Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer L#1: Fundamental Concepts Amil A. Ilham
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1 Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer L#1: Fundamental Concepts Amil A. Ilham
2 Administrasi Kuliah ADMINISTRASI KULIAH 2
3 Penilaian Final Test Quiz Tugas Individu dan Kelompok Presentasi, dll. 3
4 Rules in this Class Please be aware that: No mark (zero) for late assignments without prior permission or urgent reasons. No mark (zero) for cheated assignments or exams. No talks via mobile phone during class. Silent mode is OK You can leave class if you have an urgent call. No FB, Twitter, SMS, etc, during class. No smoking! 4
5 Administrasi Kuliah Hal-hal lain: Tidak ada (waktu) perbaikan nilai. Ujian susulan hanya akan diberikan jika berhalangan hadir pada saat ujian karena: Sakit atau alasan pribadi lain yang dapat diterima. Ada pemberitahuan pada saat ujian atau sebelum ujian (Do not hesitate to let me know!) 5
6 Contact info HP: (SMS and URGENT CALL ONLY) 6
7 Fundamental Concepts FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 7
8 A Computer Specification Consider the following specification for a personal computer: 3.5 GHz Pentium 4 Processor 2 GB RAM 320 GB Hard Disk 48x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive 17 Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution 100 Mb/s Ethernet What does it all mean? Review: clock, bit, byte, numbering system, logic gates 8
9 Technology Used in Computers Vacuum Tube Transistors Microprocessor VLSI* chips *VLSI: Very large-scale integration Integrated Circuit- IC 9
10 Intel 70s Intel 4004, first single chip CPU 4- bit processor for a calculator 2,300 transistors 16-pin DIP package 740kHz (eight clock cycles per CPU cycle of 10.8 microseconds) ~ 100K OPs per second 10
11 Intel Itanium 9500 Series 64-bit processor 3.1 billion transistors 2.53 GHz, issue up to 12 instructions per cycle 8 Cores 54 MByte of cache!! In ~40 years, about 1,000,000 times growth in transistor count and performance! 11
12 Exciting Change It impacts every aspect of human life. Eniac, 1946 Occupied 17x10 meter ^2 room, weighted 30 tones, contained electronic valves, consumed 150KW of electrical power; capable to perform 5K addition per second PlayStation Portable (PSP) Approx. 170 mm (L) x 74 mm (W) x 23 mm (D) Weight: Approx. 260 g (including battery) CPU: PSP CPU (clock frequency 1~333MHz) Main Memory: 32MB Embedded DRAM: 4MB Profile: Game, Audio, Video 12
13 Simple Switch Circuit Switch open: No current through circuit Light is off V out is +2.9V Switch closed: Short circuit across switch Current flows Light is on V out is 0V Switch-based circuits can easily represent two states: on/off, open/closed, voltage/no voltage. 13
14 Computer is a binary digital system. Digital system: finite number of symbols Binary (base two) system: has two states: 0 and 1 Basic unit of information is the binary digit, or bit. Values with more than two states require multiple bits. A collection of two bits has four possible states: 00, 01, 10, 11 A collection of three bits has eight possible states: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111 A collection of n bits has 2 n possible states. 14
15 N-type MOS Transistor MOS = Metal Oxide Semiconductor two types: N-type and P-type N-type when Gate has positive voltage, short circuit between #1 and #2 (switch closed) when Gate has zero voltage, open circuit between #1 and #2 (switch open) Terminal #2 must be connected to GND (0V). 15
16 P-type MOS Transistor P-type is complementary to N-type when Gate has positive voltage, open circuit between #1 and #2 (switch open) when Gate has zero voltage, short circuit between #1 and #2 (switch closed) Terminal #1 must be connected to +2.9V. 16
17 CMOS Circuit Complementary MOS Uses both N-type and P-type MOS transistors P-type Attached to + voltage N-type Attached to GND For all inputs, make sure that output is either connected to GND or to +, but not both! 17
18 Basic Logic Gates 18
19 Inverter (NOT Gate) Truth table In Out 0 V 2.9 V 2.9 V 0 V In Out
20 NOR Gate A B C Note: Serial structure on top, parallel on bottom. 20
21 OR Gate A B C Add inverter to NOR. 21
22 Decoder n inputs, 2 n outputs exactly one output is 1 for each possible input pattern 2-bit decoder Note the use of the bubbles (NOT) in the input. 22
23 Multiplexer (MUX) n-bit selector and 2 n inputs, one output output equals one of the inputs, depending on selector 4-to-1 MUX 23
24 Full Adder Add two bits and carry-in, produce one-bit sum and carry-out. 24
25 Four-bit Adder 25
26 R-S Latch: Simple Storage Element R is used to reset or clear the element (set it to zero) S is used to set the element (set it to one) If both R and S are one, out could be either zero or one. quiescent state -- holds its previous value note: if a is 1, b is 0, and vice versa 26
27 Gated D-Latch Two inputs: D (data) and WE (write enable) when WE = 1, latch is set to value of D S = NOT(D), R = D when WE = 0, latch holds previous value S = R = 1 27
28 Register A register stores a multi-bit value. We use a collection of D-latches, all controlled by a common WE. When WE=1, n-bit value D is written to register. 28
29 Memory Now that we know how to store bits, we can build a memory a logical k m array of stored bits. Address Space: number of locations (usually a power of 2) k = 2 n locations Addressability: number of bits per location (e.g., byte-addressable) m bits 29
30 address 2 2 x 3 Memory word select word WE input bits write enable address decoder output bits 30
31 Summary Building Block of Computers Logically, each transistor acts as a switch Combined to implement logic functions AND, OR, NOT Combined to build higher-level structures Adder, multiplexer, decoder, register, Combined to build processor 31
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