648 Index. Axis, 256 horizontal, 256 of symmetry, 340, 343 vertical, 256

Transcription

1 Index A Absolute value, 3 in adding integers, of zero, 3 Addition in algebraic expressions, 49 of areas, 467 of fractions, of integers, of polynomials, 377 of rational numbers, in scientific notation, 86 solving one-step equations by, 99 solving one-step inequalities by, subtraction as inverse operation with, 12 Addition property of equality, 99 Addition property of inequality, 110 Additive identity, 70 Additive inverse, 71 Additive magic square, 83 Adjacent angles, 429 Algebraic expressions, 49 evaluating, 50 simplifying, 72 translating, 50 writing, 50 Algebra tiles, 134, 370, 383 Alternate exterior angles, 431 Alternate interior angles, 431 Angle bisector, 459 constructing, 459 Angle pairs, Angle(s) adjacent, 429 alternate exterior, 431 alternate interior, 431 complementary, 429 corresponding, 200, 431 of depression, 216 of elevation, 216 exterior, 436 interior, 431 remote interior, 436 supplementary, 103, 429 vertical, 430 Angle-side-angle in proving congruent triangles (ASA), 437 Arbelos, 470 Archimedes, 470 Arcs, 455 Area addition of, 467 of a circle, 465 lateral, 481, 482 measurement and, of a parallelogram, 465 of a rectangle, 465 of a square, 465 subtraction of, 467 surface, 480, 481 of a trapezoid, 465, 466 of a triangle, 465 Area models, 396, 405 Arithmetic factoring, Arithmetic sequence, 236 algebraic expression for the nth term of, 237 finding term of an, 237 identifying, Association, 594 linear, 595 nonlinear, 595 Associative property, 69 Average mean, median, mode, finding, from frequency table,

2 Axis, 256 horizontal, 256 of symmetry, 340, 343 vertical, 256 B Back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot, 584 Base of a power, 6 Bell-shaped distributions, 593 Bias, 562 Binomials, 371 multiplying two, Boundary line, 330 Box-and-whisker plots, Braces in relations, 263 Brackets as grouping symbols, 6 Brahmagupta, 473 C Calculators. See Graphing calculators Cantor s Comb, 48 Capacity in customary system, 164 in metric system, 164 Cause-and-effect, 599 Center of a dilation, 448 of a rotation, 446 Certificate of deposit, 218 Checkpoint, 110 Chunking, 393 Circle, area of, 465 Circle graphs, 183, 578 Closed hole, 112 Closure property, 70 Cluster sample, 560 Coefficient, 72 Combination, 545 notation, Commissions, 191 Common ratio, 242 Commutative property, 69 Compass, 455 Compatible numbers, 33 Complementary angles, 429 Complement of an event, 525 finding probability of, 525 Composite numbers, 24 Compound inequality, 120 Compound interest, 217 formula for, 217 Conditional equations, 102 Cone right circular, 477 surface area of a, 483 volume of a, 486 Congruence, 430 statement, writing, 438 Congruent angles, constructing, 456 figures, 200 triangles, Conjecture, 234 Consecutive integers, 125 Constant of variation, Constants, 49 Constructions, angle bisector, 459 congruent angles, 456 congruent segments, 455 line parallel to a line through a given point, 462 line perpendicular to a line through a given point, 461 perpendicular bisector, 458 triangle, given the sides, 457 Convenience sample, 560 Conversion factor, 165 Coordinate plane, distance on the, 258 structure of, 256 Coordinates, 256 finding slope from, 282 Coplanar lines, 433 Correlation, 594, 604 negative, 595 positive, 596 Correlation coefficient, 605 Corresponding angles, 200, Index

3 Corresponding sides, 200 Cosine, Counterexample, 234 Counting numbers, 2 Counting principle, 525 Cross products, 169 Cross section, 489 viewing, 489 Cube root, 65 Cumulative frequency histogram, 582 Cumulative frequency table, Customary system capacity in, 164 length in, 164 time in, 164 weight in, 164 Cylinder right circular, 476 surface area of a, 482 volume of a, 485 D Data analysis of, collecting and organizing, displaying, fitting line of best fit to, 598 organizing, in a table, 606 with two values in, Decimals division of, 43 multiplication of, 42 rewriting, 3 rounding, 32 writing probabilities as, 513 Degree of a polynomial, 372, 373 of a term, 373 Density, 89 Dependent events, finding probability of, 535 Dependent variables, 594 Depression, angle of, 216 Derived units, 168 Descending order, 372 Diagrams as problem-solving strategy, mapping, 264, 270 tree, 24, Venn, 21 22, 537, 540 Die, 513 in simulating problems, Digits, significant, 464 Dilations, 443, 448 center of a, 448 Dimensional analysis, 165 Direct variation, 304 applying equation of, Discounts, 192 Distance on the coordinate plane, 258 formula for, 259 using the Pythagorean Theorem to find, 259 Distribution, 593 skewed-left, 593 skewed-right, 593 symmetrical, 593 uniform, 593 Distributive property, 69, 401 of polynomials, 383 Divide-and-average method, Division algebraic expressions in, 49 of decimals, 43 of fractions, 44 of integers, 17 by a negative number, 118 of polynomials by monomials, 384 by a positive number, 117 properties of exponents for, 80 of rational numbers, in scientific notation, 87 solving one-step equations by, 105 Division property of equality, 104 of inequality, Dodecahedron, 479 Domain, 263 Dot plot, 588 Index 649

4 Double-bar graphs, 589 Double-line graphs, 589 Drawing isometric, 488 orthagonal, 488 scale, 171 Dyne (dyn), 168 E Edges of solid figures, 477 Elevation, angle of, 216 Elimination, solving systems of linear equations by, Ellipsis (...), 2 Equality addition property of, 99 division property of, 104 multiplication property of, 104 subtraction property of, 99 Equation(s), 98 conditional, 102 equivalent, 99 identical, 102 linear, ordered pairs in, 264 percent, 183 solution of, 98 involving ratio, 158 multi-step, one-step by adding, 99 by division, 105 by multiplication, by subtracting, 100 with two operations, writing, as problem-solving strategy, Error, 463 percent of, 463 relative, 463 Estimating, 32 modifying and, with rational numbers, square roots, 63 Euclid s algorithm, finding greatest common factor of two numbers, 31 Events, 513 complementary, 525 dependent, independent, mutually exclusive, 537, 540 mutually inclusive, 537, 540 Experiments, and data collection, 561 predicting outcomes in, 512 Exponential form, 24 Exponents, 6 negative, 77 operating with, 7 properties of for division, 80 for multiplication, 79 zero, 77 Expressions algebraic, 49, 50, 72, 237, 238 numerical, 6, 8 Exterior angles formed by a transversal, 431 of a triangle, 436 Extrapolation, 604 Extremes, 175 F Faces lateral, 477 of solid figures, 477 Factor, 6 conversion, 165 greatest common, 25 ratio, 158 Factorial, 542 Factoring, 391 arithmetic, trinomials, using greatest common factor, Factor tree, 26 Fair games, 532 Family of functions, Index

5 Fibonacci, 241 Fibonacci sequence, 241 Figurative numbers hexagonal, 235 pentagonal, 235 rectangular, 234 square, 234 triangular, 233, 237, 252 Figures congruent, 200 self-similar, 203 similar, 200 Five-number summary, 574 FOIL, 401, 405 Formula(s), 65 area, 465 compound interest, 217 distance, 259 nth triangular number, 233 simple interest, 194 substituting into a, 65 surface area, 481 volume, Fraction bar as grouping symbol, 6 Fractions, 2 addition of, division of, 44 multiplication of, 43 rewriting, 3 rounding, 32 subtraction of, writing as a percent, 176 writing probabilities as, 512 Frequencies, 10, 247 Frequency table, 512 constructing, 562 cumulative, finding averages from a, 569 Front-end estimation with adjustments, 34 Frustum, 490 Function, 265 nonlinear, 305 notation, 266 one-to-one, 270 horizontal line test, 270 quadratic, recognizing, 265 vertical line test, 266 writing a rule, G Gauss, 239 General points, 259 Genes, 531 Geometric probability, 518 Geometric sequences, algebraic expression for the nth term of, 243 applying, 244 identifying, Geometry, angle pairs in, congruent triangles in, constructions in, measurement and area in, solid figures in, transformations in, Goldbach, Christian, 31 Goldbach s conjecture, 31 Golden Ratio, 163 Graphing linear equations, linear inequalities, parabolas, 338 solving systems of linear equations by, Graphing calculators conversion, decimal to a fraction, 3 fraction to a decimal, 3 mixed number to an improper fraction, 4 exponents, 78 evaluating expressions, 8 polynomial, factors of a quadratic equation, checking, 410 graphing, bar graph, box-and-whisker plot, 585 family of functions, Index 651

6 Graphing calculators (continued) histogram, 580 cumulative frequency, 582 linear function, 303 residual plot, scatter plot, 597 systems of linear equations, 313 systems of linear inequalities, 337 inequalities, 111 probability combinations, 546 factorials, 542 permutations, 543 random numbers, generating, 521 simulations, 532 scientific notation, 86 statistics, correlation coefficient, 605 cumulative frequency, five number summary, 574 mean, median, and mode, 571 regression line, 600 table of values, 303, 313, 410 trigonometrie ratios, 209 window feature, 345 Graphs bar graph, box-and-whisker plot, 585 circle, 183, 578 dot plot, 588 double-bar, 589 double-line, 589 histogram, 580 cumulative frequency, 582 ordered pairs in, 264 pictogram, 590 residual plot, 601 scatter plot, 597 stem-and-leaf plot, Gratuities, 190 Greatest common factor (GCF), 25 Euclid s algorithm in finding, 31 factoring using, in problem situations, 26 Grouping symbols, 6 H Half-life, 245 Half-plane, 330 Heads, 516 Hectares, 51 Height, slant, 482 Hero (also called Heron), 473 Heron s Formula, 473 Hertz (Hz), 247 Hexagonal numbers, 235 Hexagonal prism, 477 Hexahedron, 479 Hidden variables, 599 Histograms, , 593 cumulative frequency, 582 Horizontal axis, 256 Horizontal line test, 270 Hypotenuse of right triangle, 248 finding length of, 249 I Icosahedron, 479 Identical equations, 102 Identity additive, 70 multiplicative, 70 property, 70 Image, 443 Improper fractions, rewriting mixed numbers as, 4 Independent events, finding probability of, Independent variables, 594 Indirect measurement, 201 Inequalities, 112 addition property of, 110 compound, 120 division property of, 116, 117 multiplication property of, 116, 117 solution of, 112 solution set of, Index

7 solving multi-step, solving one-step by addition, by subtraction, 112 solving two-step, subtraction property of, 110 Integers, 2, 64 addition of, consecutive, 125 division of, 17 multiplication of, subtraction of, 12 Integral exponents, 77 Intercepts, 289 x-, 289 y-, 289 Interest, 194 compound, 217 simple, 194 Interior angles, 431 Interpolation, 598 Interquartile range, 573 finding and interpreting, 573 Inverse additive, 71 multiplicative, 71 property, 71 Inverse operations, 12, 99 Inverse variation, Irrational numbers, 64 Isometric drawing, 488 J Joule (J), 168 L Lateral area, 481, 482 Lateral faces, 477 Leaf, of a stem-and-leaf plot 583 Least common denominator (LCD), 27 Least common multiple (LCM), 27 Legs of right triangle, 248 finding length of, 249 Length in customary system, 164 in metric system, 164 Light year, 85 Like terms, 72 aligning, 377 combining, 125 Linear association, 595 Linear equations, See also Systems of linear equations in two variables, Linear functions graphing, graphing with graphing calculator, 303 Linear inequalities, graphing, Linear pair, 429 Line of best fit, fitting to data set, 598 using, to interpolate values, 598 Line(s) boundary, 330 coplanar, 433 graphing using slope and y-intercept, 299 parallel, 431, 432, 433, 436 perpendicular, 288 skew, 433 slope of a, 281 using table of values in graphing, 298 Line symmetry, 443 Logical reasoning, 606 Lower quartile, 572 Lucas sequence, 241 M Magic square, 15, 18 additive, 83 multiplicative, 83 Magic triangle, 13 Mapping diagram, 270 ordered pairs in, 264 test, 265 Map, scale of a, 171 Markup, 193 Mass, in metric system, 164 Index 653

8 Mean, 568, 569 finding, with graphing calculator, 571 Means, 175 Measurement area and, calculating with, 464 customary system of, 164 indirect, 201 metric system of, 164 Measures of central tendency, 568, 569 Measures of variation, 573 Median, 568, 569 finding, with graphing calculator, 571 of a trapezoid, 263 of a triangle, 262 Metric system capacity in, 164 length in, 164 mass in, 164 time in, 164 Microseconds, 89 Middle quartile, 572 Midpoint, 261, 458 Mixed numbers, 2 multiplication of, 44 rewriting as improper fractions, 4 rounding, 33 Mixture problems, using two variables to solve, Modeling in problem-solving, Models area, 396, 405 scale, 174 using, to simplify polynomials, 371 Monomials, 370, 371 division of polynomial by, 384 finding the GCF of two, 391 multiplication of polynomials by, recognizing, 370 Motion problems, using two variables to solve, Multiple, 24 Multiplication in algebraic expressions, 49 of fractions, 43 of integers, of mixed numbers, 44 by a negative number, 118 of polynomials by a monomial, by a positive number, 116 properties of exponents for, 79 of rational numbers, in scientific notation, 87 solving one-step equations by, of two binomials, Multiplication property of equality, 104 of inequality, 116, 117 Multiplication table, using, Multiplicative identity, 70 inverse, 71 Multiplicative magic square, 83 Multi-step equations and inequalities, solving, Mutually exclusive events, 537, 540 Mutually inclusive events, 537, 540 Myriad, 86 N Nanoseconds, 86 Natural numbers, 2, 64 Negative correlation, 595 Negative exponents, 77 Negative integers, 11 Negative number division by a, 118 multiplication by a, 118 Nets, 478 in finding surface area, 480 Newton (N), 168 Newton s Method, 68 Nonlinear association, 595 Nonlinear functions, 305 Notation combination, 545 function, 266 permutation, 543 scientific, Index

9 nth term of an arithmetic sequence, 237 of a geometric sequence, 243 Number line, 3 using, to add integers, 11 Numbers absolute value of, 3 compatible, 33 composite, 24 figurative, 233 hexagonal, 235 pentagonal, 235 rectangular, 234 square, 234 triangular, 233, 237, 252 negative, 118 opposite, 3 positive, 117 prime, 24 random, 521 Numerical expressions, 6 using a calculator to evaluate, 8 O Octahedron, 479 Odds, 527 One-step equations, solving by adding, 99 by dividing, 105 by multiplying, by subtracting, 100 One-step inequalities, solving by adding, by dividing, 117, 118 by multiplying, 117, 118 by subtracting, 112 One-to-one functions, 270 Open hole, 112 Open sentence, 98 Operations order of, 6 properties of, 69 Ordered pairs, 256, 263 in equation, 264 in graph, 264 in mapping diagram, 264 in table, 264 Order of operations, 6 8 using, 7 Orientation, 443 Origin, 256 Orthogonal drawing, 488 Outcomes, predicting, in experiments, 512 Outliers, 577, 601 P Parabola, 338 graphing, 338 identifying direction of, 339 symmetry of, 339 turning point of, 338 vertex of, 338, 340 Parallel lines, 431, 432, 433, 436 Parallelogram, 108 area of, 465 Parentheses ( ) as grouping symbols, 6 Parsec, 89 Pascal s Triangle, 232, 541, 550 Patterns, Pentagonal numbers, 235 pyramids, 477 Pentomino, 495 Percentiles, 189 Percent(s), 176 applications of, of change, 193 of decrease, 193 equation, 183 of error, 463 finding, 463 of increase, 193 of markup, 193 writing a fraction as a, 176 writing probabilities as, 513 Perfect squares, 63 estimating, 63 finding square roots of, 63 Index 655

10 Perimeter, 76 Permutation, 542 notation, 543 Perpendicular bisector, 458 constructing, 458 Perpendicular lines, 288 Pictograms, 590 Place number, identifying, of a term, 238 Platonic solids, 479 Plots box-and-whisker, dot, 588 residual, 601 scatter, stem-and-leaf, , 593 back-to-back, 584 Polyhedrons, 477 Polynomials, 371 addition of, 377 degree of a, 372, 373 division of, by a monomial, 384 multiplication of, by monomials, naming, 371 in standard form, 372 subtraction of, 378 using models to simplify, 371 using properties to simplify, Polyomino, 495 Population, 560 Positive correlation, 595 Positive integers, 11 Positive number division by a, 117 multiplication by a, 116 Power, 6 of a product rule, 79 of a quotient rule, 80 Power rule, 79 Powers of 10, 84 evaluating, 84 writing, 84 Precision, 463 Price regular, 192 sale, 192 Prime factorization, 24, 391 of a composite number, 24 Prime numbers, 24 Principal, 194 Prisms, 477 hexagonal, 477 rectangular, 478 surface area of, 480 triangular, 477 Probability, combinations, compound events, 537 complementary events, 525 counting principle, 525 dependent events, 533 factorials, 542 geometric, 519 independent events, 533 mutually exclusive events, 537, 540 mutually inclusive events, 537, 540 odds in, 527 permutations, predicting outcomes in experiments, 512 Punnett square in, 531 sample space in, 524 tree diagrams in, using die to simulate a problem, using random numbers to simulate a problem, 521 Venn diagrams in, 537, 540 writing, 513 writing ratios in, 513 writing theoretical, 514 Problem-solving strategies drawing a diagram, estimating and modifying, look for a pattern, modeling the problem, organizing data in a table, 606 simplifying the problem, simulating the problem, working backward, 121 writing an equation, Index

11 Product rule, 79 Product, simplifying, 384 Proportion, 169 extremes, 175 means, 175 solving, 170 writing a, 170 Punnett square, 531 Pyramids, 477 pentagonal, 477 rectangular, 477 surface area of a, 482 volume of a, 486 Pythagorean Theorem, 207, converse of, 251 in finding distance, 259 Pythagorean triple, 255 Q Quadrants, 256 Quadratic functions, Quartiles, 572 finding, of a data set, 572 lower, 572 middle, 572 upper, 572 Quotient, simplifying, 384 Quotient rule, 80 R Random, 517 Random numbers, 521 in simulating a problem, 521 Random sample, 560 Range, 263 Rate, 159 of change, 281 finding, from a table, 283 unit, 159 Ratio factor, 158 Rational numbers, 2, 64 addition of, division of, equivalent forms, 3 estimating with, multiplication of, order of operations in, 6 8 set of, 2 subtraction of, Ratio(s), 157 common, 242 equivalent, 157 finding, 157 forms of, 157 Golden, 163 probability, 513 trigonometric, using an equation involving, 158 Real numbers, 64 classifying, 64 ordering, 64 properties of, 69 subsets of, 64 Reciprocals, 44 Rectangle, area of, 465 Rectangular numbers, 234 Rectangular pyramids, 477 Reflections, 443, 445 Regression line, 600 Regular price, 192 Relations, Relative error, 463 Relatively prime numbers, 27 Remote interior angles, 435 Repeating decimals, 2 Residual, 601 plot, 601 Right circular cone, 477 Right circular cylinder, 477 Right triangle, , , 212 hypotenuse of, 248 legs of, 248 Rise, 281 Roots cube, 65 square, 63, 64 Index 657

12 Rotational symmetry, 447 Rotations, 443, 446 center of the, 446 Rounding, 32 of decimals, 32 of fractions, 32 mixed numbers, 33 Rubik s cube, 82 Run, 281 S Sale price, 192 Sales taxes, 190 Sample, 560 cluster, 560 convenience, 560 random, 560 systematic, 560 Sample space, 524 Sampling, 560 Scale, 171 drawing, 171 model, 174 Scatter plots, Scientific notation, addition in, 86 applying, 85 calculating in, 86 converting from standard form to, 85 converting to standard form from, 84 division in, 87 multiplication in, 87 subtraction in, 86 Score, 52 Self-similar figures, 203 Sentence, open, 98 Sequences, 236 arithmetic, 236 Fibonacci, 241 geometric, Lucas, 241 term of the, 236 tetranacci, 241 tribonacci, 241 Side-angle-angle, in proving congruent triangles (SAA), 437 Side-angle-side, in proving congruent triangles (SAS), 437 Side-side-side, in proving congruent triangles (SSS), 437 Sierpinski s Triangle, 245 Sign adding numbers with different, 11 adding numbers with the same, 11 Significant digits, 464 Similar figures, 200 Similar triangles, 281 Simple interest, 194 formula for, 194 Sine, 207, 208 Skewed-left distribution, 593 Skewed-right distribution, 593 Skew lines, 433 Slant height, 482 Slope finding, from coordinates, 282 finding from a table, 282 graphing line using y-intercept, 299 of a line, 281 Slope-intercept form, Solid figures, dimensions of, 477 edges of, 477 faces of, 477 identifying, nets in, 478 Platonic, 479 vertexes of, 477 Solid geometry, 433 Solution of an equation, 98 of an inequality, 112 Solution set of an inequality, 112 Square, area of, 465 Square numbers, 234 Square of a triangular number, Index

13 Square roots, 63 finding, on a graphing calculator, 64 Standard form, 83, 298, 372 converting from, to scientific notation, 85 Standard viewing window, 303 Statistics, association in, 594 bias in, 562 box-and-whisker plots in, cause-and-effect in, 599 collecting and organizing data in, constructing circle graph in, 578 constructing frequency table in, 562 correlation coefficient in, 605 correlation in, 594, 605 data analysis in, data with two values in, displaying data in, distributions in, 593 dot plots in, 588 double-bar graphs in, 589 double-line graphs in, 589 extrapolation in, 604 finding and interpreting the interquartile range, 573 finding averages from a frequency table, 569 finding population in, 561 finding quartiles of a data set, 572 finding sample in, 561 five-number summary in, 574 histograms in, identifying sampling method in, 561 line of best fit in, mean in, 568, 569 median in, 568, 569 mode in, 568, 569 outliers in, 577, 601 pictograms in, 590 regression line in, 600 residuals in, 601 sampling in, 560 scatter plots in, stem-and-leaf plots in, Stem-and-leaf plots, , 593 comparing data sets with, 584 Straightedge, 455 Substitution into a formula, 65 solving systems of linear equations by, Subtraction addition as inverse operation with, 12 in algebraic expressions, 49 of areas, 467 eliminating a variable by, 322 of fractions, of integers, 12 of polynomials, 378 of rational numbers, in scientific notation, 86 solving one-step equations by, 100 solving one-step inequalities by, 112 Subtraction property of equality, 99 Subtraction property of inequality, 110 Supplementary angles, 103, 429 Surface area of a cone, 483 of a cylinder, 482 of a prism, 480 of a pyramid, 482 using a net, 480 Symbols ellipsis, 2 grouping, 6 use of, versus words, 1 Symmetrical distribution, 593 Symmetry axis of, 340, 343 line, 443 of the parabola, 339 rotational, 447 Systematic sample, 560 Index 659

14 Systems of linear equations applying, solving by elimination, by graphing, by substitution, using graphing calculator to graph, 313 Systems of linear inequalities applying, 333 graphing, 332 solving, 332 T Table of values creating, 298 using, in graphing a line, 298 Tables cumulative frequency, finding rate of change from a, 283 finding slope from a, 282 frequency, 562, , 569 ordered pairs in, 264 organizing data in a, 606 Tails, 516 Tally marks, 512 Tangent, 207, 208 Taxes, 190 sales, 190 Terminating decimals, 2 Terms of an algebraic expression, 72 combining like, 125 of a sequence, 236 Tetrahedron, 479 Tetranacci sequence, 241 Tetromino, 495 Theoretical probabiliy, 514 Theoretical result, space geometry, 433 Time in customary system, 164 in metric system, 164 Transformations, types of, 443 Transit, 216 Translations, 443, 445 Transversal, 431 Trapezoid area of, 465, 466 median of a, 263 Tree diagrams, 24, Triangle Inequality Theorem, 115 Triangle(s) area of, 465 congruent, constructing, 457 magic, 13 median of, 262 Pascal s, 232, 541, 550 right, 248 Sierpinski s, 245 similar, 281 Triangular numbers, 237, 252 square of, 235 writing formula for the nth, 233 Tribonacci sequence, 241 Trigonometric ratios, finding, on a calculator, 209 Trinomials, 371 factoring, Triomino, 495 Turning point, 338 Two-step inequalities, solving, U Uniform distribution, 593 Unit rate, 159 Units converting, derived, 168 in customary system of capacity, 164 of length, 164 of time, 164 of weight, 164 in metric system of capacity, 164 of length, Index

15 of mass, 164 of time, 164 Unlike terms, 72 Upper quartiles, 572 V Variables, 49 dependent, 594 hidden, 599 independent, 594 Variation constant of, direct, 304 inverse, 305 Venn diagram, 21 22, 537, 540 Vertex of a parabola, 338, 340 of solid figures, 477 Vertical angles, 430 Vertical axis, 256 Vertical line test, 266, 270 Volume, 485 of a cone, 486 of a cylinder, 485 of a prism, 485 of a pyramid, 486 W Weight, 164 Whole numbers, 2, 64 Work, 168 Working backward as problem-solving strategy, 121 X x-axis, 256, 289 x-coordinate, 256, 289 x-intercept, 289 Y y-axis, 256, 289 y-coordinate, 256, 289 y-intercept, 289 graphing line using slope and, 299 Z Zero, absolute value of, 3 Zero exponent, 77 Zero pair, 371 Z-scale, 175 Index 661