o r l d v i e w o f e d u c a t i o n. T h e a n a l y z e d r e c o r d s c o n s i s t o f f i e l d n o t e s a n d v i d e o t a p e d r e c o r d s o f t h e p l a n n i n g s t a g e s, o b s e r v a t i o n s, t u t o r i a l a n d l e c t u r e s e s s i o n s, a n d i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e i n s t r u c t o r a n d f o u r v o l u n t e e r s t u d e n t s. T h e e m e r g e n t i s s u e s w e r e c a t e g o r i z e d i n t o t w o m a j o r t h e m e s, p r a c t i c a l a n d p e d a g o g i c a l i s s u e s. I s s u e s o f c o n v e n i e n c e, t e c h n i c a l k n o w l e d g e, s o f t w a r e a n d t i m e w e r e f o u r c a t e g o r i e s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h i n t h e p r a c t i c a l t h e m e. I n t e r e s t a n d m o t i v a t i o n, a n d c o n c e p t d e v e l o p m e n t w e r e t h e t w o c a t e g o r i e s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h i n t h e p e d a g o g i c a l t h e m e. R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y a s a n i n s t r u c t i o n a l t o o l a r i s i n g f r o m t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e s i x c a t e g o r i e s a r e p r o v i d e d. i i
4 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S A B S T R A C T i i T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S i i i L I S T OF T A B L E S v L I S T OF F I G U R E S v i A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S v i i C H A P T E R O N E 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O T H E S T U D Y 1. 0 B A C K G R O U N D R E S E A R C H F O C U S R e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s T H E R E S E A R C H S I T E J U S T I F I C A T I O N F O R T H E M E T H O D O L O G Y I M P L I C A T I O N S O F T H E S T U D Y O V E R V I E W O F T H E S T U D Y 6 C H A P T E R T W O 8 L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W 2. 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N I N N O V A T I O N E d u c a t i o n a l I n n o v a t i o n E D U C A T I O N A L T E C H N O L O G Y T e c h n o l o g i c a l I n n o v a t i o n M U L T I M E D I A M u l t i m e d i a T e c h n o l o g y i n E d u c a t i o n M u l t i m e d i a T e c h n o l o g y i n H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n S U M M A R Y '. 2 2 C H A P T E R T H R E E 2 3 D E S I G N A N D M E T H O D O F A N A L Y S I S 3. 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N C O N T E X T O F T H E S T U D Y T H E P A R T I C I P A N T S T h e C o u r s e I n i t i a t o r T h e I n s t r u c t o r T h e S t u d e n t V o l u n t e e r s T h e C o u r s e s D A T A C O L L E C T I O N O b s e r v a t i o n s I n t e r v i e w s I n s t r u c t o r ' s i n t e r v i e w s S t u d e n t s ' I n t e r v i e w s 3 3 i i i
5 3. 4 M A N A G I N G A N D R E C O R D I N G D A T A D A T A A N A L Y S I S T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s R E C I P R O C I T Y A N D E T H I C S C R I T E R I A O F S O U N D N E S S C r e d i b i l i t y / C o n s t r u c t V a l i d i t y D e p e n d a b i l i t y a n d C o n f i r m a b i l i t y T r a n s f e r a b i l i t y / G e n e r a l i z a b i l i t y L I M I T A T I O N S O F T H E S T U D Y S U M M A R Y 4 4 C H A P T E R F O U R 4 5 D A T A P R E S E N T A T I O N 4. 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N I N S T R U C T O R ' S V I E W S E M E R G E N T I S S U E S P r a c t i c a l I s s u e s C o n v e n i e n c e T e c h n i c a l K n o w l e d g e S o f t w a r e T i m e P e d a g o g i c a l I s s u e s I n t e r e s t a n d M o t i v a t i o n C o n c e p t d e v e l o p m e n t S U M M A R Y 7 9 C H A P T E R F I V E 8 2 D I S C U S S I O N, C O N C L U S I O N S A N D I M P L I C A T I O N S 5. 0 I N T R O D U C T I O N O V E R V I E W O F T H E S T U D Y R E S E A R C H F I N D I N G S R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S F O R T H E S U C C E S S F U L I M P L E M E N T A T I O N O F M U L T I M E D I A T E C H N O L O G Y R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S F O R F U R T H E R R E S E A R C H 9 3 R E F E R E N C E S 9 4 A P P E N D I X A - S o f t w a r e i n t e g r a t i o n p a c k a g e s 9 9 i v
6 LIST OF TABLES T a b l e 1. A s u m m a r y o f t h e e m e r g e n t t h e m e s a n d r e l a t e d i s s u e s v
7 L I S T O F F I G U R E S F i g u r e 1. A s u m m a r y o f t h e c a t e g o r i e s o f d e s c r i p t i o n v i
8 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S I a m v e r y g r a t e f u l t o D r s. J a y m i e M a t t h e w s a n d G r e g F a h l m a n o f T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o p h y s i c s a n d A s t r o n o m y a t U B C f o r t h e i r s u p p o r t i n t h e w r i t i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s. I t h a n k m y t h e s i s c o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s, D r s. J a n i c e W o o d r o w, A n t h o n y C l a r k e a n d K a r e n M e y e r, f o r t h e i r i n s i g h t f u l c o m m e n t s a n d c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m s w h i c h h a s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e s u c c e s s f u l c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s. T h e t e c h n i c i a n s a n d t h e s e c r e t a r i e s i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f C u r r i c u l u m S t u d i e s a t U B C h a v e b e e n a w o n d e r f u l s u p p o r t t h r o u g h o u t m y g r a d u a t e c a r r e r, a n d I t h a n k t h e m v e r y m u c h. I a p p r e c i a t e t h e s u p p o r t I r e c e i v e d f r o m f e l l o w g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s. I a m g r a t e f u l t o a l l m y t e a c h e r s w h o a t v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f m y e d u c a t i o n a l c a r e e r h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t r e m e n d o u s l y t o t h e m a k i n g o f M E. I a m p a r t i c u l a r l y i n d e b t e d t o m y b r o t h e r s a n d s i s t e r s i n C h r i s t f o r t h e i r u n c o n d i t i o n a l l o v e a n d p r a y e r s, m y f a m i l y a n d i n - l a w s f o r t h e i r s u p p o r t i n s o m a n y w a y s, a n d m y m o t h e r, w h o g i v e s a n d g i v e s a n d i s s t i l l g i v i n g. O u r p r e s c h o o l a g e d b o y s, S e g u n, S e u n a n d S e y i, h a v e b r o u g h t s o m u c h r i c h n e s s t o m y l i f e t h a t I t h a n k G o d c o n t i n u a l l y f o r t h e p r i v i l e g e o f m o t h e r h o o d. I t h a n k t h e m f o r p r o v i d i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y d i s t u r b a n c e f r o m a c a d e m i c s. F i n a l l y, I d e d i c a t e t h i s t h e s i s t o t h e G l o r y o f t h e A l m i g h t y G o d, a n d t o m y d e a r h u s b a n d, D e b o, w h o s e l o v e a n d c o m m i t m e n t t o m e c o n t i n u e s t o h u m b l e m e. v i i
9 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY LO BACKGROUND T h e m o v e i n t o t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l a g e i s v e r y m u c h e v i d e n t i n t o d a y ' s s o c i e t y. O f f i c e s a n d b a n k s a r e f l o o d e d w i t h c o m p u t e r s. S i m i l a r l y, g r o c e r y s h o p s m a k e e x t e n s i v e u s e o f t e c h n o l o g y ( e. g. b a r c o d e p r i c i n g a n d i n v e n t o r y ). T h e s e d a y s, t h e u s e o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y h a s c a p t u r e d t h e a t t e n t i o n o f e d u c a t o r s a s w e l l a s t h e b u s i n e s s w o r l d. M a n y e d u c a t o r s a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h b e i n g t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y c o m p e t e n t a s w e l l a s e q u i p p i n g l e a r n e r s t o l i v e i n t h e 2 1 s t C e n t u r y. C o n s e q u e n t l y, t h e r e i s m u c h i n t e r e s t i n w a y s o f e f f e c t i v e l y i m p l e m e n t i n g t e c h n o l o g y a s t o o l s i n t h e c l a s s r o o m s. A t o n e p o i n t i n t i m e, t h e c h a l k b o a r d w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g y. T h e f o c u s o f e d u c a t o r s n o w i s o n u s i n g m u l t i m e d i a a n d i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y a s p o w e r f u l e d u c a t i o n a l t o o l s. H e n c e, e d u c a t o r s a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n e x p l o r i n g d i f f e r e n t w a y s o f i m p l e m e n t i n g c o m p u t e r t e c h n o l o g y i n t h e i r c l a s s r o o m s t o e n h a n c e s t u d e n t s ' l e a r n i n g a n d s k i l l d e v e l o p m e n t. W h i l e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t o r s h a v e d o n e e x t e n s i v e w o r k i n i n c o r p o r a t i n g m u l t i m e d i a i n t o b o t h t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g, h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n h a s b e e n s h o w n t o l a g b e h i n d ( S a m m o n s, ). T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n p u b l i c a n d p o s t - s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n ' s u s e o f m u l t i m e d i a i s a r e c e n t l y a d d r e s s e d i s s u e. C u r r e n t l y, u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o i n v e s t i g a t e w a y s i n w h i c h m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y c a n b e u s e d i n o r d e r t o e n h a n c e s t u d e n t s ' l e a r n i n g a n d s k i l l d e v e l o p m e n t. A f e w u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s, s u c h a s W r i g h t S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, U n i v e r s i t y o f D e l a w a r e, W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, a n d o t h e r s a r e b e g i n n i n g t o e x p l o r e t h e u s e s o f m u l t i m e d i a a s i n s t r u c t i o n a l t o o l s ( S a m m o n s, ). T h e s e u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v e i n d i v i d u a l l y 1
10 e s t a b l i s h e d c a m p u s - w i d e m u l t i m e d i a c e n t e r s w h i c h s u p p o r t f a c u l t y m e m b e r s w i t h e q u i p m e n t a n d p e r s o n n e l. H o w e v e r, t h e i n n o v a t i o n p r o c e s s d o c u m e n t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s w a s b a s e d o n a d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f i n i t i a t i v e ; t h e d e c i s i o n t o i n t e g r a t e m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y a s a n i n s t r u c t i o n a l t o o l w a s a p e r s o n a l c h o i c e r a t h e r t h a n p a r t o f a u n i v e r s i t y - w i d e p r o g r a m. F e w p r o f e s s o r s a t t e m p t t o i n t e g r a t e t h e u s e o f t e c h n o l o g y i n t o t h e i r t e a c h i n g, e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e r e i s n o t e c h n i c a l o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e u n i v e r s i t y. I f a n d w h e n t h e y i n c o r p o r a t e t h e u s e o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e, w h a t d o e s t h e e x p l o r a t i o n l o o k l i k e? T h i s t h e s i s d o c u m e n t s t h e c a s e o f i m p l e m e n t i n g m u l t i m e d i a i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y i n A s t r o n o m y 101/102. 1A RESEARCH FOCUS T h e f o c u s o f t h i s s t u d y w a s a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f a p r o f e s s o r ' s f i r s t a t t e m p t a t i n c o r p o r a t i n g m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y a s a t e a c h i n g t o o l i n a f i r s t - y e a r l e v e l A s t r o n o m y c o u r s e Research questions: B a s e d o n t h e r e s e a r c h f o c u s, t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s a r e a d d r e s s e d : W h a t p l a n n i n g, o r g a n i z a t i o n, a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n t o i n c o r p o r a t e m u l t i m e d i a d u r i n g t h e i n n o v a t i o n? W h a t a s p e c t s o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y w e r e s a l i e n t t o i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n, a n d h o w d i d t h e y a f f e c t t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g i n A s t r o n o m y 101 a n d 102? 2
11 12 THE RESEARCH SITE T h e s i t e f o r t h i s s t u d y w a s t h e A s t r o n o m y / w i n t e r c l a s s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a. T h e c h o i c e o f t h e r e s e a r c h s i t e w a s g u i d e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s u g g e s t e d b y M a r s h a l l & R o s s m a n ( ). 1. A c c e s s i b i l i t y. T h e i n s t r u c t o r o f t h e c o u r s e w a s w i l l i n g t o h a v e h i s e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e u s e o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y t r a c k e d a n d d o c u m e n t e d. 2. E a s e o f e n t r y. T h e i n s t r u c t o r o f t h e c o u r s e a n d t h e p r o f e s s o r w h o i n i t i a t e d t h e c o u r s e h a d b e e n i n v o l v e d i n o t h e r c o l l a b o r a t i v e s t u d i e s w i t h t h e F a c u l t y o f E d u c a t i o n, h e n c e, t h e y w e r e c o m f o r t a b l e w i t h t h e c o n c e p t o f r e s e a r c h i n g t h e i r e x p l o r a t i o n a t t e m p t w i t h m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y. 3. R e l e v a n c e o f t h e r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n t o t h e s i t e. I d i d n o t s e t u p t h e p h e n o m e n o n o b s e r v e d, i. e., t h e i n s t r u c t o r s w e r e n o t a s k e d t o e m b a r k o n t h i s i n n o v a t i o n s o t h a t t h e y c o u l d p r o v i d e d a t a f o r a M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s. T h e y h a d p l a n n e d t o s t a r t t h e i n n o v a t i o n w i t h m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y d u r i n g t h e / 9 4 a c a d e m i c s e s s i o n. H e n c e, t h e r e s e a r c h f o c u s o f t h i s s t u d y w a s b a s e d o n a r e a l s i t u a t i o n a s o p p o s e d t o h a v i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n a r r a n g e d a s a r e s e a r c h e x e r c i s e. 4. O p p o r t u n i t y t o c a p t u r e d a t a t h a t w o u l d b e b o t h c r e d i b l e a n d o f a m e a s u r a b l e q u a l i t y. T h i s e x p l o r a t o r y i n n o v a t i o n a t t e m p t e m b a r k e d u p o n i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o p h y s i c s a n d A s t r o n o m y l e n d s i t s e l f t o p r o v i d i n g c r e d i b l e d a t a. T h e i n f o r m a t i o n g l e a n e d f r o m t h e s t u d y i s v a l u a b l e, u s e f u l a n d o f m e a s u r a b l e q u a l i t y a s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e s e c t i o n o n t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d y. 3
12 T h e p r i n c i p a l p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e s t u d y w e r e : D r. J a y m i e M a t t h e w s, t h e i n s t r u c t o r o f t h e c o u r s e. D r. G r e g F a h l m a n, t h e i n i t i a t o r a n d f o r m e r i n s t r u c t o r o f t h e c o u r s e. F o u r m a l e s t u d e n t v o l u n t e e r s f r o m t h e c l a s s. ( A l l t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s g a v e p e r m i s s i o n t o h a v e t h e i r a c t u a l n a m e s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y, e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o f t h e f o u r v o l u n t e e r s t u d e n t s w h e r e p s e u d o n y m s w e r e u s e d. ) F o r t h i s i n n o v a t i o n a t t e m p t, t h e f o l l o w i n g e l e m e n t s o f t h e m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y w e r e u s e d : C o m p u t e r s ( l a p t o p a n d d e s k t o p ) L i q u i d C r y s t a l D i s p l a y p r o j e c t i o n p a n e l L a s e r d i s c s a n d p l a y e r, w i t h b a r c o d e r e a d e r s a n d b a r c o d e s o f t w a r e C D - R O M s a n d r e a d e r s HyperCard s t a c k s P o w e r p o i n t / T o o l b o o k / V i d e o s t a c k ( M a c i n t o s h & I B M ) p r e s e n t a t i o n p a c k a g e s C o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n s o f t w a r e L3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE METHODOLOGY A q u a l i t a t i v e c a s e - s t u d y r e s e a r c h s t r a t e g y w a s e m p l o y e d i n t h i s s t u d y. T h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e s e a r c h f o c u s a n d r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s n e c e s s i t a t e d t h i s a p p r o a c h. A c a s e s t u d y i s d e f i n e d b y Y i n ( ) a s...an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when 4
13 the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident, (p.13). T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o g a i n i n s i g h t i n t o a p r o c e s s o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n s p e c i f i c o u t c o m e s. T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e n a t u r a l s e t t i n g ( i. e., t h e c l a s s r o o m ), t a k i n g t h e d y n a m i c s o f t h e c l a s s r o o m i n t o a c c o u n t. H e n c e, t h i s s t u d y c o n s i d e r s t e a c h i n g a n d l e a r n i n g f r o m a h o l i s t i c p e r s p e c t i v e a n d n o t a s a s e t o f d e p e n d e n t a n d i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s. T o s t r e n g t h e n t h e c a s e s t u d y d e s i g n a n d e n h a n c e t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e d a t a, m u l t i p l e s o u r c e s o f e v i d e n c e w e r e e m p l o y e d a s r e c o m m e n d e d b y Y i n ( ), M e r r i a m ( ), a n d M a r s h a l l a n d R o s s m a n ( ). T h e f o l l o w i n g s o u r c e s o f d a t a w e r e u t i l i z e d : i n t e r v i e w t r a n s c r i p t s f r o m f o u r v o l u n t e e r m a l e s t u d e n t s i n t e r v i e w t r a n s c r i p t s f r o m t h e i n s t r u c t o r i n t e r v i e w t r a n s c r i p t s f r o m t h e i n i t i a t o r o f t h e c o u r s e f i e l d n o t e s f r o m i n f o r m a l i n t e r v i e w s a n d c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h t h e s t u d e n t s f i e l d n o t e s f r o m c l a s s r o o m o b s e r v a t i o n s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f m u l t i m e d i a f i e l d n o t e s f r o m o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e t u t o r i a l s e s s i o n s f i e l d n o t e s f r o m o b s e r v a t i o n s o f s o m e o f t h e i n s t r u c t o r ' s p r e p a r a t o r y a c t i v i t i e s t h e c o u r s e o u t l i n e a n d l a b o r a t o r y m a n u a l a n d c o u r s e a n d t e a c h i n g e v a l u a t i o n f o r m s c o m p l e t e d b y t h e s t u d e n t s. A l l t h e i n t e r v i e w s, a n d s o m e f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e v i d e o t a p e d b y m e. A m o r e d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f t h e m e t h o d o l o g y i s p r e s e n t e d i n c h a p t e r t h r e e. 5
14 1 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY T h i s s t u d y i s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1. N o s t u d y h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d o n t h i s k i n d o f i n n o v a t i o n i n w h i c h t h e f a c u l t y m e m b e r w a s t h e i n i t i a t o r o f t h e i n n o v a t i o n. 2. T h e r e a r e f e w s t u d i e s t h a t u s e a p r o c e s s - o r i e n t e d a p p r o a c h t o i n v e s t i g a t e i n n o v a t i o n, e s p e c i a l l y t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n. 3. T h i s s t u d y w i l l d e s c r i b e, d o c u m e n t a n d a t t e m p t t o e x p l a i n w h a t w o r k e d a n d w h a t d i d n o t w o r k, a n d m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o g u i d e f u t u r e a t t e m p t s a t i n t r o d u c i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y. 4. T h i s s t u d y w i l l b e a u s e f u l g u i d e f o r o t h e r f a c u l t y m e m b e r s w h o a r e p l a n n i n g s i m i l a r k i n d s o f i n n o v a t i o n s. 5. S i n c e t h e f i e l d o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y i n E d u c a t i o n i s a n e m e r g i n g o n e, t h i s s t u d y w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e b o d y o f l i t e r a t u r e i n t h a t d i s c i p l i n e. 6. F i n a l l y, t h i s s t u d y i s a n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f c a s e s t u d y r e s e a r c h m e t h o d o l o g y i n g a i n i n g a n i n - d e p t h u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a p h e n o m e n o n. L5 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY T h i s s t u d y i s p r e s e n t e d i n f i v e c h a p t e r s. Chapter One c o n s i s t s o f t h e b a c k g r o u n d t o t h e s t u d y, r e s e a r c h f o c u s a n d t h e t w o r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s t o b e a n s w e r e d. A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m e t h o d o l o g y a n d t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d y a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d. I n Chapter Two, a r e v i e w o f s e l e c t e d l i t e r a t u r e i s p r e s e n t e d. Chapter Three c o n s i s t s o f t h e d e s i g n a n d m e t h o d s u s e d t o c o l l e c t, c l a s s i f y a n d i n t e r p r e t t h e d a t a. A l s o a d d r e s s e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r a r e t h e i s s u e s o f v a l i d i t y a n d r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e s t u d y. T h e s t o r y o f t h e i n n o v a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d 6
15 t h e m a t i c a l l y i n Chapter Four. F i n a l l y, a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e a n s w e r s t o t h e r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s, c o n c l u s i o n s, r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y a s a n i n s t r u c t i o n a l t o o l a s w e l l a s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Chapter Five. 7
16 C H A P T E R T W O L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W 2,0 INTRODUCTION T h i s s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t e s a p r o f e s s o r ' s f i r s t a t t e m p t a t i n t e g r a t i n g m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y i n t o h i s t e a c h i n g p r a c t i c e. T h i s c h a p t e r r e v i e w s t h e l i t e r a t u r e p e r t a i n i n g t o m u l t i m e d i a i n n o v a t i o n i n E d u c a t i o n. T h e c h a p t e r i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s e c t i o n s. T h e f i r s t s e c t i o n i s a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n i n n o v a t i o n. T h e s e c o n d s e c t i o n r e v i e w s t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n i n E d u c a t i o n. F i n a l l y, a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e g a r d i n g r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e a r e a o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y i n g e n e r a l a n d i t s u s e i n h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e t h i r d s e c t i o n. A r e a s f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h a r e i d e n t i f i e d i n e a c h s e c t i o n. 2A INNOVATION I n n o v a t i o n i s d e f i n e d b y L e v i n e ( ) a s " a n y d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s o f a n o r g a n i z a t i o n " ( p. 4 ). O r g a n i z a t i o n s c o u l d b e b u s i n e s s, e d u c a t i o n a l, o r s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s. F u l l a n a n d S t i e g e l b a u e r ( ) d e f i n e e d u c a t i o n a l r e f o r m a s " c h a n g i n g t h e c u l t u r e s o f t h e c l a s s r o o m s, t h e s c h o o l s, t h e d i s t r i c t s a n d t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s... " ( p. x i i i ). A l t h o u g h F u l l a n a n d S t i e g e l b a u e r ( ) c l a i m t h a t e d u c a t i o n a l reform r a t h e r t h a n e d u c a t i o n a l innovation h o n o r s t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f change, t h e y h a v e n o t m a d e a s t r o n g c a s e f o r t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n a s e v i d e n c e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y u s e d t h e s e t h r e e t e r m s i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y i n t h e i r b o o k. F r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e, i n n o v a t i o n, c h a n g e a n d r e f o r m e s s e n t i a l l y m e a n t h e s a m e t h i n g e s p e c i a l l y w h e n a p p l i e d t o t h e f i e l d o f E d u c a t i o n. T h e t h r e e t e r m s a r e o f t e n u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y e v e n i n t h e 8
17 s a m e a r t i c l e s e. g., F u l l a n & S t i e g e l b a u e r ( ), a n d W u n s c h ( ). I n t h i s t h e s i s h o w e v e r, f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c o n s i s t e n c y, t h e t e r m i n n o v a t i o n i s u s e d e v e n t h o u g h t h e i d e a s a r e d r a w n f r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n a l l t h e t h r e e c o n c e p t s E d u c a t i o n a l I n n o v a t i o n T h e f i e l d o f E d u c a t i o n i s a d y n a m i c o n e. E d u c a t o r s, f r o m t i m e t o t i m e, r e f l e c t o n t h e i r o w n p r a c t i c e s, o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s, a s w e l l a s o n s o c i e t a l p r a c t i c e s o r n e e d s. T h e s e r e f l e c t i o n s v e r y o f t e n r e s u l t i n a c t i o n s i n t h e f o r m o f i n n o v a t i o n s, s o m e o f w h i c h a r e r a d i c a l, o t h e r s l e s s s o. T h e h i s t o r y o f E d u c a t i o n i s r e p l e t e w i t h i n n o v a t i o n s, f r o m m a j o r i n n o v a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f e n t i r e l y n e w o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r c o l l e g e s t o m i n o r o n e s i n v o l v i n g p e r i p h e r a l c h a n g e s t o e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s ( L e v i n e, ). L e v i n e ( ) i d e n t i f i e d f i v e b a s i c t y p e s o f e d u c a t i o n a l i n n o v a t i o n : 1. E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f n e w c o l l e g e s. 2. E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f i n n o v a t i v e e n c l a v e s w i t h i n e x i s t i n g c o l l e g e s. 3. H o l i s t i c c h a n g e s w i t h i n e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s. 4. P i e c e m e a l c h a n g e s w i t h i n e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s. 5. P e r i p h e r a l c h a n g e s o u t s i d e o f e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s. T h e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e a m o n g t h e s e f i v e c a t e g o r i e s i s t h e e x t e n t o f t h e c h a n g e f r o m e s t a b l i s h e d n o r m s w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n. S a r a s o n ( ), h o w e v e r, b r o a d l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d b e t w e e n f i r s t a n d s e c o n d - o r d e r c h a n g e s. F i r s t - o r d e r c h a n g e s d o n o t d i s t u r b t h e b a s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n f e a t u r e s. T h a t i s, t h e d i f f e r e n t r o l e s w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a r e n o t a l t e r e d. S e c o n d - o r d e r c h a n g e s i n v o l v e t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f n e w g o a l s, s t r u c t u r e s a n d r o l e s i n a n o r g a n i z a t i o n. S e c o n d - o r d e r c h a n g e s a r e l a r g e r i n m a g n i t u d e a n d w o u l d i n c l u d e L e v i n e ' s f i r s t t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s, w h i l e t h e l a s t t w o c a t e g o r i e s o f L e v i n e c o n s t i t u t e f i r s t o r d e r c h a n g e s f o r S a r a s o n. L e v i n e, ( ) c a m e u p w i t h m a n y r e a s o n s w h y 9
18 i n n o v a t i o n s f a i l, a n d d r a w s u p o n v i g n e t t e s f r o m t h e f i e l d o f h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a s e x a m p l e s. H o w e v e r, t h e s e v i g n e t t e s l a c k e d p a r t i c u l a r i t y a b o u t t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n i n h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n. T h i s s t u d y w i l l f o c u s o n a c a s e o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n i n h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n. T h i s t y p e o f i n n o v a t i o n c a n b e c a t e g o r i z e d a s a p i e c e m e a l c h a n g e w i t h i n a n e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n. ( L e v i n e ' s t y p e f o u r ). T h i s t y p e o f c h a n g e c a n l e a d t o h o l i s t i c c h a n g e s t h a t i n v o l v e t h e e n t i r e f a c u l t y o r l e a d t o a m a j o r d e p a r t m e n t a l r e o r g a n i z a t i o n. F u l l a n a n d S t i e g e l b a u e r ( ), i d e n t i f i e d f o u r p h a s e s o f t h e c h a n g e / i n n o v a t i o n p r o c e s s : 1. i n i t i a t i o n / m o b i l i z a t i o n / a d o p t i o n : t h e p h a s e o f d e c i s i o n m a k i n g a s t o w h e t h e r t o a d o p t t h e i n n o v a t i o n o r n o t 2. i m p l e m e n t a t i o n / i n i t i a l u s e : t h e f i r s t s e t o f e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h t h e i n n o v a t i o n 3. c o n t i n u a t i o n / r o u t i n i z a t i o n / i n c o r p o r a t i o n / i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n : t h e s t a b i l i z i n g s t a g e w h e r e t h e i n n o v a t i o n b e c o m e s a l e g i t i m a t e p a r t o f t h e s y s t e m 4. o u t c o m e : t h e r e s u l t o f t h e i n n o v a t i o n F u l l a n a n d S t i e g e l b a u e r ( ) s t a t e d t h a t t h e o u t c o m e p h a s e c a n r e f e r t o s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f r e s u l t s a n d c a n b e t h o u g h t o f g e n e r a l l y a s t h e d e g r e e o f i m p r o v e m e n t i n r e l a t i o n t o g i v e n c r i t e r i a. R e s u l t s c o u l d i n c l u d e, f o r e x a m p l e, i m p r o v e d s t u d e n t l e a r n i n g a n d a t t i t u d e s, n e w s k i l l s, a t t i t u d e s, o r s a t i s f a c t i o n o n t h e p a r t o f t e a c h e r s a n d o t h e r s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l, o r i m p r o v e d p r o b l e m - s o l v i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e s c h o o l a s a n o r g a n i z a t i o n. T h i s o u t c o m e p h a s e i s b a s e d o n a p r o c e s s - p r o d u c t m o d e l i n w h i c h i n n o v a t i o n c a n b e m e a s u r e d i n t e r m s o f d i f f e r e n t v a r i a b l e s. L o o k i n g a t a n i n n o v a t i o n i n t e r m s o f i t s o u t c o m e d o e s n o t p r o v i d e t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t i s n e e d e d f o r a p e r s o n t h a t i s c o n s i d e r i n g e m b a r k i n g o n i n n o v a t i o n. F o r e x a m p l e, i f a s t u d y t h a t 1 0
19 s h o w s t h a t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a p a r t i c u l a r t y p e o f t e c h n o l o g y i m p r o v e d s t u d e n t l e a r n i n g, o n e w o u l d w a n t t o k n o w h o w, w h e n a n d w h a t a s p e c t o f s t u d e n t l e a r n i n g? S t r a i g h t r e c a l l? I n a l l s t u d e n t s? I n a l l c o n t e x t s? W h a t s t r a t e g i e s d i d t h e t e a c h e r a d o p t t o p r o m o t e t h i s? W h a t t h i n g s w e r e a v o i d e d? W h a t w a s t h e t e a c h e r ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h i s i n n o v a t i o n? W h a t f e e l i n g s d i d t h e t e a c h e r g o t h r o u g h d u r i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t p h a s e s o f t h e i n n o v a t i o n p r o c e s s? W h a t w a s t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e s t u d e n t s? W e r e t h e y e x c i t e d a b o u t t h e c h a n g e s r i g h t a w a y? T h e q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r i s e a r e a l m o s t i n e x h a u s t i b l e. T h e c r u c i a l p o i n t h o w e v e r i s t h a t a l l t h e s e i s s u e s a f f e c t s t u d e n t s ' l e a r n i n g s o i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o k n o w h o w t h e y w e r e h a n d l e d. E v e n t h o u g h F u l l a n, ( a r e s p e c t e d a u t h o r i n t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n a l c h a n g e ), a n d h i s c o - w o r k e r s o v e r a t e n y e a r s p a n h a v e c o n s t a n t l y m a i n t a i n e d t h a t c h a n g e i s a p r o c e s s n o t a n e v e n t a n d t h a t e v a l u a t i o n s c a n b e m i s l e a d i n g i f t h e y p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n o n p r o d u c t s o n l y, t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h i s f o u r t h c a t e g o r y r e n d e r s t h e i r s t a n d c o n t r a d i c t o r y. H o w e v e r, t h e o u t c o m e p h a s e i s s t i l l i n t e r e s t i n g a n d a s e d u c a t o r s, w e a r e i n n o v a t i n g o u r p r a c t i c e s i m p l i c i t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e i n t e n d e d o u t c o m e w h i c h w e d e s i r e. T h i s s t u d y d e s c r i b e s a n i n n o v a t i o n i n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n p h a s e. T h e i n s t r u c t o r ' s f i r s t s e t o f e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h t h e i n n o v a t i o n a r e d e s c r i b e d. H i s f e e l i n g s a n d a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s, f e a r s, d o u b t s a n d t h r i l l s a r e a l s o d o c u m e n t e d. I n a d d i t i o n, t h e s t u d y d e s c r i b e s t h e s e t s o f d e c i s i o n s t h a t h e m a d e d u r i n g t h i s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s t a g e a n d t h e f a c t o r s t h a t g u i d e d t h o s e d e c i s i o n s. 1 1
20 Z2 EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY E d u c a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y h a s b e e n d e f i n e d b y ' T h e A s s o c i a t i o n f o r E d u c a t i o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d T e c h n o l o g y ' s ( A E C T ) T a s k F o r c e ' a s... a c o m p l e x, i n t e g r a t e d p r o c e s s, i n v o l v i n g p e o p l e, p r o c e d u r e s, i d e a s, d e v i c e s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s f o r a n a l y z i n g p r o b l e m s a n d d e v i s i n g, i m p l e m e n t i n g, e v a l u a t i n g, a n d m a n a g i n g s o l u t i o n s t o t h o s e p r o b l e m s i n v o l v e d i n a l l a s p e c t s o f h u m a n l e a r n i n g. ( p ). T h i s w a s a n a p p r o p r i a t e d e f i n i t i o n g i v e n t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f e d u c a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y a c r o s s a v a r i e t y o f c o n t e x t s. E d u c a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y i n c l u d e s a l l t h e a p p r o a c h e s a p p l i e d t o e d u c a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s s u c h a s e d u c a t i o n a l p s y c h o l o g y, m e d i a a n d s y s t e m s a p p r o a c h, a s w e l l a s t e r m s s u c h a s i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y t h a t i m p l i e s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a s p e c i f i c t e c h n o l o g y i n E d u c a t i o n. T h i s p r o f u s i o n o f m e a n i n g s w a s f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e d b y G r a b o w s k i ' s ( ) r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e m u l t i p l e p e r s p e c t i v e s o f e d u c a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y i n w h i c h h e d i s c u s s e d f o u r d i f f e r e n t r e s e a r c h p e r s p e c t i v e s o f e d u c a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y. I n h i s a r t i c l e, e d u c a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y w a s d e f i n e d f r o m a p h i l o s o p h i c a l, p r a c t i c a l k n o w l e d g e b a s e, m e t h o d o l o g i c a l, a n d a p r a c t i c a l r e s e a r c h p e r s p e c t i v e. T h e r e s u l t w a s a n " i n t e r e s t i n g m o s a i c o f i s s u e s " ( G r a b o w s k i, ) T e c h n o l o g i c a l I n n o v a t i o n T e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n i n E d u c a t i o n i n v o l v e s t h e a d o p t i o n o f a n e w t e c h n o l o g y i n t e a c h i n g / l e a r n i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s. S c h o o l s h a v e a l w a y s c o n s i d e r e d t h e u s e o f n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s. A s O l s o n ( ) p u t s i t " t h e s l a t e w a s o n c e a n o v e l t y ". H o w e v e r i n o u r t i m e, t e a c h e r s h a v e h a d t o c o n s i d e r t h e u s e 1 2
21 o f t e a c h i n g m a c h i n e s, i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e l e v i s i o n, v i d e o s, c o m p u t e r s a n d, m o r e r e c e n t l y, m u l t i m e d i a i n t h e i r c l a s s r o o m s w i t h i n a s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e. T h e r e i s a n i n c r e a s i n g a w a r e n e s s t h a t e d u c a t i o n a l i n n o v a t i o n s a r e b e s t i n i t i a t e d b y t h e t e a c h e r s t h e m s e l v e s. O a k e s & S c h n e i d e r ( ), c o n t e n d t h a t e v e n t h o u g h i d e a s m a y b e u s e d f r o m o u t s i d e, t h e s c h o o l s h o u l d n o t b e m a d e a t a r g e t f o r i n n o v a t i o n s d e v e l o p e d o u t s i d e t h e s c h o o l. A c c o r d i n g t o F u l l a n a n d S t i e g e l b a u e r ( ), i n n o v a t i o n i s n o t w h a t i s d o n e o n p e o p l e b u t w h a t p e o p l e d o, t h a t i s " b o t t o m u p c h a n g e s " ( S a l i s b u r y, ). F o r i n n o v a t i o n s t o b e s u c c e s s f u l t h e y h a v e t o b e o w n e d b y t h o s e w h o u s e t h e m ( L e v i n e, ; F u l l a n, ). I n t h i s s t u d y, t h e d e c i s i o n t o i n t e g r a t e m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y i n t o t e a c h i n g w a s t h a t o f t h e p r o f e s s o r w h o i n i t i a t e d t h e c o u r s e a n d t h e i n s t r u c t o r w h o t a u g h t i t i n t h e / 9 4 a c a d e m i c s e s s i o n. F o r t u n a t e l y, t h e y w e r e a b l e t o g e t f u n d i n g f r o m t h e T e a c h i n g a n d L e a r n i n g E n h a n c e m e n t F u n d a t U B C t o s u p p o r t a n d r e s e a r c h t h e i n n o v a t i o n. I n s t r u c t i o n a l i n n o v a t i o n w i t h t e c h n o l o g y i s o f t e n c l a s s i f i e d a s " p i e c e m e a l c h a n g e s w i t h i n e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s " ( L e v i n e, ). T h i s t y p e o f c h a n g e i s u s u a l l y i n i t i a t e d b y t h o s e u s i n g i t d i r e c t l y a n d t e n d s t o c o n f o r m t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l w a y s o f d o i n g t h i n g s w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n. T h i s c o u l d b e w h y i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y, a l t h o u g h i n t r o d u c e d a s a f o r m o f i n n o v a t i o n, s t i l l t e n d s t o b e u s e d i n a w a y t h a t c o n f o r m s t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l e c t u r e m o d e i n c l a s s r o o m s ( S a l i s b u r y, ). W h i l e t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n s u s u a l l y d o n o t g o o u t s i d e t h e b o u n d a r y o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l v a l u e s o r n o r m s ( D u t t w e i l e r, ), p i e c e m e a l c h a n g e s c a n s o m e t i m e s l e a d t o h o l i s t i c o n e s w i t h i n e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s a s w e l l a s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f i n n o v a t i v e e n c l a v e s w i t h i n e x i s t i n g c o l l e g e s. S u c h m a j o r i n n o v a t i o n - r e l a t e d c h a n g e s g e n e r a l l y i n v o l v e s o m e f o r m o f n e g o t i a t i o n ( L e v i n e, ). F o r t h i s n e g o t i a t i o n t o b e e f f e c t i v e, i t m u s t b e 13
22 s h o w n t h a t r e a s o n a b l e l e s s o n s h a v e b e e n l e a r n e d f r o m t h o s e p i e c e m e a l i n n o v a t i o n s. F o r s u c h m e a n i n g f u l l e s s o n s t o o c c u r, a p r o p e r a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e i n n o v a t i o n i s v i t a l. M a n y s c h o l a r s h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e n e e d f o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n a n d i t s p r o p e r a s s e s s m e n t i n c l a s s r o o m s e t t i n g s. I n t h e p r o c e s s - p r o d u c t a p p r o a c h, t h e m o s t r e c e n t d o m i n a n t p a r a d i g m, t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e i n n o v a t i o n i s u s u a l l y a s s e s s e d i n t e r m s o f i m p r o v e m e n t i n a c h i e v e m e n t s c o r e s o f t h e s t u d e n t s. H o y l e s ( ), K i n n i c k e t a l. ( ), a n d O l s o n ( ), s u g g e s t t h e n e e d f o r a d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h i n w h i c h t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n i s a s s e s s e d i n t e r m s o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s t h a t g o o n i n t h e c l a s s r o o m r a t h e r t h a n a p r o d u c t o r o u t c o m e s a p p r o a c h. T h i s s u g g e s t i o n i s b a s e d o n t h e p r e m i s e t h a t, " I n n o v a t i o n i s c o m p l e x a n d s u b t l e a n d w e n e e d t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e m a n y y e a r s o f p r a c t i c e i t t a k e s t o a c q u i r e a n d i n t e g r a t e a n e w w a y o f t e a c h i n g. " ( P o l i n, p. 7 c i t e d i n H o y l e s, p. 4 0 ). T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h c a n b e a p p r o p r i a t e l y s t u d i e d b y u s i n g t h e c a s e s t u d y m e t h o d o f i n q u i r y. A n i n t e r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s a p p r o a c h i n w h i c h t h e i n n o v a t i o n w a s s t u d i e d w i t h i n i t s c o n t e x t, w a s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y r a t h e r t h a n t r e a t i n g t h o s e p e r t i n e n t f a c t o r s t h a t m a k e u p t h e c o n t e x t a s e x t r a n e o u s v a r i a b l e s. I n s i g h t s i n t o t h e s u c c e s s o f t h i s t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n w e r e g a i n e d b y c l a s s r o o m o b s e r v a t i o n s, a n d i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e i n s t r u c t o r a n d v o l u n t e e r s t u d e n t s. I n n o v a t i o n s, e s p e c i a l l y t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n s, h a v e b e e n k n o w n t o s u f f e r f r o m p o o r a s s e s s m e n t ( M c C l u n g, ). T h e r e h a s b e e n a l a c k o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f h o w t e c h n o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e. M o s t o f t h e r e s e a r c h i n t h i s a r e a u s e s a p r o c e s s - p r o d u c t f r a m e w o r k w i t h v a r i o u s s c a l e s a n d i n s t r u m e n t s t h a t h a v e p r o d u c e d m i x e d r e s u l t s. T h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a p p r o a c h i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f i n n o v a t i o n d o e s n o t r e v e a l m u c h a b o u t t h e d a y - t o - d a y p r a c t i c e s a n d t h e n u m e r o u s c o n t e x t u a l f a c t o r s t h a t a r e o f t e n 1 4
23 h i d d e n b y s t a t i s t i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n s ( F u l l a n & S t i e g e l b a u e r, ; M c C l u n g, ). H e n c e, t h e r e i s a n e e d t o s t u d y i n n o v a t i o n i n a h o l i s t i c c o n t e x t, t o l e a r n h o w i n n o v a t i o n a n d e v e r y d a y p r a c t i c e s i n t e r a c t ; t o k n o w w h a t i t i s l i k e t o c o p e w i t h n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s ; t o f i n d o u t h o w i t a f f e c t s t h e t e a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s i n t e r a c t i o n s ; a n d t o k n o w w h a t c h a n g e s t o e x p e c t i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e o f t h e c l a s s r o o m. A s F u l l a n a n d S t i e g e l b a u e r ( ) n o t e, " H o w c h a n g e i s p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e d e t e r m i n e s t o a l a r g e e x t e n t h o w w e l l i t f a r e s. " S t u d i e s t h a t b e s t c a p t u r e a h o l i s t i c, c o n t e x t u a l l y r i c h p i c t u r e o f i n n o v a t i o n a r e t y p i c a l l y d e t a i l e d c a s e s t u d i e s. T h e s e s t u d i e s a r e u s u a l l y d o n e i n t h e c o n t e x t o f i n t e r a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s w i t h i n a n d b e y o n d t h e c l a s s r o o m. T h e y c a n a l s o c a p t u r e t h e r e f l e x i v i t y p a t t e r n o f t h e t e a c h e r a n d i n d e e d e n c o u r a g e t h i s a s t h e t e a c h e r m a k e s d a y - t o - d a y d e c i s i o n s o n t h e u s e o f t e c h n o l o g i e s i n c l a s s ( O l s o n, ). T h i s n o t i o n o f " r e f l e c t i o n o n a c t i o n " h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e v e r y v a l u a b l e f o r e f f e c t i v e t e a c h i n g t o t a k e p l a c e i n v a r i o u s c o n t e x t s ( S m i t h, ; C l a r k e, ). 13 MULTIMEDIA " M u l t i m e d i a r e f e r s t o t h e a b i l i t y t o c o m b i n e, w i t h i n a g i v e n a p p l i c a t i o n, m u l t i p l e c h a n n e l s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h i n a s i n g l e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r d e l i v e r y m e d i u m s u c h a s m a g n e t i c o r o p t i c a l d i s c. " ( B a r k e r e t a l , p. 3 3 ). M u l t i m e d i a i n c o r p o r a t e s t w o o r m o r e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g e l e m e n t s : t e x t, g r a p h i c s, a n i m a t i o n, a u d i o, a n d v i d e o. I n m u l t i m e d i a, c o m p u t e r t e c h n o l o g y i s u s e d t o i n t e g r a t e a n d c o n t r o l t h e s e e l e m e n t s. U s i n g m u l t i m e d i a, i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t h a s p r e v i o u s l y b e e n p r e s e n t e d i n a l e c t u r e f o r m a t a n d b y t h e u s e o f o v e r h e a d s a n d o t h e r v i s u a l a i d s c a n n o w b e p r e s e n t e d i n a m o r e d y n a m i c, i n t e g r a t e d a n d i n t e r a c t i v e m a n n e r. M u l t i m e d i a p a c k a g e s c a n e i t h e r 1 5
24 b e f o r a M a c i n t o s h o r a D O S e n v i r o n m e n t. T h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f m u l t i m e d i a i n c l u d e : T h e a b i l i t y o f m u l t i - c h a n n e l c o m m u n i c a t i o n. T h i s r e f e r s t o t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f d a t a p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y w i t h s o u n d a n d i m a g e t e c h n o l o g y. T h e a b i l i t y t o c o n t a i n a l a r g e q u a n t i t y o f a c c e s s i b l e m a t e r i a l w h i c h c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d i n a v a r i e t y o f w a y s. S i n c e t h e a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o e d u c a t o r s h a s i n c r e a s e d s h a r p l y, a n d t h i s i s a c o n t i n u i n g t r e n d, m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y i s i n c r e a s i n g l y r e q u i r e d t o h a n d l e s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n. T h e f l e x i b i l i t y o f a u t h o r i n g a n d n a v i g a t i o n. T h e u s e r f r i e n d l i n e s s o f t h e m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y m a k e s i t a c c e s s i b l e t o p e o p l e w i t h m i n i m a l c o m p u t e r e x p e r i e n c e. T h e a b i l i t y t o b e u s a b l e i n v a r i o u s l e a r n i n g c o n t e x t s s u c h a s t h e l e c t u r i n g m o d e a s w e l l a s i n a h a n d s - o n m o d e. T h e p o t e n t i a l o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y i s s e e m i n g l y l i m i t l e s s. I t i s a l r e a d y w i d e l y u s e d i n t h e b u s i n e s s s e c t o r. M a n y o f t o d a y ' s c o m p u t e r a p p l i c a t i o n s c o u l d b e i m p r o v e d w i t h m u l t i m e d i a c a p a b i l i t i e s. A c c o r d i n g t o I B M, " m u l t i m e d i a i s l i m i t e d o n l y b y t h e p o w e r o f t h e u s e r ' s i m a g i n a t i o n ". ( I B M i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e c h n i c a l s u p p o r t c e n t e r s, p. 3 ). T h i s m a y b e a n e x a g g e r a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y b e a r i n g i t i n m i n d t h a t I B M i s a m a j o r s t a k e h o l d e r i n t h e f i e l d o f m u l t i m e d i a. M u l t i m e d i a i s n e w a n d s t i l l r a p i d l y c h a n g i n g, a n d d u e t o t h e i n f a n c y o f i t s d e v e l o p m e n t, t h e t e c h n o l o g y s t i l l h a s m a n y s h o r t c o m i n g s. O n e s h o r t c o m i n g i s t h a t t h e r e i s y e t n o u n i q u e w a y o f d e f i n i n g a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s e t o f m u l t i m e d i a a p p l i c a t i o n a r e a s. N e w h a r d w a r e a n d s o f t w a r e p r o d u c t d e v e l o p m e n t s c o n t i n u e t o a f f e c t t h e m u l t i m e d i a m a r k e t a n d t h e g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f m u l t i m e d i a n e t w o r k a p p l i c a t i o n a r e a s. T h e s e 1 6
25 n e w p r o d u c t s m a k e m u l t i m e d i a p r o d u c t s e x p e n s i v e, e s p e c i a l l y c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t p r e s e n t l y i t i s a n e m e r g i n g t e c h n o l o g y. U n t i l t h i n g s b e c o m e f a i r l y s t a b i l i z e d i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r, i t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r t e a c h e r s t o t a k e f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d t h i n k a b o u t w a y s i n w h i c h t h e y c a n u s e i t a n d e x p e r i m e n t w i t h t h e i r v a r i o u s i d e a s M u l t i m e d i a T e c h n o l o g y i n E d u c a t i o n M o s t s t a t e s i n t h e U. S n o w s t i p u l a t e t h a t K t e a c h e r s a c q u i r e k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l s f o r u s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s s o t h a t t h e y c a n m a k e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f t h i s t e c h n o l o g y i n t h e e l e m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l c l a s s r o o m s ( P u n t, ). A s a r e s u l t, t h e r e h a s b e e n a n i n c r e a s i n g u s e o f c o m p u t e r s a m o n g t e a c h e r s b u t m a i n l y f o r w o r d p r o c e s s i n g. M a n y t e a c h e r s s t i l l l a c k t h e a b i l i t y t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h i s t e c h n o l o g y i n t o t h e c u r r i c u l u m d e s p i t e t h e i r g e n u i n e i n t e r e s t b e c a u s e m a n y o f t h e m s t i l l l a c k a b a s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p e d a g o g i c a l u s a g e o f m u l t i m e d i a o r h y p e r m e d i a p a c k a g e s ( R e e h m, & K o l l o f f, ). W h i l e t h e n e e d f o r i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y i n E d u c a t i o n h a s b e e n a c k n o w l e d g e d b y m a n y w i t h i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e ( S a l i s b u r y, ), t h e m e t h o d o l o g y o f g o i n g a b o u t i t s t i l l r e m a i n s e l u s i v e. T h i s s t u d y w i l l p r o v i d e a d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f a c a s e o f m u l t i m e d i a i n n o v a t i o n i n h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n. T h e a d v a n t a g e s o f u s i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g y i n E d u c a t i o n h a s b e e n w e l l d o c u m e n t e d. M u c h h a s b e e n w r i t t e n a b o u t t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e l e v i s i o n ( K o o n t z, ; R o c k m a n, ), v i d e o s, s l i d e s, c o m p u t e r s ( D u t t w e i l e r, ), a n d m o r e r e c e n t l y, m u l t i m e d i a t e c h n o l o g y i n E d u c a t i o n ( F a l k, & C a r l s o n, ; F a r a v e l l i, e t a l., ; B r a n d t, ). A m u l t i m e d i a s e t - u p i s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t c o m p o n e n t s, f o r e x a m p l e, t h e c o m p u t e r, v i d e o p l a y e r, l a s e r d i s c p l a y e r, a n d t h e l i q u i d c r y s t a l d i s p l a y ( L C D ) p a n e l. T h e s e c o m p o n e n t s a r e a l s o c a p a b l e o f b e i n g u s e d 1 7
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