Guidelines for the Creation of a Program for Type III Environmental Declarations in the United States

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1 Gud f C f Pm f Typ III Em D Ud S by K B d K Fuj A pj ubmd p fufm f qum f d f M f S (Nu Ru d Em) Uy f M Ap 2006 Fuy d: Pf M M

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3 Ab T uy x dmd Ud S f fm bu m mp f um pdu, bu ym f pd fm. T pj pp ud f f Typ III m d pm w w pd bj fm bu m mp f pdu bd f y m (LCA) md. T m y y mpd fm um, u f d p fm, d p, w d bd u f um uy. Bu pd b d w pdu mp, md wb w d dm p f pdu d. O mmd p db w um k mp f, u mk d m d ufu um. Bu u pdu u LCA b m um, w d md f ffy d y u m mp. I ud ud f df ym bud d fu u, d f z m mp. T m mp y d w d, d md w dpd f z d u d w dp u p d. A pd u w d f dm um d xy d. Fy, fw w dpd dm pp f mm db f p d m pm. T ud dm du f w Typ III pm, mmd pdd f z uu, pdu pdu, d bud mm f ud p d w.

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5 Tb f C ABSTRACT...I TABLE OF CONTENTS...I LIST OF FIGURES... IV LIST OF TABLES...V ACRONYMS... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...VII THE NEED FOR TYPE III ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATIONS...VII PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION FOR TYPE III DECLARATIONS...VIII MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS... IX DATA PUBLICATION... XI 1. INTRODUCTION THE NEED FOR TYPE III ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS DEFINITION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION TRENDS WORLDWIDE A NEW TYPE III PROGRAM FOR THE U.S THE PROBLEM WITH CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATIONS AN APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION PROGRAM FOR THE U.S GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE III DECLARATIONS ABOUT THIS REPORT GOALS OF THIS REPORT PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION FOR TYPE III DECLARATIONS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE III PROGRAMS AND GOVERNMENT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY THE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY THE PROGRAM APPLICANTS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE EXISTING PROGRAMS PROGRAM OFFICE COMMITTEES CONTRACTED EXPERTS PROCEDURES EXISTING PROGRAMS CREATION OF PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES PRODUCT EVALUATION: DATA COLLECTION AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT VERIFICATION OF DATA AND PRODUCT REGISTRATION PUBLICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION BUDGET EXISTING PROGRAMS REGISTRATION FEE EXPENDITURE BREAK-EVEN POINT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THIS PROGRAM ORGANIZATION - RECOMMENDATIONS PROCEDURES - RECOMMENDATIONS DATA VERIFICATION - RECOMMENDATIONS BUDGET - RECOMMENDATIONS MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR PRODUCT EVALUATION BACKGROUND AND DEFINITION OF LCA ALTERNATIVE TOOLS LCA METHODS FOR THIS PROGRAM DEFINITION OF GOAL AND SCOPE LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ANALYSIS (LCI) LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA) INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS IMPACT CATEGORY INDICATORS FOR THIS PROGRAM CATEGORY ENDPOINTS AND NUMBER OF CATEGORIES... 51

6 3.3.2 CURRENT PROPOSALS FOR INDICATOR CATEGORIES INDICATOR CATEGORIES SELECTED FOR THIS PROGRAM LIMITATIONS OF LCA DATA PUBLICATION SELECTING INFORMATION TO PUBLISH DATA PUBLICATION POLICIES OF THIS PROGRAM DATA PUBLICATION POLICIES OF OTHER PROGRAMS GRAPHICAL DATA PRESENTATION DESCRIPTION OF THE RADAR AREA GRAPH PROPORTION OF SHADED AREA AS A REPRESENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS UNITS OF THE RADIAL AXIS LIMITATIONS OF THE RADAR AREA FORMAT DETAILS OF THE SELECTION PROCESS FOR THE RADAR AREA GRAPH AND ALTERNATIVE FORMATS USE OF PRINT AND INTERNET MEDIA PRINTED MEDIA AND ON-PRODUCT LABELS WEB-BASED MEDIA FUTURE TECHNOLOGY INTERNET ACCESSIBILITY VIA HANDHELD DEVICES PRODUCT SCANNING WITH TWO-DIMENSIONAL CODES RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) SCENARIOS OF DATA PUBLICATION CURRENT TECHNOLOGY FUTURE TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR A TYPE III PROGRAM IN THE U.S NECESSARY STEPS TO ESTABLISH A TYPE III PROGRAM IN THE U.S OBSTACLES AND STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS CHALLENGES FOR TYPE III DECLARATIONS STRATEGIES FOR MARKET PENETRATION APPENDICES APPENDIX A. SURVEY FOR DECLARATION PRESENTATION AND CONTENT A.1 PURPOSE A.2 METHOD A.3 RESULTS A.4 TABLE OF THE RESULT APPENDIX B. RETAIL TEST OF CONSUMER RESPONSE B.1 PURPOSE B.2 METHOD B.3 RESULTS APPENDIX C. LCA CASE STUDY CONVENTIONAL GRAPES C.1 SCOPE C.2 DATA COLLECTION C.3 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY (LCI) C.4 SHIPMENT CONDITION C.5 INDICATOR RESULT C.6 THE U.S AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL S TOTAL DAILYCONSUMPTION IMPACT (TDCI) C.7 PERCENTAGE OF INDICATORS TO TDCI APPENDIX D. LIST OF ADDITIONAL RESOURCES D.1 DEMONSTRATION LCA SOFTWARE EXLCA D.2 DEMONSTRATION TOXICITY CALCULATION SOFTWARE VOLTOX D.3 U.S TOTAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL USE AND ECOTOXICITY DATA D.4 HTP CALCULATIONS FOR U.S TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY DATA D.5 LCA DATA FILE FOR CASE STUDY OF GRAPES D.6 FULL SCALE IMAGES OF ON-SHELF LABELS USING RADAR AREA FORMAT REFERENCES

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8 L f Fu FIGURE 1.1 LOGOS OF EXISTING TYPE I DECLARATION PROGRAMS... 2 FIGURE 1.2 LOGOS OF EXISTING TYPE III DECLARATION PROGRAMS... 4 FIGURE 1.3 ACCESSING PRODUCT INFORMATION FOR EXISTING TYPE III DECLARATIONS... 4 FIGURE 1.4 FEEDBACK LOOP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT... 7 FIGURE 1.5 PICTURE OF THE PROPOSED PROGRAM S ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION FIGURE 2.1 RELATIONSHIP OF OUTSIDE AGENCIES TO ECOLOEAF FIGURE 2.2 RELATIONSHIP OF OUTSIDE AGENCIES TO KOREA EDP FIGURE 2.3 RELATIONSHIP OF OUTSIDE AGENCIES TO SWEDISH EPD FIGURE 2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMMITTEES OF THE ECOLEAF PROGRAM FIGURE 2.5 PROCEDURE FOR REGISTERING ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATIONS - ECOLEAF 22 FIGURE 2.6 PCR CREATION PROCESS FOR THE ECOLEAF PROGRAM FIGURE 2.7 BREAK-EVEN POINT FOR PROGRAM INCOME AND EXPENSES FIGURE 2.8 NUMBER OF NEW PRODUCT REGISTERED IN THE ECOLEAF PROGRAM FIGURE 3.1 DECISION FLOW DIAGRAM FOR SELECTING FUNCTIONAL UNITS FIGURE 3.2 DEFINING PRODUCT BOUNDARIES CONSIDERING RECYCLED MATERIAL FIGURE 3.3 SETTING THE LCA BOUNDARY FOR A CAMERA WITHIN ITS PRODUCT SYSTEM 45 FIGURE 3.4 SETTING THE LCA FOR A FLOOR LAMP WITHIN ITS PRODUCT SYSTEM FIGURE 3.5 MAP OF THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. 78 FIGURE 3.6 FAO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY SUITABILITY INDEX SOUTH AMERICA. 79 FIGURE 4.1 FIGURE EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURE DIAGRAM FOR TOILET PAPER FIGURE 4.2 EXAMPLE OF FLOW CHART FOR TOILET PAPER FIGURE 4.3 EXAMPLE DATA TO BE PUBLISHED NORMALIZED CATEGORY INDICATORS FIGURE 4.4 THE PROPOSED PROGRAM S ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION LOGO FIGURE 4.5 THE TEN ELEMENTARY PERCEPTUAL TASKS FIGURE 4.6 EXAMPLE OF BAR CHART FORMAT FIGURE 4.7 EXAMPLE OF NUMERICAL TABLE FORMAT FIGURE 4.8 MAIN PAGE OF THE PROPOSED PROGRAM S WEBSITE FIGURE 4.9 WEBSITE FOR THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT QUIZ FIGURE 4.10 WEBSITE FOR CANADA SONE TONNE CHALLENGE FIGURE 4.11 WEBSITE OF THE CITYOF TAMPA S WATERUSE CALCULATOR FIGURE 4.12 WEBSITE FOR GREENHYBRID.COM - USER FUEL EFFICIENCY DATABASE FIGURE 4.13 EWG S PRODUCT TOXICITY INFORMATION WEBSITES FIGURE 4.14 PICTURE OF QR CODE FIGURE 4.15 RFID CHIP FIGURE 5.1 STEPS TO START THE TYPE III ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATION PROGRAM FIGURE B.1. ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATIONS USED IN THE RETAIL TEST FIGURE B.2. LARGE PICTURE EXAMPLE OF ON-SHELF SIGN FIGURE B.3. ON-SHELF SIGN NEAR AVOCADOS IN PFC FIGURE B.4. TOP PAGE OF THE WEBSITE ENVDATA.ORG FIGURE B.5. PROCEDURE AND ESTIMATED TIME FOR LCA FIGURE C.1. SYSTEM BOUNDARY OF CONVENTIONAL GRAPES

9 L f Tb TABLE 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ISO TYPE I,II, AND III DECLARATIONS... 1 TABLE 2.1 ADMINISTRATION AND LEGISLATION OF EXISTING TYPE III PROGRAMS TABLE 2.2 DEGREE OF DETAIL IN PCR OF EXISTING TYPE III PROGRAMS TABLE 2.3 CRITERIA FOR CREATING PCR - SWEDISH EPD PROGRAM (CONDENSED) TABLE 2.4 CRITERIA FOR CREATING PCR - ECOLEAF PROGRAM TABLE 2.5 DATA COLLECTION AND LCA FOR EXISTING TYPE III PROGRAMS TABLE 2.6 PRODUCT REGISTRATION FEE STRUCTURE ECOLEAF PROGRAM TABLE 2.7 FEE STRUCTURE FOR ECOLEAF S INTERNAL VERIFICATION SYSTEM TABLE 2.8 PRODUCT REGISTRATION FEE STRUCTURE SWEDISH EPD PROGRAM TABLE 2.9 THE NAICS HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE TABLE 3.1 EXAMPLES OF APPROPRIATE FUNCTIONAL UNITS FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS TABLE 3.2 SETAC-UNEP USER NEEDS SURVEY FOR LCA IMPACT CATEGORIES TABLE 3.3 THE FOUR ARCHETYPES FROM CULTURAL THEORY APPLIED TO LCA TABLE 3.4 CATEGORY INDICATORS USED IN EXISTING LCA METHODOLOGIES TABLE 3.5 THE TEN MAIN IMPACT CATEGORY INDICATORS SELECTED TABLE 3.6 CLIMATE CHANGE CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS TABLE 3.7 TOTAL U.S. EMISSIONS GHG S IN TABLE 3.8 PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG CREATION CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS TABLE 3.9 TOTAL U.S. EMISSIONS OF VOC S IN TABLE 3.10 OZONE DEPLETION CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS TABLE 3.11 TOTAL U.S. EMISSIONS OF SELECTED OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES IN TABLE 3.12 EUTROPHICATION CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS TABLE 3.13 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR HUMAN TOXICITY POTENTIAL TABLE 3.14 HUMAN TOXICITY - INTAKE FACTORS FROM EDIP METHOD TABLE 3.15 HUMAN TOXICITY - UNCERTAINTY FACTORS FOR HRC AND HRD TABLE 3.16 HUMAN TOXICITY CONVERTED U.S. TOTAL EMISSIONS IN TABLE /548/EEC DANGEROUS SUBSTANCE RISK PHRASES FOR ECOTOXITY TABLE 3.18 ECOTOXICITY - UNCERTAINTY FACTORS FOR PNEC WC TABLE 3.19 ECOTOXICITY - UNCERTAINTY FACTORS FOR PNEC WA TABLE 3.20 CALCULATION OF BIOLOGICAL VALUE CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA TABLE 3.21 LAND USE - BIODIVERSITY CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS TABLE 3.22 LAND USE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS.. 79 TABLE 3.23 WATER DEPLETION CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS TABLE 3.24 USGS ESTIMATE OF FRESHWATER WITHDRAWALS IN THE U.S. IN 2000 [75][74]. 80 TABLE 4.1 EXAMPLE OF CONFIDENTIAL DATA - LCI DATA TABLE 4.2 EXAMPLE OF CONFIDENTIAL DATA - IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL LCI ITEMS TABLE 4.3 EXAMPLE DATA TO BE PUBLISHED TOTAL CATEGORY INDICATOR RESULTS 86 TABLE 4.4 DATA PUBLICATION POLICIES OF EXISTING TYPE III PROGRAMS TABLE 4.5 DIMENSIONS FOR MEDIUM AND SMALL FORMAT ON-PRODUCT LABELS TABLE 4.6 VARIOUS PRESENTATION TECHNOLOGIES TABLE 4.7 SCENARIOS FOR PUBLICATION AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY TABLE B.1. LCI DATA FOR LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLES TABLE B.2. THE SALES OF CONVENTIONAL/ORGANIC APPLES AND AVOCADOS IN PFC TABLE C.1. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY OF GRAPE PRODUCTION PER ACRE TABLE C.2. INDICATOR RESULT FOR GRAPE S LIFE CYCLE TABLE C.3. TOTAL DAILY CONSUMPTION IMPACT TABLE C.4. PERCENTAGE OF INDICATORS TO TDCI

10 Aym BSP DfE EDIP EPD EU EWG GIS FAO IPCC ISO JEA JEMAI KOECO LCA LCI LCIA PCR RFID RHU SETAC TRI UNEP UPC U.S. EPA USGS Bdy Supp Pm D f Em Em D f Idu Pdu Em Pdu D. Eup U Em Wk Gup Gp Ifm Sym Fd d Auu Oz Im P Cm C I Oz f Sddz Jp Em A Jp Em Mm A f Iduy K E-Pdu Iu Lf Cy Am Lf Cy Iy Lf Cy Imp Am Pdu Cy Ru Rd Fquy Idf R Hb U Sy f Em Txy d Cmy Tx R Iy Ud N Em Pm U Pdu Cd Ud S Em P Ay Ud S G Suy

11 Exu Summy T d f Typ III m d W p w dd, um ud wd dm umb f m pdu mk bu m bu f pdu. W fm my b qud by w m, U.S. m wy ffd uy. T pd d pdu b dmd f pdu mfu m. T m b b wdy dpd db m mmy pp pdu pk fm f ymb x dp. Hw, u f wd md w ud db m fm, mp y pd pk b udd. T p w u m m d dfd by I Oz f Sddz (ISO) f m w d m p f pdu. ISO dfd yp f uy m d: Typ I d bd up mup d wdd by d py d m pfby f pdu w pdu y u f y d (ISO 14024). Typ II d fm m f-d m (ISO 14021). Typ III d pd qufd m d bd f y m (LCA) u by qufd d py d fd by qufd d py (ISO/TR 14025). T f Typ III m d pd ppu qu d fd dp f m pdu d bd mp f y pp. Ad Cum U, 72 d py z ff dff m f U.S. Sm f w-kw d pd, u USDA O F Swdp Cu (FSC) f. Bu m fy z ufm um, d y fm yd by -pk. Fum, u z u G S mmd ISO pp f p fb, fm p wy, f my f m f qub quy. T p f f-dd pdu m y fu f by um. Sm f m, u pfy p d f yd, mw mfu d qufy m ISO Typ II d. Bu m m k uf fm b mfu, md. F xmp, m x, bddb, d my fdy u b ufu f um w md wu dd xp. W xpd umb f m d U.S. f d f pdu um w w du m mp f pu, m f d d bu dd um fu d kpm. I U.S., um k yp f fm bm b u, d py-fd d uy b d fu f pdu m mp. Ry x z pd fm, u G S, fb m pd mp d um. Tf, u my m updu f du fu ud p by x umb f d pm, bm f w pm qud f p fm. Ay w pm, d ISO dd, w f m dffuy um d fd. Sufu Typ I pm u bfd fm upp f p m bud f um u w

12 m mmd pdu. I U.S., w, u m upp uky. Wu bd, pub bdy mk pdu mmd w Typ I d, Typ III d pd y qu fm p f p fm um U.S. T f p pd mmd f f Typ III m d pm pd fm y d bjy. T p dd ud f p pm dm. I ud mmd f mu m f pdu, pub d u, d up z uu, pdu pdu, d bud mm f ud p d w. Pm dm f Typ III d T x Typ III m d pm K, Swd, d Jp xmp fm ud f w pm U.S. Hw, x pm dmd w m d f m fm p m. I U.S., f m upp f Typ III d pm uky. T m f K, Swd, d Jp m y d pm m w m um, d p bw m d duy d b m p. I U.S., fd pm pm Typ III d wud ky f fm duy, f pm w mdy. W my b pb f duy b pm, f pdu d wud b md. Ky Rmmd : A mp Typ III m d pm f U.S. m y dmd by p mpy. M Typ III m d pm w py udd f pp mp d ud f d pdu qu d f p d d. T pm dm py mp y f p, fm bm f pm md pub f d u. T m pmy pby f pm dm: Eb md f pdu u Oz mm Eb Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) w mm C d m db f LCA pm M f p C pdu u M wb pubz m d Pm pm d du um d pp Cp w Typ III d pm T dm z f Typ III d y qu m, py f w pm. S wkd d f xp qud ffy m pm xd py f d ff, x pm d pby pp, y x upp fm f mm d d xp. Cmm ud by x pm pd xp p pdu u md d ky pm k, u pp f pp. I dd du wkd

13 f dm, pp f ud p u mm wy p m b d bud u f u d p pp mp. Ky Rmmd: I d m bjy d mk, mm b mpd f qu umb f p fm duy, dm, d um up. T pm dm ud fw y dfd pdu w w m d. Rqu pdu pp ud m p f pp mp f y d p fd f pm pp d u f d. Pdu y u (PCR) ud by x Typ III pm u bjy pdu u p d mpby bw m d. Au Typ III d my w um mp pdu dff pdu, u f d d pfm f y m mu b dfd py f pdu y. I x Typ III pm, k f d d LCA u pfmd by pp. Sm pm dm mk w ppy fw b pp, w ud db f m d y fw f mm p w z f f u m d. T pp f dd pdu d, w d fw f umy u m mp. Au dm dd pby f d m db, ff qud by mp pfm f y m dud, d d u w b w pdu d. Ky Rmmd: T u y d mpby bw pdu d, pm dm d m db f mm p d d z f f u f y m. Ky Rmmd: F w Typ III pm, db d fw ud b md b f-f- d u pp f m mp. M bud f m mp k f pm dm. Ex pm u fm pdu f m f d fm u w f. T f bd z f mpy, pdu, pdu p. I, pdu f mu b w u mp dud fm pp, bu w p dm fm py f fxd xp u db d y f ff, dpd f, d mm. F w pm, mmdd f b bd wd f d f, d w w f, d ff f pm dm. A pm bm m w-bd, f b fd wy fm f d f d bud db f pdu u. A u f f pdu mmdd bu du pp f m mp. Mu m mp Lf y m (LCA) y w f m pfm. Au ISO qu Typ III d bd LCA u, md f du m uy. Tf, Typ III d pm mu y df md f LCA f pdu u, d y fmd f dpm mdy w x

14 mp quy f LCA udy u. ISO dd pfy f LCA udy umbuuy dd pp, f y u udy d dd ud. F w Typ III d pm, LCA u ud y pd fm bu dff bw w pdu, bu ud p um u w m mp f pdu f, y md m d f u d w m mp. Ky Rmmd: Pdu f y m ud fm um d pdu mk mp bw pdu, w udd f f f pdu bu m mp. Lf y m u m mp m f fu u, w bd pdu by pfm pfd fu. F xmp fu u f b f udy d m b dfd mmdd mu w 32 d f udy. T fu mk LCA uquy ud k f dp m pdu d, w mp b md pdu, d f m mp f mpy p. Hw, fu u b ppd f um pdu. A pk fu u my b ppp f m pdu yp, w pdu yp my qu -z pfm-bd fu u. Ky Rmmd: A ud, f pdu w y dfd pmy fu, w pdu m pdu y, d w pdu pfm/ umb f u/ z dmd bjy d y yd um, fu u b m f pfm/ umb f u/ z. F pdu w d m qum, fu u b xpd pk u. T pdu u dud f Typ III pm ud ud d f f y, ud pdu, p, u, d dp. Ay f f y ud u f p d fw d pdu, xp f d w p f pdu by d u fm p f, d d w y pdu qud f fu f ud pdu. Hw, y df bud f pdu y, py bu f p bw w dff pdu, py du u p. T w f u m f bu m mp f mb f pdu, pdu bud bw u pdu pdu ym ud p p bw m. Ky Rmmd: W df bud f pdu pdu ym, p d p bw bud f u pdu ud b dd. Idy, pdu-pf d wud bb f y m d p pdu pdu d u y f pdu f y. Bu qu pdu fm wud b ub. Tf, budy ud b df w pb u d d w pdu pf d ud b ud. Ky Rmmd: T u f pdu-pf d y pfb pdu pf d. Add ff u pf d ud b md w m p bu fy pdu mp, w pdu um x d f u f pu m p. x

15 Du mp m p f LCA, dd d f u u d m d m mp, d f y, d u ud. T f mp qu ubj, u-bd d b md. D bu u, xu, d f mp f y udd bu u m, bu w pz b bw p d fuu, bw um d wdf, d bw f d wd. T mp ud by Typ III pm ud b dmd d f udd f m u. M, y ud w um mk d bd p u, f pb. Ky Rmmd: Lf y y u ud b pd m f mp : Cm, Ad, Eup, Pm m, Oz dp, Hum xy, Exy, Ld u, W dp, d N-wb u dp. D pub Mk u puby b ufu m u f m d. T f u f umb f pdu, pm ud y qu du f fm my mp w pd. T u ud b pubd f md d d fm ffy ummz pdu pf umb f pp. Cy, m, f pp mp dff fm f um d pm dm. I f y pm p f d pub d d f p d. Pdu w b u dd pdu d w pm dm m, f u fm w b kp fd. T f y w y f dff mp d pdu, bu xpd b f pu mp dpd up ppy fmu (., pd fd, p pdu, ). Ky Rmmd: T Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) umb f LCI m b wd fm ubm dm f pu pdu y, b pd w y d u ud by pp. Sm fm ud b pdd by pp mpy w u w b kp fd by pm dm: G pdu fm, u pdu d uu Lf y y (LCI), mzd f u u d m T bu f LCI m m mp f y. O fm ud b pdd by pp w udd my b pubd p f m d fm: T d u m mm u f z f y T y d u f f y f mz ddu dy mp T mzd y d u f f y Op fm, d by pp d dm. x

16 A mp f pm y pdu fm um y udd wy. A y f b p d um d p fm w dd, bd b f: b y d, b mp, d xpy db m mp A xmp f mmdd p fm f p pdu m d w fu bw. T d fm w d bd u f uy mud d uy w w um ud d u fm. T w, wdpd m dd d pp y m mp. T m p Am ddu T Dy Cump Imp (TDCI) f y, dd by 100% b um d. T d dd xd dy d qu f dd. I p y p f TDCI f pdu. W mp pdu -, pd md ky m m u f fm f um d d mmdy f fm pdd by fm. Hw, ufu f pd md f m d mpd by b, ud: T pd m y fm. T d bw pd d w f pdu mp. U-pf d, u f pu, b y udd. Sm pm pp my p qu u dy pdu pk. S, pd fm d wy wd f w pm. I mb w wb-bd md, ud b mpyd x pb. Pd fm b w dy m pdu (p) pdu wu pk (b). E m pdu, u f d mpu, f dpyd wu pk. I, pd fm y b dpyd pd pdu. T z f my y dpd yp f pdu d pf, bu 13 x 18 m (5 x 7 ) d z wud b y pb. T pdu m ud b pmy w um w fm f. T d f -f y z b y d wu m d d xp. Hw, f um w mp pdu mmdy dj, y w d mmb fm fm y wk pdu. Pdu ud b qud p y fm pdu pk. Hw, pp w b ud pubz f pdu ud f y m by dpd py. Idy, w b fm f d dpyd -pdu b. Hw, m pp my w d f pdu b ubj f y m, bu d w w u pdu pk. T m b w pdu m mp pdu. Pp mp f ud b dpy w y pm dm URL wb dd d pdu df umb pdu pk um m d d u. T mmu f y Typ III m d pm bu pd p f pm pubzd d, d b u m y w d pd b. E w m mp d dpyd -pdu b, um my m dffuy mk pdu mp. A wb mk mp by w u mk d-byd mp f pdu u d p fm um bu d fm. x

17 O f bf f wb-bd d pub ym fxby pd f u w d. If dm wb d/w db w d u fm y d du pu, y m b b m m mp f, pf f w d pd m. Ky Rmmd: A pm wb ud w u d fm pu, d pd m m mp f ump. x

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19 1. INTRODUCTION THE NEED FOR TYPE III ENVIRONMENTAL DECLARATIONS 1.1. ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS Df f Em D W p w dd, um ud wd dm umb f m pdu mk bu m bu f pdu. W fm my b qud by w m, U.S. m wy ffd uy. T pd d pdu b dmd f pdu mfu m. T m b b wdy dpd db m mmy pp pdu pk fm f ymb x dp. Hw, u f wd md w ud db m fm, mp y pd pk b udd. T p w u m m d dfd by I Oz f Sddz (ISO) f m w d m p f pdu [1]. ISO dfd yp f uy m d w ummzd Tb 1.1. Typ I d wdd by d py d, bd up mup, m pfby f pdu w pdu y u f y d (ISO 14024). Typ II d fm f-dd m m (ISO 14021). Typ III d pd qufd m d w p- f pm bd f y m (LCA) b wd by d py. (ISO/TR 14025) [2]. B C Typ I (ISO14024) Typ II (ISO14021) Typ III (ISO14025) - Id m pfby w pdu y - Pm dm dd pdu d judm dd - Pm dm f pdu pp - Sf-dd m by mp - Db m bu f pdu wy md -N fd by d py - Qufd m d w p mp y d - Pd f pdu judm bd p f - Judm f um Adm Idpd d py Pdu mufu Idpd d py Pp f d p (um,ngo...) Pb Lw pby Pb P wdwd Ry H Lw Cmpby H bu dmd bd y Rdby Ey Ey Lw bu my y bw mp - H f d pd y - Mdum f d pd ; dpd f pdu Dffu bu qu m m kwd Cf f Cfd by d py Cfd by mufu Cfd by d py I muu f Ud dpm Ud dpm Ud dpm Judm f p f Y Y N P Qu m fm Em bu dd Tb 1.1 [3] [4] N N (dpd mufu) Oy bu dfd mp by dm f y C f ISO Typ I,II, d III d Ay bu d by mufu Y T mp f pdu f y p- d mm f pdu yp 1

20 1.1.2 Em D Td Wdwd T w u f m d b kd w b f m p p f m, bu, d pub. A mp m z m my pd ppuy mk d, u m bu m b ddd pdu d mkp. T mp p pdu b my-fdy ud umb f md m w 1 [5] I w p d ISO b 1999 pub f dd f m d. I d pm mmu f u pdu fm md, dd ud pp m d: B u, fb, d md. N uy b d. B bd f mdy uffy u d mp upp m d pdu u u d pdub. B p, w upp pdu, md, d y md b d pdd up qu d p. [1] T bm f ISO dd b m by umb f z ud wd w m d fy Typ I d III d. 2 Sm f m w-kw z dud. Typ I d A Typ I m d k -f-pp bu d d py fd pdu m mmum qum. W m b ud, m mmy f d. T f b pm wd w Gmy Bu A. Cd 1977 by Gm m, pm uy 3,400 pdu d fm y 600 dff mp [6]. T d d pm, Jp E Mk, w bd 1989 by Jp Em A (JEA), -m z ud ud f My f Em. I 2005, E Mk d y 4,800 d pdu [6]. I U.S., y Typ I d pm G S, dpd -pf z b fy pdu Bu G S fud ff pd fm f Fd m pu, w-zd by um up Gmy d Jp. I 2006, 492 pdu w y d by G S [7]. Fu 1.1 L f x Typ I d pm 1 I y 1990 m m w m wdpd u, mk udy fud ppxmy 50 p f m d w dp md. 2 Typ II d d by d-py f z,, by df, Typ I f-dd. F, p d Typ II d. 2

21 Fm f ; G S (U.S.), E Mk (Jp), d Bu A (Gmy) Au pm pp Typ I f y, Gb Eb Nwk (GEN) w bd -pf z pm u d dby f Typ I d, d dpm f b dd. Am 26 mmb pm fm ud wd Eup U Fw pm, K E-Pdu Iu (KOECO), Em C pm Cd, d pm md b[8]. W bu f, k Ey S? T m d py f ym d y m bu f pdu, u f y pdu f y. F xmp, Ey S pm f U.S. Em P Ay (EPA) d y y umd du u p f pdu. O pm, u Jp E Mk, mdfd pdu m md d mpy w ISO dd. W -bu d my b fd Typ I f dpu fm ISO dd jufd, p y u d d fu f pdu m mp. Typ III d Uk Typ I d, Typ III d d mp, bu d p qufd m d f pdu. Bu ISO df 3 f Typ III d y w, d pdu u p d m mp, yp f d mm Typ I w y fw pm wdwd. T m bdy ppy Typ III d d mm dd, Gb Typ III Em Pdu D Nwk (GED) w d 1999 mmb z dpm f pm. GED d u m b, d f Typ III d Em Pdu D (EPD) w dd pd y b, quy ud d mpb fm d m pfm f pdu d.[9] Of fu mmb z f GED, y uy Typ III m d pm. T K E-Pdu Iu (KOECO), T Swd Em Mm Cu, d Jp Em Mm A f Iduy (JEMAI). Oz fm C, U.S., Au, Gmy, Dmk d Nwy my dy b Typ III d pm pp GED mmb. 3 I 2000, ISO ud p, ISO/TR14025, w w dd, pd fm f Typ III m d bu w xp m. [Rf 034] 3

22 Fu 1.2 L f x Typ III d pm Tp: EPD (Swd), Bm Lf: Ef (Jp), Bm R: EDP (K) Ex Typ III pm d qu dd m fm b dpyd pd pdu b, u w Fu 1.2, K EDP pm b fm w. Id, dd w m fm f pdu fm b d, b fd by d py, d b. Pd pdu b U k umb d dm wb w dd pdu fm Fu 1.3 A pdu fm f x Typ III d 1.2. A NEW TYPE III PROGRAM FOR THE U.S T Pbm w Cu Em D Ap fm mmb f GEN d GED y d ISO ud f m d, my d py z uy fy m m. 4

23 Ad Cum U, 72 d py z ff 75 dff m f U.S. [10] Sm f w-kw d pd, u USDA O F Swdp Cu (FSC) f, d G S mmb f GEN d f mmd fw ISO dd. Bu m fy z ufm um, d y fm yd by -pk. Fum, bu m f z d mp fw ISO ppf p fb, fm p wy, f my f m f qub quy. T p f f-dd pdu m y fu f by um. F -fd, m, Cum U 62 dff m ud by mufu, [10] bu u umb ky mu. Sm f m, u pfy p d f yd, mw mfu d qufy m ISO Typ II d. Bu m m k uff fm b mfu, md. F xmp, m -x, bddb, d my fdy u b ufu f um w md wu dd xp. W xpd umb f m d U.S. f d f pdu um w w du m mp f pu, m f d d bu dd um fu d kpm A Appp Em D Pm f U.S. I U.S., um k fm bm b u. T uy d py-fd d U.S. d fu f pdu m mp. Ry x z pd fm, u G S,, m pd mp d um. Tf, u my m updu f du fu f by um, bm f w pm qud f p fm. Ay w pm, d ISO dd, w f m dffuy um d fd. Sufu Typ I pm u bfd fm upp f p m bud f um u w m mmd pdu. I U.S., w, u m upp uky. Wu bd, pub bdy mk pdu mmd w Typ I d, Typ III d pd y qu fm p f p fm um U.S G C f Typ III D I 2000, ISO ud Typ 2 p, 5 ISO/TR14025, w w dd, pd fm f Typ III m d bu w xp m [11]. T ISO p df Typ III m d : 4 F m dd du bu f um U.S. x m d, d pf f w d, f 5.2.2APPENDIX A.. Pd u f uy w w kd 100 um f y zd, d udd m f m mj Typ I d. E m um fd m, 4% kw m f G S, M Swdp Cu d F Swdp Cu b. E f m ppu Typ I b, Ey S d USDA O, m f f pd mudd m f b. 5 A yp 2 p ( b fud w Typ II d) ud by ISO w ubj ud dpm w f y fuu bu mmd pby f m I Sdd. 5

24 qufd m d f pdu w p- f pm bd ISO f dd, bu xud dd m fm pdd w Typ III m d pm. I wd, Typ III d p qu fm f p m mp bd dd f y m md d f pdu f y; ud u x, mufu, p, u, d dp. Tf, u y qu um m kwd f m u, Typ III d db m fm m d Typ I d. Tb 1.1 ummz dff bw yp f m d. T b pp f Typ III d : Objy Qufd m d w p mp y d bd fy pd d d md f f y m (LCA). T qu y m bj qu f md ud f Typ I d. N- d uy T pdmd m pfm mu b m. T u f pdu fm f um. Cmpby T fm m d d d ud u mm u. Du dff bw pdu, d d f y m u md uqu f y dfd y u. Cdby T m d wd d fd by d py, u LCA u m dby f-dd m m f Typ II d. [11] Bf f m F yp f m d dfd by ISO, d : u mmu f fb d u fm md m p f pdu d, u dmd f d uppy f pdu d u m, by mu p f mk-d uu m mpm. [11] Spfy f Typ III d, m pm m mpm by pd qu fm w w u u m f pdu. Bu d b judd uy ufu, m d mpy m ISO bj f u pdu u m. I dffu u d w u ump ufu w d m. Hw, y mpb pd p f m d u du m, p bu f mpxy 6 T ISO f dd u md f du f y m u m mp f pdu. 6

25 f ym d. I f, k bk dd f xp w d, kw ud w qufy u m ff f pm [12]. T py bu w m mpm fud, my f d dffu uy d f. I f, U.S. Dpm f Auu (USDA) udy udd u f Dp-Sf Tu b du d dp d w ky m u f u d d p f U.S. m f mk dmd d by b [13]. A ff m d ud u du m. Typ III d du p by u mk f my pfb pdu, Typ I d d. Bu dd, bu qufd fm Typ III d b mpd pdu, y p u f ump p wy fm pdu w m f mp. Rdu m by u my pfb pdu Ay mk dmd bu bu by m d p pdu mp pdu. U fm pdd by Typ III m d, um mp m d up pdu. T pd mp w u LCA md mp m pfm f pdu, d u u um. T f f f fdbk p, w puy Fu 1.4, du m ud by ump bu f pdu d pd dmd by uy mp pdu, p m mpm y md. Cmpy + - Pdu Impm - Cmmu u Typ III d Em Impm G Pu + Cum Fu 1.4 Fdbk p f m mpm Rdu m by um b E f Typ III d b y y md umb f pdu, p f y fm p u wd w f m u. W pd w qu fm, um my b dud puy ufm p mp m d m. 7

26 Typ III d m p f um b wy fm ump u m dm. U w, f y m b ud pmy f pmz pdu p. M y, m xp dfd p f LCA pm ff f ump w. 7 T d uqu p f Typ III d f mp bw pdu. Au d by ISO, by p qu fm bu m mp f pdu, u y jud pdu m pdu, bu dm f f mp. T fm b ud by um w f ump p wy fm m mfu. Bf f u f Typ III d T p u f Typ III ud y ddu um, bu pu f mp d m, -m z, d. E f up my dff f pdu m mp, bu f f u, Typ III d pd fm b w. F uppy mm u DfE d EMS (mpy pu d pdu dp) Cd f Typ III m d b d d md by mpy pu dpm d pdu dp, py f mpy u Em Mm Sym (EMS) d D f Em (DfE) p ( ALTERNATIVE TOOLS f m d EMS). Cmp u EMS/DfE my qu upp m pfm d m mp f f pdu. EMS/DfE d Typ III d muuy f, mp u qufd m fm Typ III d du m mp f uppy. I u, mp uppy pd fm d dm up pfm [14] F d m mp ydy d (ddu um) Bu f p bu m u, umb f um w kw m mp f pdu w y mk pu d. A Typ III m d um d bu f f m mp, w fxby jud pdu bd mp d f m. Au b u x pm, w mbd w y, fm fm Typ III d b pd um umb f wy. Am m f pb dud m d WEB- BASED MEDIA p db k umu m mp f ddu, d umzd p fm w u pz mp. F u mpy py d m u () T w umb f ddu d y pb d dmd f m fm m mp y pu pf bd, 7 Hw (2005) ppd, m w f b ub pdu d ump d f by 2002 Wd Summ f Sub Dpm Jb, LCA md b ppd pm ff f ump. [Rf 037] 8

27 m, m pfm f mp. Addy, mp y k d pub m fm bu p d pdu d w d mpy by ppy y ffy d pu p mu, k mm, d mp mpy m d u. I dd p uby p, mpy u f Typ III m d my b ud dd m by w x w m u dd mpy mm. I f pdu pp Cmp bf fm u f Typ III d mk d pdu mm, f fw u m mp bjy. [15] Typ III d p pp mp: Tu Em Mm Sym O p f Em Mm Sym (EMS) d f m mp f mp, ud pdu d, uppy mm, u mm d mk. A w umb f mp qu ISO f f EMS, w 90,000 f ud 127 u f 2004 [16]. Bu mpz EMS p uppy mm, mp my pp f Typ III b mm ym. T mk m bu um T LCA md ufu f mp w mp m pfm f pdu d d mufu p. Cmp ppy f Typ III pm dm um y dpd pdu w d f m u. T bf b zd f fw pp m pdu y w pdu mp. Cmp u m d d, wb, pdu b um w w bj d b fm. T mpfy LCA p If pm dm pd fw db f LCA pm, mpy m y du u f my pdu. Bu dm dp db, mufu du LCA y w, d m y fd ppp d, wu dd kwd f LCA md. Ex d dp Typ III b pm wd p dp mm db, dbd ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY THE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR. T mpy w u Epy f b mp, m m f pdu bd LCA bm mp. T Eup U dp m u bu f y f pdu, u W E d E Equpm D (WEEE) [17] d R f Hzdu Sub D (RHS) [18]. I Ap 2005, EU dpd D f d f y u pdu (EuP). T EuP pd EU-wd u f -d d u mufu d pdu w m mp md uu f y f y u pdu u d d qupm [19]. Typ I b dd mp w mpm mu w, bu Typ III m d my b b bm dd pm fuu. 9

28 I dd, mpy w RHS, mp mu k mu f x m ud uppy. Mufu w xp pdu EU my LCA d fm ub upp dm mu f m d xd m by u. O u my mpm m u uy dd. T mp w xp w LCA d u m mp uu uppy w d by py mpy w y w u. I uy d, Typ III b d f pum d mufu d mk. T mp d p mpy m Cmp m y f mp mkby f pdu d bu m um pf m fdy pdu d my pb mp. Fuu bu my d bf [20] d mk w f m pfm xpd f d d upp w um. 1) M Bf Supp Rp Cp m pf wk upp du d k d ppy w mp by mpm p m mm ym. Em d bm m p f u ffd by mpy. 2) Ed Em Abu f Pdu Cmp pp my u um by u yd d yb m, m zdu pdu u, d du d m ff f pdu d. 3) Sfud f Cp Im d Bd Nm I my du, m pfm bm d f pub quy d um d mk. Wd f m m f u p d, fu um pfm, pu by, d m ff bm. A d m d pub pp f mpy d mp mkby f pdu d ABOUT THIS REPORT G f p T f p pp d bj Typ III m d pm m f dm, md mu m f pdu, d d pub md. T Typ III m d f ppd pm w md w b mp d mpb. T pm m d db ummy f m d f pdu pd b d w m dd LCA u wb. T m x Typ III d bu dff bu pd b m m ju db d f f. I dd, p ppd. H, ISO/TR14025 p w b fd u dum ubj f Typ III m d. A m m, zd p dd, d w ud m bf dpd u. Ex Typ III m d pm ( Swd, Jp, K) my my ud pum (Bu Bu; BB). I m u, m qu pub pu pdu. Typ I b b dd f u pu, d b ud f pum d fuu. T pm ddu um p pu (Bu Cum; BC), u f x Typ III pm, y Jp Ef BC. Typ III b qu d kwd udd LCA u. Bu x Typ I b y db 10

29 LCA u um fm k y d, dffu f um udd m. O y, pm my p u f f y mp m (LCIA), w db w d mp b d m. I dd, pm p m mp p w dd f y udd. T bd uy Appdx A, d u bmk f m mp d, w dbd Cp 4. Tf, um uy mpd m f pdu, d y y mp m f pdu, u b f u f m d y d kw m f d xpd wb. T d f m d dpd pm w Fu 1.5. Fu 1.5 Pu f ppd pm m d 11

30

31 2. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION FOR TYPE III DECLARATIONS T p xm dm p f x Typ III m d pm K, Swd, d Jp. T z uu, pdu f d, d bud mm f ud p d w dd. Pu Jp Ef pm. Bd y f pm, mmd f bm f Typ III d pm U.S. pd f f p RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE III PROGRAMS AND GOVERNMENT T x Typ III d pm K, Swd, d Jp dmd w m d f m fm p m. T K EDP pm dm bdy, K E-Pdu Iu (KOECO), w bd by w upp pu f -pdu. Au p, KOECO by My f Em w m f EDP pm. (Fu 2.2) T Swd EPD Typ III m d pm md by Swd Em Mm Cu (SEMCO), w mpy jy wd by d m, d fd f p mp d dm. (Fu 2.3) Ad Jp Ef pm dmd by Jp Em Mm A f Iduy (JEMAI), w fmd p f m du m mp fm duy. (Fu 2.1) I U.S., f m upp f Typ III d pm uky. T m f K, Swd, d Jp m y d pm m w m um, d p bw m d duy d b m p. I U.S., fd pm pm Typ III d wud ky f fm duy, f pm w mdy. W my b pb f duy b pm, f pdu d wud b md. Tf, U.S., mp Typ III m d pm wud m y b bd by p mpy. Ky Rmmd : A mp Typ III m d pm f U.S. m y dmd by p mpy. L Adm Gm Im Jp Ef K EDP Swd EPD N Jp Em Mm A f Iduy (JEMAI) (dm, f, db, PCR mm) Gm-pd duy T p f Em y upp dpm u pm My f Em ( mm) K E-Pdu Iu (KOECO) (dy dm) Em Mm Cmm (f) K Em P A ( du) F upp fm m Cdu dd by My f Em Tb 2.1 Adm d f x Typ III pm [22] [23] [21] [24] N Swd Em Mm Cu (SEMCO),(dm) Swd Bd f Ad d Cfmy Am (f f f), p dpd mp (d f) N d m u mmb 13

32 Jp Em Mm A f Iduy (JEMAI) Ef ff (Adm) Pm Off Pm mm Vf (xp fm p mp) PCR w mm Judm mm Jud u f LCA Fu 2.1 PCR Wk Gup Pdu Rp f ud Ef My f Em (O mm) D Rp D Em Mm Cp (I du) Fu 2.2 I K E-Pdu Iu (Dy dm) Pm Off Rp f ud K EDP I K Em P A (Cf) Swd Em Mm Cu (SEMCO) (dm) EPD ff Pm Off A LCA f k Cu mm T mm P dpd mp (D f) Ad Fu 2.3 Rp f ud Swd EPD Swd Bd f Ad d Cfmy Am (Cf f f) 14

33 2.2. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR M Typ III m d pm w py udd f pp mp d ud f d pdu qu d f p d d. By y df pb f py d, wk f pdu d b mpd ffy, w b md y, d w f dup m f k. Au d f m pf k m y, x pm dd wk bw dm d pp y m wy A Pfmd by Pm Adm T pm dm py mp y f p, fm bm f pm md pub f d u. T m pmy pby f pm dm w. 1) Eb md f pdu u A pm p, dm mu df md f u m mp f pdu (.. w f md d m d w b ud,.) d w u u w b pd. Ex xp d du p u pp Pm Ebm Cmm. 8 2) Oz mm Cmm ff m f du p, ppy u w d p dd by ISO p Typ III d, ISO/TR T dm pby f mm mmb d m qud xp d p. Du p, dm ud mpy d u bjy f pm. 3) Eb Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) w mm H ppp Pdu Cy Ru u mpby bw pdu. T pm dm ud b d m y u u pu d fm d p u ddd PCR mm m. I f Ef pm, PCR mm d y w m f pp f w y u ubmd. 4) C d m db f LCA pm T f y m (LCA) u ud f pdu u mpy z u d p pm m d u fw m mp. Pm qu u f pf pm f md y mu d m db f u. T db ud b fquy d pdu ddd d m b d pubd by. T f db u b pdd f-f- pp, d ff f db. 5) M f p T u f LCA dud by pp f pdu u wd by f w d dy mpyd by dm. T dm mu d 8 T dum dd ud f Pm Ebm Cmm b Typ III m d pm f U.S. 15

34 f w xp LCA md d pm db d fw, d m p LCA u w pdu ubmd f. T f f ud b mp d m bjy. 6) C pdu u T dm uy pfy m pd f w pdu w xp. Oy w mp f m d fm pm pdu. T u, dm mu m pdu d, kp mp fmd f u, d pd f pd w. 7) M wb pubz m d T mp f pubz m d. Exp f fd fm, d f d pdu ud b b d p. T dm ud upd wb uy f u d f m d. 8) Pm pm d du um d pp T p mk d pmy f pp mp. T dm ud y by pm um w f pm, d um w fd d u d d. A, dm mu u ff f pp mp w du u d pdu. F xmp, dm my pp ympum d d pm b um d mp, d du m pdy f w pm pp. Pu ud b pd b f pm w m um d mp. 9) Cp w Typ III d pm T d u f b my mk p f pdu d m mpd. Ex Typ III pm w du muu f d, w wud w pdu d by pm uy b quky d by pm u. T Gb Em D Nwk (GED) z wud ky d kd f p ff. I fuu, pb Typ III pm w p mm db b ud by 9. A u dy d d du d by Jp Ef pm. If u db d, pp pm xp bf fm dd f m p db. T bf fm p,m pm, d d mpby w pm, dm ud bm y d du bu muu d mm db A Pfmd by Pm App By pfm ky k y, dm b m y d y f pm m d. Hw, m m ud b dd pp, 9 T u f b db d m -pf pm fbdd LCA u. R, b db f d b pm b y ppd by pm u p f wd. 16

35 w m fm w w pdu d pfm k m ffy. T m pby f pp d. 1) L f y m (LCA) md A mpy ud d ff mmb w kwdb bu LCA md d p du pp p. L mp b xpd LCA xp ff, bu f m mp, qum my bud. I d u dffu, dm ud du u LCA d d md. ( m 8 b) T kwd w y b pfu pp mp y mp pdu, bu b ud du LCA ud f upp, pdu p, d pdu d. If pp mp pp xp, y my LCA u fm LCI d d du mp m. Ay, pp my ubm LCI d, d qu dm du f y mp m. 2) C f y y (LCI) d A b f pdu u p, pp mu f d bu u d y u, d m d f pdu f y fm f f y y (LCI). T m mp k pp w pfm, d my b m m-um y b y x d ud ud pfmd by ud p u upp, ub, d d-u. T bud f y dfd PCR. T u y, pp ud dy qu upp d ub- pd LCI d f uppd p, m, d. Hw, f dffu b fm fm upp ub bu f bu fdy k f by. A u, pp ud mu pf d pb, bu f y, b pmd u u fm ppd db10 m f mm m d p. 3) Cdu f y mp m (LCIA) T pdu f y y d m mfu d f m mp, pp ud du f y mp m d md pfd by dm. T pp w my pdu LCI d ppd fw pk w umy u m mp u z u fm dm db. ( m 4 b) 4) Py f T pp ud py u f dm upp p f pm. T my ud pdu y f, f, d w f. If mpy py f u pdu d u, dm upd mpy f m d mk. (S m 6 b) 10 T ppd db f u f LCI ud b pfd PCR, d b mm db, d d md by dm. I, w w PCR bd, dm ud dfy d y du LCI f pdu y d dd db. 17

36 5) Tk d p pdu T pp mpy ud u f y md m p f d pdu w fu u f LCI d mp m. If dmd w ff m d u, pp mpy mu fm dm w my qu ubm f d pp f. 6) Pubz m d fm Au pm qum, dm w y u pp mp pubz f pdu d pm. A mpy my f d m d d, d f pb, dpy pd fm pdu pk. T dp my dd fm, mpy f pdu u, dmu fm pm ud f fm d. 7) Rdu m mp Au pm qum, pdu du m mp f f m bj f Typ III d. A u f p, mpy w m mp fm u bjy ud md. T mpy my u fm mp m pfm f w, pfm f uppy by k upp d ub- du m pu d m ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE EXISTING PROGRAMS T dm z f Typ III d y qu m, py f w pm. T Ef pm, f fu y f p, dy mpy y f pm ff mmb w Swd EDP pm mpy y w. S wkd d f xp qud ffy m pm xd py f d ff, x pm d pby pp, y x upp fm f mm d d xp Pm Off Typ III d pm my b y dd fm pm ff, w Ef pm. I d f pm ff mu dm pm d z uu, dd m u pm dm k. Au umb f d ff mmb f x pm y fw, y pfm ky k f d pdu pp p, m u, d pm pm um d p pp mp. T k f d ff dbd m d ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY THE PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR Cmm Cmm ud by x pm pd xp p pdu u md, d ky pm k, u pp f pp, w d f mp bjy. I dd du wkd f dm, pp f ud p u mm wy p m b d bud u f u d p pp mp. 18

37 Pp f d p Lf y m y mpd, d w pd w d f py, b f d d md my b b u. T b m b mp mp pf pdu u by y xud d, m b b md ujufby f p. E w b p, f u f Typ III d d u d mk p, y d fd md ud d bjy f pm dm. By u d p u u, m, um- up, d mp, dm p u u pm bj d wu b. T ISO p ISO/TR14025 [11], w k pm y d quy Typ III d p p mp mp f d-py pu. T p f dp d dm Typ III m d d pm ud p u w d p. T p f d-py d b dd w dp Typ III m d d pm. Rb ff ud b md u uu p. w f pu dmd dqu, d-py pu p ud b dd : Eu dqu d d u f d d fm ud Eu ppp mdy w m Cd mm my m S d-py pm dm qum, w ppb. T ISO p fu u ud b, d d p u m f pm bd. Cu p u f pdu, f p f pm, b pdu-pf fm qum w y f pm d pdu f pd w f qud fm. pm my d b d-p pu, f xmp, fw : S d df f pdu C w f y ud dm pdu S, dpm d mdf f pdu m fm Typ III m fm d df f pdu fu C w f pdu m fm Cf/Typ III fm (f ppb) Df f d fm f x mmu S f p- f pm. Au f pu fm d p dp pm f f b, d p m xpd xb m b. I f dm d u, d fd b w fy f pm. T mup pup d ppu f d-py pu. Id p ud ppuy pd pu f p, dd u d u pf dby. Exmp f mm Ef pm T x Typ III pm K, Swd d Jp du m fm f u w d-p dbd by ISO p. H, Jp Ef [22] [25] 19

38 pm md f pu pd xmp. Au xp f Jp pm y ppb f U.S., Ef pm pd m ud dy md by m 11, d z ky f pm dm, pdu f, db, d PCR mm. T u mm f Jp Ef pm wk wd f u m d uy d fy ppd, fd, d ppd. T yp f mm ud by Ef pm : Pm mm Cmpd f xp fm dm, duy, um up, d m, mm mk d bu p f pm d up d u f Pdu Cy Ru (PCR)12 d Judm mm. PCR w mm Eu y u ppd by PCR Wk up d b f PCR. Mmb f mm xp fm dm d duy, d um up w f kwd f m u d pdu. Judm mm Jud w p d f p mpd by x f. If mm fd y qu bu p, y qu fu xp, ubm f p, j p f y. T dub-k f u p mk pubd m d m db. T w mm mmb xp f y m w kwdb bu ISO m d dd, w p f um up d -pf z. PCR wk up (PCR-WG) W w pdu y d, PCR Wk Gup dd by Ef pm ff dp df y u. T df ubmd PCR w mm f pp. T PCR Wk Gup mpd f pdu d LCA xp ud p fm mp d ubj pdu y w ppd f p p um by Ef pm ff. 11 T dm f Ef, Jp Em Mm A f Iduy (JEMAI), dpd z u uppd by Jp My f Emy, Td d Iduy. 12 Ef f Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) Pdu Spf C (PSR) w Swd EDP f m Pdu Spf Rqum (PSR). A m m m. 20

39 Pm mm PCR w mm Judm mm PCR Wk Gup Pdu A PCR Wk Gup Pdu B. Fu 2.4 [25] Rp bw mm f Ef pm A mp f Ef mm, w xp f judm mm d PCR wk up, p fm dff up. T mmbp k u b bw up w mm pp w. F xmp, PCR w mm md up f 2 mmb fm duy, dm d um- up f f 6 mmb. By fm mm dmd by up, d p b d pm bjy. F mmbp judm mm, w pb f k uy d bj f LCA p ubmd by pp mp, xp LCA md dd m mp quf b f. T PCR wk up mpd y f duy p bu y xp bu w pdu. Hw, f mpy PCR wk up dm y u dpm p, mp my b w pp pm d ppy u. Tf, pm dm ud u y f mp pp PCR wk up. Ay, f Ef pm, PCR w mm mmd fm mp f PCR wk up pp df y u. T w ppuy f p f mp d d p b fd f PCR dpd by w mm Cd Exp T pm dm d k qu p xp, u du wkd d ff. T Ef pm xp f y m fy pp ubmd f pdu. T u f d xp dbd m d VERIFICATION OF DATA AND PRODUCT REGISTRATION PROCEDURES EXISTING PROGRAMS T pm dm ud fw y dfd pdu w w m d. Rqu pdu pp ud m p f pp mp f y d p fd f pm pp d u f 21

40 d. T pdu ud b ummzd d pubd p pp mp udd w pb p, d m m d u qud f pdu. T b p ud by x Typ III pm K, Swd, d Jp pdu m d : Dp pdu y u Eu pdu pfm u f y m (LCA) Vfy pdu d d pdu Pub m d PCR C D d LCA Vf f d Pdu R pm R f m d Adm App Adm Adm Fu 2.5 Pdu f m d - Ef App C f Pdu Cy Ru Pdu y u (PCR) ud by x Typ III pm K, Swd, d Jp u bjy pdu u p d mpby bw m d. Au Typ III d my w um mp pdu dff pdu, u f d d pfm f y m mu b dfd py f pdu y. F xmp, d bud f f, w my mp p pdud by u mp, w b mu dff f pdu f p, w mu mp fw f pu d upu. W pdu y u, dm ud df: pdu bud, d df f udd mp pdu u f u Sp d f d d f LCA u, u d uff u qum f u f -pf d d LCA u qum f fm du d pub Exmp f PCR pdu Ef pm W pdu y u dy x f pdu, p y. Hw, f pp w pdu d f x, w PCR mu b bd. I f Ef pm, w x Typ III pm, p b w kd qu dm b w y u. 13 T kd my ud y py w pm, ud pdu, um, LCA p, d dm f. T PCR w mm dd w 13 I pb f dm df y u d f y pp. Hw, y fb f pdu yp w m ky b ubmd, bu umb f p pdu umu. 22

41 qu w b m, k u f ppd y fm pm d fby b mpmd. If pd by mm, Ef dm puby ( wb) f p fm d p PCR wk up w df y u. T up mmb ud kwd bu LCA md d pdu p d dd pdu y. If pp w ubmd by mpy, p uuy pp wk up. W wk, wk up mmb PCR df f ubm PCR w mm, w my qu wk up mk ubj. Bf f pp, PCR w mm uy mk bd up pub mm d d w p. Cmpy, Adm, LCA p,. Pp w pdu y u PCR Rw Cmm Dm y f w PCR PCR Wk Gup C df PCR Pub mm PCR Rw Cmm R df PCR App f PCR Fu 2.6 PCR p f Ef pm Exmp f f PCR Ef d Swd EDP Am x Typ III pm, dd fm f y u. Bu Ef pm pd py u quy f pdu mp, PCR df qum f du f y m y pfy. Cy, Swd EPD pm zd by fxby d bd u md f pp mp. Tf, pm y u pd y qu fm. Ef D f d PCR f LCA LCA d quy pfd qum Tb 2.2 D f d PCR f x Typ III pm Swd EPD LCA qum y dbd quy A dp f y u f b pm pd. F Swd EDP pm, ud f y u y, w Tb

42 Swd EDP pm C f pdu pf qum (PSR) 1. G fm 2. Pdu dp 3. L f m d m ub 4. Fu u 5. Sym bud 6. Cu-ff u 7. A u 8. U 9. Cu u d d quy qum 10. Pm b dd EPD 11. Ry d 12. O m fm 1. G fm fm bu ppby f PSR u d mp/z f pp f dum. I ud: - T u f bu dd f u f dum - W yp f pdu/ f w dum d - Gp - Nm f mp d z pb f pp PSR 2. Pdu dp db pdu m f pf p mufu d u p pp w dd m u f pdu pf. T pf ud fm uff f um d u pfm d ufu f pdu. I ud: - Df f pdu/ w f dd qu (f b) - Spf p w d mufu p,.. u yd m w-bd p - M fu() u py p um f dd u d py f p 3. L f m d m ub fm bu mp f m d m ub pdu f p w d d m bd x d upm d mk d. If f m d m ub fud ud, ud b jufd. 4. Fu u df f u LCA udy xpd qufd pfm f pdu ym. T fu u mp b f, d d u f LCA d u pby dd up fm fm EPDś uppy d b b mp EPD m pdu y. 5. Sym budpfy u p b udd udy d w yp f upm d ud b md. Sym budy du umb f LCA d, by f u pdd f fm. T fm ud: - A p u m d y fw ud udy. - A dp ud b mm fy fm fw. Df f m f m p d mp b. A dp f ud f u p my b. Budy my b pfd : - Bud f m - Bud wd u - Bud f y - Bud wd ym - Bud d p 6. Cu-ff u fy d db u f m y d mufu p (fm d--) w b fm p f w f b udy. 7. A u ud du m f pdu ud udy, f p mufu f dff kd f pdu d w y fm b bu f m fm mufu p. 8. U I d mk EPD-fm y-uddb d f u f.. dd-up fm uppy d f mp b md, mm u u b ud. (SI u, kw (MW) f pw, kw (MW) f y) 9. Cu u d d quy qum db mm u f d d mmdd d quy u pby dd up fm fm EPDś uppy d b b mp EPD m pdu y. T fm ud: - D quy qum - Op m - Lf m f pdu - Spf u u (f ) Rmmd: - Spf d ud wy b ud,.. p-pf d fm mufu p p. If yp f fm ud, ud b dbd d md. - G d ud b ud w y p f pup f udy,.. pu f buk d w m p mk d u- w- d p. G d my b ud f k f pf d pby b fu f u. G d b ud w pf d k,.. f pdu f my mp. A u, um f bu p f f y p mp fm u f d, d f pdu-pf d, mu xd 10% f bu mp. If u f p f d mmdd, b jufd. - D ud p u u f pf y. 10. Pm b dd EPD db m pfm f pdu/ bd LCA udy ud d u u, pu m m f p m mp d w. 11. Ry d db mp d my bf p f pdu w d y d u w b b p f EPD. T fm p. 12. O m fm db m fm f p u f fu udd f m pfm f pdu. T fm p. Tb 2.3 C f PCR 14 - Swd EPD pm (dd) [26] 14 T Swd EDP pm f pdu y u pdu pf qum (PSR). 24

43 A w Tb 2.4, Ef pm PCR ud pd d f f y m d d md ud df f f y d d u-ff u f pdu y. Ef pm Rqum f f pdu y u (PCR) M Im Im Sub Im Rqum Bkud f Pdu Df Df pdu yp, d uu, fu, pfm, PCR p,. Budy S bud f pdu, d m d: T budy f m bdy f pdu, w pfm m fu T budy f uppm p u pk mu LCA T f y Df d f y (Budy) LCI pu d. Mufu Tp U Dp/y Cmp p d M M d y pu d m Tp d U d f pdu Dp/y d f pdu I. Pdu w m/p (xp y/dp p) 1. S w m/p yp A - Typ A: Rw m/p w m mp fm f p d mby f pdu f, mu b bd 2. Cfy dff bw Typ B d C w m/p. - Typ B: Rw m/p w mby m mp bf by qud b md bu w p m mp qud. - Typ C: Rw m/p w p/mby m mp bf by qud b md u Cmm U L uppd by pm. 3. L m mp p u dd m f. II. Ry/ dp p 1. S f y/dp p 2. L m d y/dp p u dd m f. 1. S pu, ump, d m m 2. S m md f m w yd ud mpy. () Vub m (b) Dpd/yd m 3. Dm d bu () pu m d y, (b) dpd/yd m, () p. S y yp p d f ppb (md, d, d), pfy w fm mu b pdd by mpy. S y yp u d f pdu pfy fm b pdd by mpy.. I fb mp d pubzd by pub z. T fw ud b dd: 1. U d (ud ump d m m) 2. Quy d dp/y d f umb d pb p qud u.. I. Pdu (xp dp p) Spfy fm b pdd by mpy d m bw 1. S f dp, y d u. 2. S bu ddu yd m fm mp 3. Vd dd f y/u p f mp p. 4. Aumd f pdu. T bd pu d pfd PCR w ppp d. 5. T umb f u. 6. T u md f dp mp f ud pdu w d ub m. II. Tm Spfy dd u f m mp ddud fm y/u 25

44 Pdu m d D d (D d f pu d upu f f y ) Pdu m fm O m fm Iy y Imp m LCI u fmu Add Dm pm f LCI u 1. Dm md ppy d m d fy d. 2. Cd w dm f u fmu dd. () Pp pf fmu w dd d fy d (b) W w d dd f u, fy d. Cd w mp y d y m ud b ddd mm pf f. If ddd, y m d m, d fy d. D p A Dm md f d, u b dm md w d d. 1. B f (upd f pdu, um f pm, pdu p ) 2. D f (p, p, mp ) D Db Pdu fm C f d p Op dp m Sp f d Cu-ff u S f mm d Add d Add pf ff Dm p f d f m bw. I, d p f d d. 1. S f (dm, bd, p fy ) 2. Pd f d (y,, m ) Dm dd f u-ff u pp dfd ISO Dm bj b u ff. 2. Dm dd u ( m u b u ff) 3. Dm d (m, y, m mp ) Dm ppd mm d LCI mm d. W mm d b d x, dd u d m bw. 1. Dm fm f w d. 2. S dp PCR pf d dp ddu mm d Cd w y pf ff, w pf ff w ud b ppd m mp m mpb b pfd w y m dfd by mm pf f. Dm m f pdu fm 1. Dm pubzd m f m mp bd qud fm. 2. Dm pubzd dduy. 3. Dm d p md (x, b, p ) Dm m fm w b fmd,, w m bw. 1. Typ I/Typ III b 2. ISO Cf by pub z I dd, mp p x m u. I, y dm bj m, mp p m, d m m. Tb 2.4 C f PCR - Ef pm (d d dd) [27] A mp f pdu d x w d w ud f y m d f pf d f pdu. I ud f y u, b xmp pd b m u f d. Hw, bu Ef pm dm pd d f pp u, PCR ud by pm mu df u f d. [28] ( PRODUCT-SPECIFIC AND GENERIC DATA f m d) T Ef pm PCR db p b ud w w d f w pdu. 26

45 1) W d dy x f m d p ypy ud pdu y, PCR pf ppb d fm LCI mm d. 2) W d x f m d p ypy ud pdu y, PCR pf: T fm f w d. W d w b pf f pdu y, dp mm d by pdu. Pdu y df W w pdu y d, mp p f y dfd pppy. A y df bd du uy f pdu u y u d d b quy ppb y wd f pdu yp. O d, f z fmd, dm wud b wmd by k f m my m pdu up, w w mm d dum. Addy, f y u df dff md d mp d, wud b pb mp pdu bw Pdu Eu: D C d Lf Cy Am I x Typ III pm, k f d d LCA u pfmd by pp. T Ef dm mk ppy fw b pp, w ud db f m d y fw f mm p w z f f u m d. T pp f dd pdu d, w pd u u fm db. Ef y um pp pf d f m, -u pdu p. F p, pp wd u u fm db. O pp d d, Ef fw umy u m mp. Au dm dd pby f d m db, ff qud by mp pfm f y m dud, d d u w b w pdu d. KOECO pd m db K EDP pm pp, w w m f d u. Sm Ef pm, K EDP pm pf, f pdu y, w m qu -pf d. F m, d wd. I, Swd EPD pm m u f d, qu 90% f d f m d -pf. T du bud Swd EDP dm, w d d ppy fw d db. Id, pp qud u f d u, mm fw u SmP Gb. T d fxby f Swd EDP pm my b mp dy bd w LCA mdy, w d my b bud, py f m mp. Hw, du mpby u fm pdu u md mj dwbk f Swd EDPpm pp. 27

46 S-Spf D G D (P d Cz F) LCA Cu Ad Dd Tb 2.5 Ef K EDP Swd EPD M mufu p (M p/ P f m/ Amby p). T dm db. T dm pd fw. App dud bud bu db pdd. Cfmy bw pdu d. T dm d bud d m db. Rqud pf d pfd f pdu y. T dm db. T dm pd fw d w u f mm fw (.. SmP). Sm Ef Sm Ef D d LCA f x Typ III pm Vf f D d Pdu R Spf d qud f 90% f d f y. T dm d f pp u f. App u mm fw (.. SmP). App fxby pp d xpd db dpd pdu. App d bud f LCA u. Cfmy bw pdu d w. Bu quy f f m d y dpd d pdd by pp, x pm pdu fy ubmd d. I Ef pm, pp mp dd fm f ummz pdu fm bd LCA u, d ubm dum dm f f. T f dud by LCA xp w, u ff mmb f pm dm, mpd by dm f wk. T x f w d upp f y m u, d du - p y fm d. T f mu d p [29]: 1) W LCA md mpyd fm pm qum. 2) W pf u d fm PCR qum. 3) Pdu (m f mp, m,.) fm p f u pdu. 4) Cmp, uy, d ppby f d d. 5) Vdy f ppd d uff u. 6) W pdd dum uff b f d f u u. T Ef dm m x f p uuy k fu u f pdu. Afwd, f u p ubmd dm f pp by judm mm. T mm u dy f LCA md, by f d, fmy PCR, d f md d. T m d b d d d f pub pp. T Swd EPD d K EDP pm du - p du f p, w Ef f w du p u dmd y fm d. A m f p ud - p pfb bu pb u w p d f u d. Hw, k m m d um u, d d fy fd pm pp f. Tf, dm w w du p f my f - p, qu f k y ubmd dum. T ff- p my d d f mp ubm f d mp u. I d u dby f f, Ef pm pp pp y, d pp f pdu d w pp b bd f d 28

47 dmd. Hw, fu u p by Ef dm d m uff du u ff- p. T Swd EPD dm k x, d f k p mp. R f Swd EPD dmd by Swd Em Mm Cu, w mpy wd jy by Swd Gm, Cfd f Swd Ep d Swd A f L Au d R. O d, f p dud by y f dpd f bd ppd by Swd Bd f Ad d Cfmy Am, d bdy ud My f F Aff. T dff fm ym ud by Ef pm, w pm dm d pdu f k dud by m z. T Swd ym du bud dm, w fu dm k. Hw, m f mup f bd my d f dd f md y dfd. T Jp Ef pm ff pp w d by dm p f du f by m. I f ym, pp f, d m k f u dy f d. T f my b dy mpyd, d by pp w d m d. W f p mp, pp ubm f dum dm. T ym py bf w pm k Ef, w dm u y md d dud d m f m u m w mp ppy. Hw, f ym m u du dby f pm d. T Ef dm um dd mp d, bu wud b y y f m mpu d bu b pd by d py Pub f Em D O m d f pdu ppd d d, mpy f d d, d dpy fm wb d pdu. T pd pdu b f x Typ III pm d y qu fm fm f y m u. Id, y w y pm f w pdu umb d dm wbdd w dd d fm b fud. T f um w m pf mp m d fm m m y d pdu bu BUDGET EXISTING PROGRAMS M bud f m mp k f m d pm dm. Pdu f mu b w u mp u pp, bu w p dm fm py f fxd xp u db d y f ff, dpd f, d mm. I, Ef pm bud pd xmp R F T Ef pm w f f pdu ; f f dmd bd p f pdu, d u w f. T w Tb

48 Im S P f Pdu F <90 USD (10000 JPY) 2,550 USD ( JPY)/pdu Vf/I <455 USD (50000 JPY) 3,000 USD ( JPY)/pdu <910 USD ( JPY) 3,360 USD ( JPY)/pdu <1,820 USD ( JPY) 3,820 USD ( JPY)/pdu >1,820 USD (200000) 4,270 USD ( JPY)/pdu R w (Au f) - 90 USD (10000 JPY)/y/pdu Tb 2.6 Pdu f uu Ef pm N: Cuy $1(US)= 110. f/judm f f ubqu f m pdu dud by 25% f 2d d 3d, 50% f 4 d 5, d 75% f f 6. T pdu p-bd f ym bd d pdu f m xp pdu uuy m mpd mufu p, d f LCA m dffu du. Fum, b umd m xp pdu pf m, d b b bb f wu p. I y, f d by Ef pm y 4270 USD, w wud b dd d xp by m mp. Af f y f pdu, f mpy w u f d d, y mu py w f f 90 USD p y. A pdu p-bd f y f pb wy uu pym ym d pp p w d by py. O pb md ud um-bd d z f mpy-bd f. Dd f bd um f pdu d wud b dffu f wy d pdu, mpb pd d. Hw, pb u md u w f u pu y d.a z f mpy-bd f ym d umb f pp mpyd by mpy, d bd ump mp ffd py f m mp. T dd f md mp py f f pdu, f y y xp d m pf m. T Ef pm u z f mpy-bd f pp p u f ym, 15 w Tb 2.7. T f f Ef pm f ym y bu pp mp ubm umd umb f pdu w d uu f f. Im Cf Tb 2.7 Sz f mpy (Numb f wk) <500 14,500 USD ( JPY) <1,000 17,300 USD ( JPY) <1,500 20,000 USD ( JPY) <2,000 22,700 USD ( JPY) >2,000 24,500 USD ( JPY) F uu f Ef f ym F T f uu f Swd EPD pm, w Tb 2.8, y dff fm f uu ud by Ef pm. A f, m f f 1300 USD (10000SEK) d f pdu. T, u f f 0.01 p f pdu d, w 15 Ef f ym, dbd m d, Ef pm f ym w mufu fd by dm fy LCA u by m. 30

49 1300 USD (10000SEK) mmum f d mxmum f f 3200 USD (25000 SEK) [30]. Tf, m f u d by dm m fm w f. Af y, f pp Swd EPD pm ky b Ef pm, py y mu py dd p f dpd f. Im N S f Pdu F I 1,300 USD (10,000 SEK)/pdu R w (Au f) <13 m USD (100 m SEK) 1,300 USD (10,000 SEK)/pdu 13 m USD (100 m SEK) 32 m USD (2.5 b SEK) 0.01 p f >32 m USD (2.5 b SEK) 3,200 USD (25,000 SEK)/pdu Tb 2.8 Pdu f uu Swd EPD pm N: Cuy $1(US)=7.7 SEK Expdu T f d by pm dm mu b u pm xp. T w m xpdu (1) fxd f y f pm ff d pm d m db, d (2) b f mp f x f d mm mmb. I f Ef pm, pdu pp pd by w f. A m f mp f 1090 USD, d ub-f 730 USD f xp f 1820 USD ( JPY) p pdu. T Ef dm k f f x LCA xp, uuy mpyd by u mp, w fd by pm. T judm mm fummb pd 180 USD (20000 JPY) y m mm. Bu Judm mm m y w m f w f u w w ubmd d, dm 4360 USD p y. T mmb f PCR w mm d 15 mmb f mm mpd 180 USD p m. T f mm mmb Ef pm y bu m mmb m fm ud Tky, w m u. Cquy, mm y w mpd f mp f. Tdm wkd, d f umb f pp mpyd dy pm f, dpd x w wk dd by dm ud p. Bu Ef dm dp w LCA db, f ff mmb mpyd dy by pm ff 16. O d, Swd EPD pm, w w pp u mm LCA fw, ff f y w. B pm uu u k, u f, w m mpy y fw ff mmb Bk- P Af w pm bd, f dm f pppy d u f umb f pp mp, y b f b w b df f f y. Hw, pm uy bm pfb u w f d f umb f puy d pdu. M xpdu b ud by: 16 T Ef pm ff d ff f Jp Em Mm A f Iduy 31

50 (Expdu) = (umb f ff) x (y p ff) + (umb f w fd pdu) x (mp f f d mm mmb) + ( (m, dm )) + (mu ) M u b ud by: (Ru) = (umb f w fd pdu) x (f f) + (umb f uy d pdu) x ( w f) A p p f pu p bw m d xp w Fu 2.7. I d f u xd xp, f d umb f pdu d mu b u fxd d b. A b f pm, fxd u. Bu m u fm w pdu m, pm p bm pfb. Au Ru d Exp Im Exp Fxd C Bk- p Numb f d pdu Fu 2.7 Bk- p f pm m d xp T Ef pm b df p 2002, du w m b uppd by f p z, JEMAI, u m u d f d ud f ISO14001 mp. I 2005 u bud, xpd m d xp w 405,081 USD (44,559,000 JPY) d 720,219 USD (75,623,000 JPY), py. Hf f xp w f ff y, d md w f dm u mp f d mm mmb, d du [31]. T Ef dm xp p u b w y umb f fm pdu. T u f w pdu Ef pm b dy, w Fu 2.8. A f Juy 2006, f 350 pdu d b d. 32

51 Numb f w pdu p y Fu 2.8 Numb f w pdu d Ef pm 2.6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THIS PROGRAM Oz - Rmmd Ky Rmmd : A mp Typ III m d pm f U.S. m y dmd by p mpy. Ky Rmmd: I d m bjy d mk, mm b mpd f qu umb f p fm duy, dm, d um up. Ky Rmmd: T m bjy f judm d PCR w mm, -mpy p mm, u zd duy p. Id, -mpy pu w b udd u f p, d u pp wk up mm Pdu - Rmmd Ky Rmmd: T u y d mpby bw pdu d, pm dm d m db f mm p d d z f f u f y m. Ky Rmmd: App d ubm u mb f p d fm dm d pf d fm pp b. Ky Rmmd: F w Typ III pm, db d fw ud b md b f-f- d u pp f m mp. Pdu y u T U.S. Cu Buu dfd mp ym f fy m y bd du d N Am Iduy Cf Sym (NAICS) [32] [33]. Bu ym w d jy by m f U.S., Cd, d Mx, d 33

52 wdy ud by N Am duy, ud y b ud f m d pm U.S. T dfd by d f w x-d, w f f f d py dd duy, d f d pfy uy. A xmp f uu w b bw. NAICS uu Exmp XX Iduy S (p up 20 du) 33 Mufu 335 E Equpm, App, d Cmp XXX Iduy Sub- Mufu XXXX Iduy Gup 3352 Hud App Mufu XXXXX Iduy Mj App Mufu Hud Rf d Hm Fz XXXXXX U.S.(Cd, Mx) N Iduy Mufu Tb 2.9 T NAICS uu F Typ I m d pm, m dd U.S. N Iduy f m m ppp f df pdu. I xmp b, pdu y u wud b d f Hud Rf d Hm Fz Mufu U.S. duy. I ud b d NAICS w d k m, d fw f pdu d d, my b y m y mdfy mb NAICS u d f Typ III pm D Vf - Rmmd F y m d pm, f f pp d wud dy ud - p, by du p u f w m d. Hw, d wkd wud b fd pm f d m pd fm pp. Tf, w dd w pb f d f, dm mu b d f pm f, m, d dby f d Bud - Rmmd T umb f f my b fw ( y, y ) d d f f my b dud, u Ef md y (dub kd by w f d kd by Judm mm). I f US, ud b dd bu b y dpd f dm d mmb. T umb f ff my dpd up umb f d pdu, bu m k dp db d d pm. Tf, umb f pdu d m, fxd p pdu w d. Ky Rmmd: A u f f pdu mmdd bu du pp f m mp. Ky Rmmd: F w Typ III pm, b b f wd y d f, d w w f d ff f pm dm. A pm bm m w-bd, f b fd wy fm f f d bud db f pdu u. 34

53 3. MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Ky Rmmd: A pmy fu f pm f f u m fm, d dm fm um w f du m mp f pdu d um pdu LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR PRODUCT EVALUATION Bkud d Df f LCA O p dd, bu dp f u u d dm m d dpm f w md f m py mfu. Lf y m (LCA) pu d ppuy 1960 d 1970 u f y d bu pk w. T mm m f ud w d f f y d w pdu, fm d, ud pdu, p, u, d dp. S y pp, LCA ud b dud w m f qufy m mp f u d dfy my pfb [34]. Bu f mpxy d d udy md, f w md 1990 dd f du f y m. T Sy f Em Txy d Cmy (SETAC) ud f p y 1990, [by SETAC, A Cpu Fmwk f Lf-Cy Imp Am, Wkp Smb, Bü 1993] H, SETAC dfd LCA : bj p u m bud d w pdu, p y by dfy d qufy y d m ud d w d m, mp f y d m u d m, d u d mpm ppu ff m mpm. T m ud f y f pdu, p y, mp x d p w m, mufu, p d dbu; u, -u, m; y d f dp. Bud up b ff bu by SETAC dd, ISO 1997 ud dd f du f y m, df LCA uy [35]: Cmp d u f pu, upu d p m mp f pdu ym uu f y M y, dpm f LCA fud f md d u f LCA. I 2002, Ud N Em Pm (UNEP) d SETAC ud Lf Cy I, w f b LCA d f-y k m wdpd p, d pd pf mmd LCA p b p d d d md wdwd [36]. Bu LCA y w d uy, LCA p ud wy b w f m, d y fmd f dpm mdy w mp quy f LCA udy u A T Lf y m y qu f m m mp. Dpd pp, my b m ppp (.. k m, m pfm 35

54 u, m ud, d m mp m) [1]. Hw, uk ym, f y m u m mp m f fu u, w bd pdu by pfm pfd fu. T mk fu mk f y m uquy ud k f dp m pdu d, w mp b md pdu, d f m mp f mpy p. S, b ud ju w f y m mp m pfm f pdu ym, m f w dbd bw: Em Mm Sym A Em Mm Sym (EMS) dfd by I Oz f Sddz (ISO) p f p, pdu, p, d u f dp, mpm,, w d m m py [37]. Tf, z mpy EMS uu p m d m, bu y bud by y pf qum f du m mp, f mu d p p. S z dpd dd f u d fy ufu mpm f EMS. Am dd ISO 14001, ANSI E4, ISO 9001, I Cmb f Cmm Gb Em Mm I (GEMI), d Cm Mufu A Rpb C. T U.S. EPA, mp x ym, ud x ky m ud fm b f y ufu EMS [37]: Oz Suu: uy, pu, d m pfm; Mm Cmmm: p d dm mmm m x d f m w d bu; Impm: y u dy bu p u f m p bu du; Ifm C/Cmmu/Mm/Fw-up: uy m m pfm u fm k d p, u d dm fm, d u fm uy mp; I d Ex Cmmu: f d u fm d fm mmu m mmm d pfm; P:,, d dpy p u y pb f dp d mpm m. Em Rk Am Em Rk Am (ERA) dfd : p u pbby f d ff m u f xpu. [38] I 1984, U.S. EPA b ud f du Rk Am d pm y d quy [39]. T ud u fu p p f k m, d u ddd p [40]: Hzd Idf Rd f pbby f xpu, w, f y, d ff ud by xpu ub? D-Rp Am W p bw xpu d y f d ff, d w d fm by b xpd um d w d? Expu Am I ud udy, w mu f ub md m, w f md, d w ddu xpd ub? Rk Cz Hw ky f ddu udy w b ffd? 36

55 Rk m dff fm LCA w mp p [34]: Rk Am ud m f (ud x bud up f p ub) d dm kd ddu xpu ub w xd d, w LCA y d f ub d w f. Rk m u u w uy d k f kwd bu f ub. T m u f ub m b w md, bu u w m fd xpu w xd. I LCA, f mp u uy pb b d f ymy dju u f ub d. Em Aud Aud y pp p f fm ud z mp w w. A ppd by US EPA, f Em Aud ud Aud Py p f um d m by u ud uy d, pmpy d d xpduy f Fd m qum. I, f ud f-p ud du m f p, d dud kd f m pu [41]. Pu P (P2) Pm I 1990, US C pd Pu P A, w bj pu ud b pd dud u w pb [42]. T u ud pm kwd bu du pu, xp f Tx R Iy (TRI) fm pub f pu u, d w u fd fu fm d-f-pp m u du LCA METHODS FOR THIS PROGRAM T mdy ud by I Oz f Sddz (ISO) f dd f du f y m y uy ud by LCA p, d w b dpd f pm. T ISO dd d pfy x p-by-p pdu f du LCA, bu w f fxby dju md ppp f pu pp. T md f du LCA ud. Oz ud fxby mpm LCA py bd I Sdd, bd up pf pp d qum f u [35]. T ISO dd db fu p f y m, w dbd d. Ty : 1) Df f d p, 2) Iy y, 3) Imp m, d 4) Ip f u. 37

56 3.2.1 Df f G d Sp G ISO pf f LCA udy umbuuy dd pp, f y u udy d dd ud. T f y LCA d by pm w b fm f m fmd d by b um d pdu. Ky Rmmd: Pdu f y m ud fm um d pdu mk mp bw pdu, w udd f f f pdu bu m mp. Pd fm f mp w pdu pd m fu mm f LCA ud, d qu fu xp. Hw, m dffu k f u w m mp f pdu f mm LCA. Bu dd fm d mk p by w u md m d f u d w m mp. Sp Au f y m ud ud d f d pdu, fm u x pdu dp, y LCA udy md by by f d, d bud w y xd. T p f udy f ISO dd ud b uffy w dfd u bd, dp d d f udy mpb d uff dd d. I dd bud f udy, p ud dp f pdu d y f pdu, ud mdy, d qum, ump, m, d yp f w p. Fu d Fu U I f y m, fu u quf f pfd pdu fu. I pmy f w pu d upu d. I xmy mp fu u m pm, pdu mp w b md m f fu u. Exmp: F bub, fu u m b dfd : upu f 800 um f 5000 u u w mp f bub f df b fm m f y pd. Hw, fu f my pdu b y qufd. I f fd pdu, m mp df pdu fu by fy u, pd pf f u y. Au mu m b ppp m, fd fquy pud mpy f jym f um, d f fu fd my pd. Exmp: If m mp d w w f dk pd m f pdd, pdu f d f dk wud b pzd f w- dk, d um wud b ud pu pdu w dy. Cy, ufu fu u, bu f dk pud pmy f fd y y pd. 38

57 I w pdu m mup fu, ISO f y m dd mmd w pdu A pfm dd fu pfmd by pdu B, dd fu b xudd fm y, bddd budy f pdu B u w f mp [43]. Bu d wy fb. Exmp: A b f mp fmu pm f d f w d fu. If fu u w dfd mp d d, mp pdu y pd mp fu wud b dffu. Add dy f d fu d pdu wud qu m f m mp f d. Ad xud d fu fm f pdu m wud mk mpb mp w u f pdu y pd d fu. I, y f fu u pbby pk. F p pdu, d my pdu yp w f k fm bu z, um dy umd mk d d f f p, pdu m/um, mup fu, d pu xp w w my u pk b xpd pd. S pk u m m b f fu u, f fm b f mp mp; p 17. Hw, dff pdu fmu d pk z mk pk u d. Exmp: A m f udy d, p pk b, wud m f pdu w m pk z ( y, f u u.) T wud udd qu f pm pk d, w dud p wud bf m, um. A dmd b, fu u b ppd f um pdu. A pk fu u my b ppp f m pdu yp, w pdu yp my qu -z, pfm-bd fu u. F pdu w pmy fu u, pfm mup fu, pm f pd fm bu bu mu f m mp mk f fu u m dffu f m f w pdu bu u f pdu d pfm fu b djud ud. Tf, fu u ud m dud by pm mu b dfd py f pdu y, d d ISO 14041, fu u b w d p f udy[43]. Ky Rmmd: T f fu u ud b md py f pdu y. Ky Rmmd: A ud, f pdu w y dfd pmy fu, w pdu m pdu y, d w pdu pfm/ umb f u/ z dmd bjy d y yd um, fu u b m f pfm/ umb f u/ z. F pdu w d m qum, fu u b xpd pk u. 17 P f pd p pdu m/um b. Wu u p fm, dffu mp u f pdu w dff pk z. 39

58 Dm ppp fu u f fd d b qu pu bu f wd f pdu d pk z d yp. Fuy, ubj f b fd f u fm dy d mu. T pj w b fu u f fd d b m US Fd d DuAdm (USFDA) df f z. T z bd uy f fd p 129 fd pdu df f mu umy umd p (RACC) 18 [44]. Ky Rmmd: T Fu U f fd d b y b xpd db p f fd (xud b, p, ) m um u mup f RACC f fd y dfd by U.S. Cd f Fd Ru, T 21 P 101 (Fd Lb) T ppd md f dm ppp fu u w py Fu 3.1 d dmd w xmp Tb 3.1. I pmy fu y dfd? Y I pfm/ umb f u/ z bjy dmd d y yd um? Y N N Fu u xpd pdu u (.. pk, pdd,.) Fu u xpd u f pfm/ z/ umb f u. Fu 3.1 D fw dm f fu u 18 RACC m z. RACC xpd m u, w z qud b pd m f ud mu m ppp pf pdu. 40

59 Exmp Pdu Pmy Fu A Pdu T pk f 500 1py Pp Tw Pk f fu 60 w d bub Pk f R P 16z. (454) B f Lqud Ludy D 32 FL OZ (946 ml) B f mbd qud udy d d fb f (40 FL OZ (1.2 L) 24 xpu Dpb Cm D Cm (w d pby) Tb 3.1 U (Abb W, Fd pk) Pd L Pd m (P udd f fu FDA dfd m up) C fb C fb, Sf fb Cpu m m-pm md C pk, Pp pk, F Tu, (df pdu ) F bub (m pdu y) A m pdu 19 Pfm/ Numb f U/ S Sz Mkd Pk Umkd Mkd 800 um f 6000 u Mkd S Sz:2 z. (57) O Lqud D, Mkd 16 Pwdd D 21 d Lqud D, Pwdd D, Lqud Fb Sf,- Fb Sf S,. Fm Cm, D Cm Mkd 40 d Mkd 24 xpu Cpu m Fm Cm, D m-pm Cm, Vu Vd md Cm Exmp f ppp fu u f u pdu Apb Fu U - 1 pk - 1 um-u f - 8 (16 z. 454) d ( mm z f qud udy d b) - 1 b 40 FL OZ (1.2 L) - 24 xpu ( mm u f dpb m) Fu U Typ Pk Pfm S Sz (m) Numb f U 22 Pk 23 Numb f U 24 Umkd - 1 Pk 25 Pk I f p d udy d, fu u bd z/ umb f u m pk z. T w m d y bu m mp f pdu m dy u ud pm. Ky Rmmd: W fu u bd pdu pfm/ z/ umb f u, u ud b d m m mmy b pk z. 19 Au pdu dff fd pdu up my dff z, um w b xpd, w d u fm, u f dff z. 20 I, fu u m y xpd 8.25 m RACC u f 55, m mm pk z (16z.) fu u. 21 Cmbd d d fb f wud b d dff pdu up 22 A um m bd fu u ppp bu dff bw pwd d qud d, d d/-d fmu. 23 Au umb f u mkd pk, pdu pmy fu y dfd, mb f pdu w df df f u m pm. Tf, f mpby w, umb f u ud b ud fu u. 24 A pk bd fu u ud b ud, f y w -dpb m. Hw, umb f u mu y pfb- S Ky Rmmd. 25 T y bu f uy bu pdu pfm/ umb f u. 41

60 I f d m, fu u ud b bd pk m w p-dd fm. T m d f 36 xpu m wud pumby b m f 24 xpu m. T f fu u d, d m bf f buy umb m buk d du m mp d w p d pk. Ky Rmmd: W pd w, fu u bd pfm/ z /umb f u pfb bd pk u. Hw, umb f u-bd fu u pb f d m bu f uy umb f u. E u md ud pd, f m ppp fu u my b u. Du f p, d w fu u b f pm ud u w pdu y u (PCR) bd. ( CREATION OF PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES f m d) Pdu Sym d Pdu Bud F f y m fuy u f m mp f pdu, udy bud wud d xd f u y p, bu p w du d u f p, y, d pdu ym d udy fuu. I f pm, uff m d u du u mp ud. Hw, f ym bud pppy d y f pdu, f y m b ud b f pdu u. T pm w d f y f pdu, p, u, d dp w pdu. T dfd : Pdu P: A p d fw d f f pdu, ud x, p, d p f w m d ubmp. Tp P: A p d fw d p f pdu d u fm p f p f. T ud y p pk m pdd d u w f pdu. U P: A p d fw f y, u, d m d u f f pdu. T d ud y pdu. (.. b f m, k f - p. T f y pdu wud b m pppy pd w pdu d.) Dp P: A p d fw d dp f pdu, ud p fm d u p f dp. T f y dfd u f p d fw d pdu, xp f d w p f pdu by d u fm p f, d d w y pdu qud f fu f ud pdu. Df bud f u p pdu f y b, bu f pdu pdu ym mm qud d qud pdu fu. H, m pdu ym dfd : w m pdu p pd pfd fu. F xmp, m, fm, b, d fm p p pdu ym pfm fu f pu m p. Bu f f pm pd fm bu f f pdu bu m mp, mp bud f u pdu pdu 42

61 ym d p, bu wud m pdu u m mp. F m, p bw bud f pdu ud b dd. A pu pdu budy d df m f py pdu, bu df w p f u f y b pdu, d w d. Exmp: T pdu budy f bx f f u m mp p f x f fu f p w u f pp pdu, d ud y f p d p pud pdu fm p f um m. Ky Rmmd: W df bud f pdu pdu ym, p d p bw bud f u pdu ud b dd. S ppp pdu bud f pdu d dp b w yd m d, bu dffu y w p yd m b dpd pdu, d w b w pdu. T f bud ff y f y m u f pdu d, bu ff m pfm f dff y. F xmp, pdu pp fm yd pup u m d w w wd ud. Hw, w pp yd, u w dd fm df m ff d w d fm u f yd pup [45]. T dmm b ummzd : 1) pp pdud fm pup w m mp m, 2) y pp du m mp, d 3) pp b yd f y pup ud mk w pdu. I xmp, m mp dud f ud pdu yd, d yd m pd w pdu. S pmy f pm du m mp f pdu d um pdu, m d ud u um d pdu y d u yd m. T m: Pp pdu y yd ud b wdd. Pp pdu md fm yd m ud b wdd. T f bud f pdu u yd m ud Fu 3.2. I C A, pup y p udd w w pdu bud, bu pp y p udd w d pdu. T d, w pdu pzd f m mp f y p, bu d y bf u f w dd fm y. I C B, b pp y d y p d w d pdu. T m db C A, b bf f dd w, d d w py fm y p d d pdu. Hw, C B pf, bu y d wd w pdu f p yd m. C C, b f pm. H, b bf f dd w, d py f y p d w pdu, pdu w u yd m w m bf, d d u w. A bf f y pdu m, mk f yd m f md by k f dmd. Ky Rmmd: T ym budy f pdu u yd m ud ud b y d p f m. 43

62 Dd W Rdud Ru Cump Ey W Sud Od Pdu R Pp Ry Pup Nw Pdu C A Pp y d w d pdu, pup y d w w pdu Dd W Rdud Ru Cump Ey W Sud Od Pdu R Pp Ry Pup Nw Pdu C B Pp y d pup y d w d pdu Dd W Rdud Ru Cump Ey W Sud Od Pdu R Pp Ry Pup Nw Pdu C C Pp y d pup y d w w pdu Fu 3.2 Df pdu bud d yd m T md f bud f pdu fu ym w py Fu 3.3 d Fu 3.4. I f 35 mm fm m, fu y pu m m-pm md. Hw, um umb f u y m xp m pd, y f fu u pdu u. T b ud by d m xp udd f f fm fmy m bm uub f y fw dz. Wu kw xpd fm f m, ump bd umb f u f m wud y f m fmy m, w u m mp p xpu wud b mu md. Au umb f u, pdu-u bd fu u w pd fm bu fmy m duby, pdu-u fu u p fm m md f um. I m wy pp w d duby w mp p f w m, y m d pdu f-p w mp m d. F m, pdu fu u m ud m f, pk, u m, d y udd, u p,, d by. I d ud pm b, fm, fm p. Tf, u fm d pm by pyy d m bdy du u p, m pdu budy dw xud m. (S Fu 3.3) Exud y pdu fm m pdu budy y y, dbd b, bu m um w ky d fm d b pud y f m b p pdu. Sm pdu pdu ym py b d f y f m pdu. Fm, f 44

63 xmp, d f y f b m, d fm p. Tf, d d pdu bud, mp y df f pdu pdu ym, d ddu bud du bm f PCR. Fu 3.3 S LCA budy f m w pdu ym Fu 3.4 S LCA f f mp w pdu ym 45

64 Du bw pdu pdud m fy W pdu pdud m fy, mp u d u, d y u,. mu b d pdu pdud u f pdmd u. T u df xy w p d m d w pdu md fy. T d f u ubj m db 26 bu p f y jufb p f pdu wud mp f fy. Du bw pdu d mpy Hw, u f mp bm m mpd w mpy b d w y pu pdu. F xmp, u mpy d p f pf f mk bu m p, m d ud y u mpy pfy dfy f d w b pd by pu f pdu. T pm w df p d mk y b d pdu d f ud f pdu bud. Ky Rmmd: Em mp fm mpy b d pdu dfd p d mk, d xudd fm pdu y. Hw, f b w qufb m mp dy bub pdu, mp ud b udd y. F xmp, m mp bu ff m d ff u m f fy. If b w py u du u m wud ud f p d pud k, du u m ud b udd y Lf Cy Iy Ay (LCI) F f y m, p mp d quf f pu d upu f pdu ym uu f y kw f y y y (LCI) [35]. F pm, f f y y y qufy fw d fm p pdu bud d m m mp. Fw p fd m, d b pd m, w, d. Fw fm p fd u fw, d ud d u, w u, d wb m d y u u. Fw f m-md m d ubmp udd w pdu budy, f ubmp, y p fw xd w p m u fw w pdu budy. S f D f LCI S p md y fw pdu budy, y k f fw b xudd. T ISO dd f LCA mmd f b dfd m f fw m, y, m, mb f 26 F xmp, ud mp b d pdu m b, pdu u b, f p b,. 46

65 . Df f f m mpy m f m bu dwbk, bu f p xud y x m. Smy, judm bd y y ud by pu p wud xud fw f ff bd y u. T m f fw wud m b d f pm, bu m d m p fu md f y fw p u m f y fw m. Bu f md by m f f fw, pm w u mb f m, y, d m. Ky Rmmd: A mb f m, y, d m ud b ud w, f y fw b xudd fm fu y. W Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) f dpd, pm dm ud fm fm mm mmb d pu LCA ud bu m d p my b f pu f y, u m kw b y x. T fm ud b uy updd, d pd PCR f m b xudd fm f y y d f y m. Ky Rmmd: T Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) f m d p b xudd fm y f pdu y. Pdu-pf d d Idy, pdu-pf LCI d wud b f y m d p pdu pdu, d u y f pdu f y. Bu qu pdu fm wud b ub, mpb bud. Cdu y u y pdu-pf d wud b y bf, m d p dff bm y f pdu mp m fu up uppy. Tf, budy ud b df w pb u d d w pdu pf d ud b ud. T pm pp u u pf-d w m p bu fy pdu mp, w pdu um x d f u f pu m p. Ky Rmmd: T u f pdu-pf d y pfb d. Add ff u pf d ud b md w m p bu fy pdu mp, w pdu um x d f u f pu m p. Bu f pp ubm -pf d pf d, wud b b u u f pf d. O pb wud b dju pf d p () m f m mp u. T m mp f pdu wud f pp b w w u f pf d. T md ud b jufd d uy pp f -pf d. A x f puy pp, w pm ( ) d k w u d m upp pz f uy. Hw, bu f ubj u f u py, d pm pd fm bu pdu bu m mp, u djum -pf d w b md m. App w f ubm pf d, py w 47

66 pdu pfm w. T d u w m pp u d, u mk u f pdu dub fm f pdu, PCR w u p f w pf d mu b ud. Ky Rmmd: T Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) ud f w f y d p ud b bd pdu-pf d. T d f w u pf -pf d f p f p fd pdu fm pdu um p f p m dffuy. Of p mp f, d y py d by pdu w fu md f p. Hw, pp wy f kw d f y pdu. E f y pdu ud b ud py, wud d b md f pd dff pdu u um dff. T pm w w pd b p pdu u bd p fm pdu ( pdu f mup f) um U.S. f pdu. A md f p fm um, u, w m d b djud pfy f pf um d, u f pu, d dud m d d p Lf Cy Imp Am (LCIA) Du f y mp m (LCIA) p f f y m, d mpd LCI p d m mp, d f y, d d d d u ud. T u f d u f p: Cf A LCI u ppp mp y Cz A LCI d f fd d mm u f mp y. T mm u qu u z f, w dpd z md ud. Nmz Adju d u f y u f fm d b udd mud f d u. 27 Nmz f Cy Id Of, mk LCA u f um uy udd, mp y d u pd f b mzd mm f Sm xmp f mm f u : T m u u f T m u u f p p b A b, u pdu ym (T md m b ufu f mpy udy pmz pdu p) A pdu w m pdu y 27 Au mz p pd p ISO f y m dd [45], mp p LCA f pm bu f pm pd fm bu f f f pdu bu m mp. 48

67 T m u u f bd f d/ p u. By ppp f, pm u mz p p u wy db pdu bu m mp, d pm. Ky Rmmd: Id u ud b pd u mzd mp ud by ump f Am y 2000 dy p p b. Nmz md ud w Of m mp d ud by pm, m b u, u m, d ff d. Tf, pb m d u u f f f mz w m mp f ppy dff w d byd f. T CML ud f y m dd d mmd w dff p mbd (, b, d ) [47]: U y p p mz d. B mz u f mp w ubj k p. If up w pfmd, up w y mzd d u -pf up md d w f. T p f LCA u p p b pd by my f pm dud CURRENT PROPOSALS FOR INDICATOR CATEGORIES, ud EDIP, E- Id 99, IMPACT d CML md. T E-d 99 md u p f p, dfd ud u m d f Eup b mz dm [48]. T IMPACT md, w p u dp d, mz dm d w m u ddu p f m W Eup [49]. I D Em D f Idu Pdu (EDIP) md, dff ppu ud u mz f dpd x f mp y. F xmp, mp w b x, u b wm, z dp, d u ump u wd ppu, w mp u pm m, df, up, d um d x, u Dmk ppu u mz f. T EDIP md f p f u p p mp f fuu y mz f. T u f fd p-qu bd m y 2000 (PET 2000 ), d bd py [50]. T fmu f p p-bd mz f f mp y : Nmz F T mp f qu f y Ppu zd f y T mzd mp f y xpd u f (p* m)-1 : Nmzd Imp Nmz md ud f pm Imp f pdu Tm pd Nmz F T qu f u dff ppu f u d p m pbm w ppd Typ III m d pm f u U.S. Bu U.S. p p 49

68 bu u ump d u m f xd b, u b mp (.. GHG m) d wd ppu y f wud udm yp Am um mp, d u x y f pdu mp. T d, pm w u Am ppu f u f mz f mp. T f ppp m pd ud d m pd f y ud udy by LCA. F Typ III m d, m pd m b dfd fquy w w um pu pdu. W pu f pp d my b pud y y fw y, um pdu uuy pud y dy b. S ff um fm f f f pp p, m p f dy w b dpd by pm f mz. Tf, f pm mz f y by: Nmz F T mp ud by ump y U.S. y dy Ppu f U.S. y 2000 H m T Dy Iddu Cump Imp y 2000 (TDCI 2000 ) dfd m mp u fm Am ump. F mp y, dmd by fmu: Imp f pdu TDCI 2000, Nmz F Sud p p y dd ump y? T bu m mp f m Am p p y. T d bu w ud y u f mz f m dm fu y d u. F xmp, xud mp f p p wud mk u f pdu m m f. T qu pp b wd by d pm md u f d p d p bw pdu w pdu ym. T pu f p wud y b dd pdu, d m mp f mbu wud b udd u p f pdu. Tf, d y p, mbu f wud b udd u p f. (Hw, f pup f mp dff, um ud b b u pdu ym f d m pd f ) I wud b ud m pdu f ym, u, mz f, w xud, u. Tf, p p y ud b dd ump y w u mz f. Vu-bd C Lf Cy Am I mm y mk u-bd w du f y m. F xmp, w f y m ud dp f -wb y u, bu d ud dp f ud w, mp f fu ud by LCA p dk w. T p u f u LCA u w b m LCA. T u f u-bd py pbm du mp m p w d d d ummzd. Hw, d y pb, um wud u f w umb d by LCI p. T ISO dd f f y m z u, u- d ump md du f mp, y d d z md ud b mmzd. 50

69 Ky Rmmd: Vu-bd f y m ud b mmzd. W pb, fm ud b pd wy w u u u bd w u. If udb, u-bd ud b y dbd Ip f u Bu f p dw u d mk f mmd, f p f LCA ppp f pm w m y pd um w fm d mk p. Hw, mp ubj pdu f y m w ky b d p p, d y my u mmd mp pdu m pfm. Ky Rmmd: Bu f dff ddu u d p, um ud b pd w fm d mk p, bu mmd bu w d mk IMPACT CATEGORY INDICATORS FOR THIS PROGRAM A d, f mp qu ubj, u-bd d b md. D bu u, xu, d f mp f y udd bu u m, bu w pz b bw p d fuu, bw um d wdf, d bw f d wd. A mp y p m u f w LCI u my b d. ISO dfd m m mm py p d b w d w mp y. T p d b m ud u x, m, yp f bw pdu d m. [51]. Bd f udd f m u, p mp y d f u by pm. T ummzd Tb 3.5. Ky Rmmd: Lf y y u ud b pd m f mp : Cm, Ad, Eup, Pm m, Oz dp, Hum xy, Exy, Ld u, W dp, d N-wb u dp Cy Edp d Numb f C B 1990, SETAC d f wk up dfy b b p f du LCA ud. I 1998, d wk up LCIA (SETAC-Eup WIA-2) bd f ud f f mp [51]: G p: Fmwk b dpd w p fu f p d fu d f fm. S p f f : T b mp m f mp, w kw dy (mp). T ud p pb (dpd). 51

70 T f mp ud mu umb (py). S p f p mp : T y d b yw m mm f mp y, fm m y dp. T y d ud ( f mp ) b mdd fy d y d wy m,.., u d dfb m mm d/ pdub mp b. T y d b my,.., uffy k y dp. I mu b pb z f mupd w m u d mud f m. F pb d yp, SETAC wk up dfd m mm: m - Pu x fm, m m, b budy f pdu ym d m. y mdp b m mm f mp y bw m mm d y dp. (.. f x ub, dp f dfy ub,.) y dp b w f d (.. um f p, d f p, f fu d m,.) T SETAC wk up zd u, m b db df d dp, u du umb f d fu. Hw, u f f udd f m mp, f y jufb. Tf, u f y m b p w d d b pd dff m mm. F xmp, d f df m b pd mdp (.. p ), w d f um m b pd dp (.. y f f, YLL). W u pd muuy f d dff, mp d p p bw u d f m mp Cu Pp f Id C SETAC-UNEP Lf Cy I A md, SETAC d UNEP d Lf Cy I mp mp mpby d md y f f y m. I 2003, I dud u d uy d fm LCA p d w d ud b udd f y m, d w py f d ud b. T p f uy bu puy zd p fm d LCA u p u f Eup, N Am, d Jp w p fm -d LCA u f Af, L Am d Cbb, d A d Pf. T u wd w wdy pd; Cm, Adf & Nuf, Oz Dp, Hum Txy, Exy, d P-xd fm (Sm) w fd Rqud by m 70 p f pd. Hw, 52

71 d f z d w d uqu by pd fm -d LCA [52]. Ru f uy ummzd bw: Rpd w kd fy mp :"Rqud", "N kw", "Lw Py", "N Op" Ru fd "Rqud" f m 50% pdd "Rqud". Ru fd "N kw" f 70% pdd "Rqud" "N kw" Rqud N kw Lw Py Cm C *Sz H f wk Oz Dp *E Sfy Hb u f db *S Dp Ldp Hum xy Hb u f d Ex f b u E-xy N Adf d Eup U f GMO P-xd Ex f M Ey fm F Fu Nu Rd *** W u * fd "qud" f y w fm -d LCA u dd ** fd " kw" f y w fm -d LCA u dd *** N, bu xpy kd f by umb f pd Tb 3.2 [53] SETAC-UNEP u d uy f LCA mp M y by SETAC-UNEP Lf Cy I fud f mmd m LCA ud [52] [53]. A f 2005, I mmd f d m Rqud d fm u d uy, w dd f f Dbu f I Sp d GMO d Ad [54]. (S Tb 3.2) Exp f fw, I d u b md f qufy d. T f Hum xy, E-xy, d fm f P-xd pu ubj f du f dff f p bw LCA xp fm dff, d u w y md. E-Id 99 E-Id 99 dp d mdy dpd by PRé Cu, m u fm bd Nd. T d w dpd f u w LCA fw pk, SmP, w wdy ud ud wd f m mp m. T f E-Id 99 u f by f dp f Hum H, Eym Quy, d Ru. C w ISO qum, PRé Cu pu ud y b ud y, d f pub mp, mk,d b. W PRé E-Id 99 y ppp f pm, ufu f mdp d ud u f. O fu f E-Id 99 pp f Cuu Ty dju u f dff u dpd ddu u.[34] Hf pd d w f f y m ud b djud dpd w f f yp wy f f ppd u. T yp ud f,, ddu,, d um. Aum, w m fm y, w xudd fm fu y. Sm b f fu m yp Tb

72 Pp f m Fuu H E Iddu F Bd d bw d m L m dm m S m dm m R F Sf-uff Iuy myp (--d) - Aud wd k Tb 3.3 [34] Rk-p Rk- Rk-k T fu yp fm Cuu Ty ppd LCA - IMPACT T IMPACT md w dpd Sw Fd Iu f Ty Lu (EPFL) ud d f D. O J, w -m f SETAC- Eup wk up mp m LCA. T md LCI d fu dp 14 mdp. W m f mdp z qu w dpd fm E-d 99 d CML 2001 md, IMPACT uz uu d k pdu d ump uy m f f m um fd, d p d ud f um d -x u. IMPACT w dpd mdp dp b mzd, d pd f u [49]. CMLCA CMLCA f C Mm by Lf Cy Am. CMLCA uy f y m md, bu fw dpd by Ru Hju Iu f Em S (CML),Uy f Ld, Nd. F d puby 2000, fw ud upd d u 2004 d byd. T fw b bu b f f mm u, d bu u mx b, db, uy pm, dbu, d M C y b quky mmdd by dkp mpu [55]. Au fw w p u u mp d z f, ud f E-Id 99, Hju udd f mp bd mmd f SETAC-Eup Wk Gup Imp Am (SETAC WIA2) w b dd [47]. Nb m mup ub f Exy d, d u f f u d d um u [47]. Ow, mp m ppd by SETAC- Eup wk up. EPA Fmwk f Rpb Em D-Mk (FRED) T US EPA pubd p u Fmwk f Rpb Em D- Mk (FRED) 2000 upp Exu d w qud EPA dp ud my pfb pu (EPP) f fd m. T md w f pfy dd pdu u b ud mp m pfm f w pdu. T u, w, wy ppp f dfy bu m mp, qud f pm. F xmp, xy u pd m f TPB f (Txy, P, d Bmf), w u u f xy b y mzd d udd f. T m d ud EPA FRED md m ud by my Eup-dpd pm dbd b, xp FRED md ud w u d wd u ub Ru dp y [56]. 54

73 3.3.3 Id C Sd f Pm Tb 3.4 w y d b dpd by m w-bd u fd f f y m. T pm w dp d dfd qud SETAC-UNEP Lf Cy I u d uy ( Tb 3.2), w fw f xp: T Adf d Eup y w b ddd w p, Ad R d Eup. T d w CMLCA md, d y bu y u w LCA mmuy bu w mb w m mdp dp d. Nu Rd w b dd. Au ff f u d um f f, xpd d wud ufu fm f pdu mp. T pmy u f u d ky b pw du pdu p, d f d u wud dpd m up pub py d uy y mx pdu d um b. T umb f pdu dy u xpu d xpd f. Hw, f fud pdu f xpu, Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) b mdfd ud ff f d. L f f upp fu w b dd f Ld U y, dd SETAC-UNEP Hb L y. T w d w pd fm bu pdu mp by f d upp um f u uu pdu dd upp f u ym. 55

74 T Pm SETAC- UNEP Lf Cy I Ed '99 IMPACT (mdp d) CMLCA SETAC- Eup (WIA2) Nu Ru Dp * O * * * * W dp O * x x x O N-wb y O * O() O O O M Ex O * O() O O O Wd dp x x x x x O Hum xy O O * O O * Hum Txy- C *? O() O O Hum Txy-N *? x O O Rpy *? Rpy () x? O P-xd fm O O O O O Iz d x? O O Ad/Cu x O() x O() x N x O x x x Od x x x O x Cm O O O O O Sp z O O O O dp O Ld U * O * * * Ld mp x? O O O L f f upp fu O? x O x L f bdy O? x O x E-xy O O * * O Aqu xy * * O * Fw qu xy *? O M qu xy x? O Fw dm xy x? O M dm xy x? O T xy * * O O Adf * O * O O T df x * O Aqu df O * O Eup * O * O O T uf x * O EPA FRED Aqu up O * O Dp f p x x x O x & GMO Tb 3.4 Cy d ud x LCA md O - Ru b pd dy f d; * - Cd f d, bu u b pd dy by d d; x - N d f d;? - Uddd, md ud dpm; dp d. T u m d d f pm ummzd Tb

75 Imp Cy u Nmz F (p p*dy U.S. 2000) Cm C m CO2 qu ^4 Ad R m SO2 qu Eup m NO3- qu Pm Sm C m C2H4 qu Oz Dp m CFC11 qu Hum Txy Cmd A ub m A*dy ^7 Cmd W Cmd S Exy Cmd W Cmd S ub m W*dy ub m S*dy ub m W*dy ub m S*dy Ld U b Auu Auu Pduy b Bdy B Dy ub m W W Dp dpd N-Rwb Ru Dp M Ru Dp Ey Ru Dp Tb ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ mju qu TBD mju qu T m mp y d d Dp Em f b wm d CO2 qu Em f d pu d SO2 qu Em f ub bu u m f uf w Em f m pu d C2H4 qu Em f z dp d CFC-11 qu Txy d mbd w ub pp d mumd f md m f m mpm um md Txy d mbd w ub pp d mumd f md m f m mpm um md Oupd d wd dpd by upp bdy, uu pduy T um f w ud ud u m wd T mbdd y f u, wd dpd y qud f x Cm Dp f d A mb f d m f u u fm pdu f pdu, d b qu u fm d u dy bub pdu. Bu dfy d f bf um, d f d u w b mpd d f mmdy pd y d pdu. (E.., d ud f pu wud b mpd pu uu u,, fd d) C mu f b qud w b ddd by fm f b dxd mp, d dbud f f pdu. Cz T Im P Cm C (IPCC) w bd by WMO d Ud N Em Pm fy p mp f m, d mmd p f dp d m. Am mpm f IPCC b dm f um u f m u f p u b 57

76 wm, p f b dxd. T u f b wm p (GWP) pdy wd d d by IPCC, w m u b pubd IPCC Td A m Rp (TAR). Sm mp GWP u fm p w Tb 3.6 [57]. G Lfm (y) Cz F = Gb Wm P (GWP) (Tm Hz Y) 20 y 100 y 500 y Cb dxd CO M CH Nu Oxd N 2O HFC-23 CHF HFC-32 CH 2F SF CF HFE-125 CF 3OCHF Tb 3.6 Cm z f F my, m fm dd dm mp ud mp u. T pm w d 100 y m z, w w U.S. EPA u y p p. Au f d u W d u u u f d pdu f y, wud b db ud GHG qu p f pdu m d. T IPPC Gud f N Gu G I df u d k ffd by d u p: bud bm, bwud bm, d b. A m, pm d p d f pf d d w wud ff qu p. Tf, pm w ud d f IPCC f Auu d Ld-U C d Fy (LUCF) pdu m d. Hw, fuu, f b d bm b, qu wud dy b udd. Nmz T U.S. EPA pub u p f U.S. u m d k. F m, u mpud d CO2 qu m u 100 y u f b wm p (GWP) fm IPCC Sd Am Rp (SAR). Hw, f IPCC Td Am Rp (TAR) 2001, EPA TAR GWP u f mp pup. T pm w u TAR GWP u f mz y w pm z md f m, d p f udd f ubj. T EPA p ummz GHG m d, w Tb 3.7 [58]. 58

77 S Ey 6,009.3 Idu P S d O Pdu U 4.6 Auu W T 7,074.9 Ld-U C d Fy (690.2) Y 2000 fm TAR GWP (T CO2 qu) N Em (Su d Sk) 6,384.7 Tb 3.7 T U.S. m GHG 2000 [58] Bu pm w d Ld-U C d Fy w u pdu mp, m w b xudd fm mz f. Tf, mz f w b ud : Nmz F Cm C,US CO2 qu. 365dy 281,421,906 p CO2 qu.(p dy) 1 I ud b d md ud by EPA f u U.S. m w b xy m ud by pm. F xmp, u m b b b y d um, m m dd by EPA ud b, u d my. Addy, EPA md xud mbu f buk fu ud pp fm d, w pm w ud bu f pp m. Pm m Dp f d Oz, w p ud, dd m xpd, d py pbm um w u dm m-md uu d du p yd. I pp, z dd pdy, m f wk, d f u mp u ff f p z dp. Oz b fmd w mpud, p f xd f N (NOx) xpd u. T ud z mmy fd m. Cz Epd f f ud z f d u, b. I dd, dy f m fm dpd y f NOx d VOC, bu d f u xpu. Sm LCIA md dpd z f f pf. Hw, m pm d d d f m fm, u y my b pd fuu. T pm w ppy EDIP md w u z f m f VOC y (C 2 H 4 ) qu. Tw f pdd f, f w d bkud f NOx. T NOx u dd f u w m u f NOx 10 ppb 0.02 m/m3 u. T w bkud NOx w b ud, d p f m f f Ud S. A bbd f z f w Tb

78 Sub md A Cm Fmu Cz F Lw NOx ( C2H4/ ) Ak M CH E C2H Pp C3H Ak Ey C2H Ppy C3H Am Bz C6H Tu (C6H6)CH A M CH3OH E C2H5OH Ipp CH3CHOHCH Tb 3.8 Pm m z f [50] Nmz Cz F H NOx ( C2H4/ ) T U.S. EPA ud mpud (VOC ) m x pu f w pub m d. T md VOC m f y 2000 w Tb 3.9 [59]. EPA T 1 Su Cy VOC Em- A Su (m y 2000) 01-Fu Cmb. E. U , Fu Cmb. Idu 15, , Fu Cmb. O 846,240 14, Cm & Ad Pdu Mf 78, , M P , Pum & Rd Idu 287, , O Idu P 58, , S Uz 3,940, , S & Tp 970,771 96, W Dp & Ry 353,044 23, Hwy V 4,831, Off-Hwy 2,398, Mu 664,023 1,019 Sub T 14,444,587 1,442,388 T 15,886,975 Tb 3.9 T U.S. m f VOC 2000 [59] VOC Em P Su (m y 2000) Bu y d mud m f y (C 2 H 4 ) qu, z f d b ppd EPA d f VOC m bf b ud u mz f. T pm w um pp yp f k uff m f mxu f VOC m. T EDIP md k quy f f 0.4± 0.1 C 2 H 4 / k b w d bkud f NOx. A qu C 2 H 4 u b ud [50]: 60

79 T U.S. VOC Em Ad mz f : Nmz F Oz dp Dp f d Sm C H / VOC VOC C, US C C 2 2 H H 4 4 qu C2H 4 qu. 365dy 281,421,906 p qu.(p dy) Dp f p z y ( b fud w ud z ) b- m mp u f bkdw f z p by m f b u HCFC,, d d bm f-p. T f z y w d mu f u d fm u uf. T u d xpu UV fquy f k um, d u dm f fm. I 1987, Ud N mmb d M P Sub Dp Oz y d d m pdu d u f m mfu z dp ub p p f fu dd [60]. T u f m mfu ub, u CFC-11, dy b y pd u U.S. Hw, u f pm ub d my bmd uu u f. Hw, w d, y f m w b pdy wd by pm dm d f judd z dp p f, my b md d m d. Cz T M P upd ub d p dm y ud u z y mpd dm ud by CFC-11, d fm p d y. T Oz Dp P (ODP) u w d M P, d updd pdy f f udd. T m pub by Wd M Oz (WMO), Sf Am f Oz Dp: 2002, md ODP f m ub. T pm w u Updd Smmp ODP u fm p z f, y f m d mp. T M P w b ud b u w updd by p. A f z f w Tb 3.10 [61]. Sub CFC-11 CC3F Tfum 1.0 CFC-12 CC2F2 Ddfum 1.0 CFC-113 C2F3C3 1,1,2-Tfu 1.0 CFC-114 C2F4C2 Dfu 0.94 CFC-115 C2F5C Mpfu 0.44 H 1211 CF2CB Bmdfum 6.0 H 1301 CF3B Bmfum 12 CFC-13 CF3C Cfum 1.0 Tb 3.10 Oz dp z f [50] 1 Cz F = Oz Dp P ( CFC-11/ ub) 61

80 Nmz Bu b bu m, EPA w qud by C A A Amdm f 1990 b wm p f z dp ub ( I d II d ub) [62]. Em f ub u b pd EPA Iy f U.S. Gu G Em d Sk. F C I d II ub f w U.S. m y 2000 xd 0.05 G [63]: Sub Em (G) (Y 2000 U.S.) Oz Dp P ( CFC-11/ ub) Em (Y 2000 U.S.) (G CFC-11 qu.) CFC CFC CFC H H HCFC HCFC HCFC HCFC-141b HCFC-142b T Tb 3.11 T U.S. m f d z dp ub 2000 [63] I ud b d EPA y d ud -C I d II z dp ub u my bmd udd. If b d f U.S. m f my bmd b fud, pm dm ud d u f u f mz f. Bd m f z dp ub U.S. y 2000, Nmz F Oz Dp, US CFC -11qu. 365dy 281,421,906 p CFC -11qu.(p dy) 1 Eup Dp f d W y f u fu f ym, x f u u dup f u p. Eym md w by (N) ppu (P) u, d m u y qu. I qu ym, x w f p u z f xy dp bm w p m dmpd. O d, x u dup m uqu ym my u-p, u b. T m u f u m U.S. pp f uu fz x f p by k up u, d ubqu u-ff uf w. Oxd f N fm mbu p bu u m. Cz T pm f u m d pm b. W d ff w b dpd w m u f pf d 62

81 bdy f w ud udy. T EDIP md pd w dff f z f f u m; w N m u, d w P m u. S pm d uy p d pd fm, mbd z f w b ud p u m f (NO3-) qu. T z f fm EDIP md w Tb [50] Sub N-Cmpud N NO N dxd NO N NO N xd Nx 1.35 Nu xd N N xd NO 2.07 Amm NH Cyd CN N, N 4.43 P-Cmpud Pp PO Pypp P2O Ppu, P Tb 3.12 Eup z f [50] Cz F = Eup P (EP) ( NO3-/ ub) T um u md d w uy d up w wud x p d f u m. Tf, y mk m ump d w u m f u pd, w, d mpm. Idy, d, u yp, p, pp, d pxmy uf w wud b ud w m u m. A u m b b dud md, w d U.S. G Suy (USGS) udy u N M b 212km2 w- M [64]. Hw, m, p f pm du u dd y f u m. Id, m w b pd mpm u fuy md w ump f f uf w. ( Hum xy d md dp f m d) Nmz Au U.S. EPA pub mp d f w quy, d u, pb u d m u d f u fm U.S. T m u u m f U.S., pm w u md m u m fm uu fz u. Sm ump md m : A u m m fm x uu fz pp Nu k up by p w w uy u-ff uf w T u qum f yp f p w U.S. Nu m u ud f U.S. u f Am ump d. Cpd u qubum, b dpd, uppmd. N fx fm um d 63

82 Aum yp p, by u d uppd by U.S. Dpm f Auu (USDA) f p yd, fz pp, d p u qum, f x u pp b md [65]. T, fm USDA d f m f N d P ppd Am p, d x u pp, pb m u md U.S. uf w. T u dud fw: E! Obj b d fm d fd d. 490b P2O F Ex Pp Appd T Ex N Appd C,US US, NO E! Obj b d fm d fd T Ex Nu Appd d. Nmz F Eup, US2000 US, ppd p b P O 13 qu 12 NO b P2O 5 ppd p - N 1.0 NO qu/ N NO qu NO3 qu. 365dy 281,421,906 p 3 qu NO qu.(p dy) 1 md p 13 NO - 3 qu I fuu, md ud f u mz f ud py b md m u by: Cu x u f mj p, d w m d mu f fz ppd p p Iud fx f um Iud u m fm m f xd f N Hum xy Dp f d Hum xpu m d m u f um y u x ff dm. T pp f m d d ud w w d w y dm w dp m, d w w m. Expu x u,, d dm u. F m x 28, f md d f fd dd m mp xpu u[50]. 28 Em x dfd by pm d fm wkp x w m b ud by wk du pdu p. T wk dd b ud f LCA ym budy bu pub by dby d mfu xpu m x, fy p d p xpu wkp x y ff d m w-dfd by w. (.. OSHA U.S.) 64

83 Cz Em x dpd m mpm f, w, d b d. Tf, m f p mp y pf ppu wud ud y md f f d p f x, bu d f ppu dmp d dbu udy. T yp f y dd Em Rk Am (ERA), d u ub f pf ud ppp f Typ III d pm bu f y f y, d k f fm bu bkud dbu f m m. Hzd df mp k m (uy f p ERA), w w dm ff f xpu m dfd wu d pbby f xpu. T pp u mp f p md f f x (.. p fm w ) d f m qud f m bk dw. Tf, zd df dd b mp f mfu pdu u w ud by f. T pm w u ybd md bw zd df d k m mb mumd f md f ub w xy d f ub. A u, um xy d m d p xpu d m um, bu wu md qum f fu k m. T md ud by pm b dpd fm EDIP md d ummzd. Cz - S T z p f xy b m um, d w my dff m py md du pdu f y, pfu f m bd p mm k um. T Eup Cmm, u f Eup U, m f bu f ud du ub D 67/548/EEC (D f, pk, d b f du ub). F f m, D pd Rk P ummz dm ff my u u f xpu m [66]. T EDIP md xy m bd m k fm 67/548/EEC u w f. A xpu py dmd, d u f 8 f k p R53 (My u -m d ff qu m) R58 (My u -m d ff m) ppd m, d u f 4 w. A x mp ud f u u pdu f xpu d xy. A m w x mp u f, m w d 67/548/EEC dd bu um xy m, d u qu fu y. F d f md, f EDIP mdy [50] T f f bz ud xmp: Cm Nm : Bz CAS Numb: /547/EEC Rk P F; R11 C. C. 1; R45 8 Hum Txy S (fm EDIP md) Mu. C. 2; R46 8 T; R48 8 (w p w R23,R24,R25) T; R23 4 T; R24 4 T; R25 4 X; R65 X; R36 1 XI; R

84 H Txy S : 8 Expu S : 4 (k p R; 53 d R; 58 d) Tx mp : 4 x 8 = 32 Cu : T x mp 8, z y ud u. Cz - P m m mpm Aum u f p dd fu y qud, x p dm w m mpm,, w,, ub w fy. T EDIP md f p mp d qu y fw b m pp d u umb f m b udd. T m pp d qud f md f z p w Tb 3.13 bw w u. Cm Ppy Amp f-f Hy Lw C O-W P Cff (Kw) D Su ( md b EPA EPIWIN 3.12 fw) BIOWIN 4.02 (L III Fuy Md) HENRY 3.10 Md STP Fuy Md Mu W Ab fm y f u S Sp Cff (K) PCKOC 1.66 Md Tb 3.13 Cm pp qud f um xy p T f f m pd mpm pd by u fm 0 1, d by f (f pd ), f w (f pd w, d f (f pd ). Rf EDIP md u f m dd xp f p u [50]. T md ud by pm f u p dmd u xmp f bz m, w d. Cm Nm : Bz CAS Numb: Amp f-f : u Hy Lw C(H) : m m3/m R f uf w () : 0.2 (umd f U.S.) F m : I mp f-f 24 u? Y. Tf, f = 1, fw = = 0.2, f = 1- = 0.8 F m w: I H > 10-3 m m 3 /m? Y. I mp f-f 24 u? F m : Y. Tf, f = 1, fw = = 0.2, f = 1- = 0.8 I H > 10-3 m m 3 /m? Y. I mp f-f 24 u? Y. Tf, f = 1, fw = = 0.2, f = 1- = 0.8 N, bu bz (H>10-3 m m 3 /m) d y -d, b f y bw mpm p u m d f mpm w m d. A, um f u p ff b 1 bu bz md u xpu dd xpu f dpd d w. Cz - Em xpu Af m p m mpm, um b xpd by dy, by um fd pdu w m b fd. T yp d mu f fd p um, xpd k f (I), w f fu xpu x m. Tb 3.14 ummz k f ud by pm. 66

85 Cmpm Expu Ru Ik F (I) U A D 1 - W F 3.71x10-4 k f/k bw dy S D 2.86x10-6 k /k bw dy P 9.30x10-3 k p/k bw dy M 1.53x10-3 k m/k bw dy Dy pdu 1.32x10-2 k dy pdu/k bw dy Gudw D 2.86x10-2 k w/k bw dy Tb 3.14 Hum xy - Ik f fm EDIP md 29 [50] T f f m fd pdu dpd u f -w p ff (K) m kd f ub bd fd d ff f dp (kd) m w y m w b k up by p. F m dd xp f xpu u md, f EDIP dum [50]. T xmp f bz pd, w, d mpm ud. Cm Nm : Bz CAS Numb: S b (f ) : k/k (EPA R III dfu u) [67] S Sp Cff (K ) : 165 /k O-w p ff (K w ) : T b (BCF) f, m dy f m umu f: BCF 8.7 L w/k f Sm C F (SCF) : f, - ub ph 7 : K / 2.44 w Kw SCF M (bf) f f (B b ) : f, - ub : B b P w Mk f f (B m ) : f, - ub : B m P w Cff f dp (k d ) : f, - ub ph 7 : k d f K 0.33 L/k Tf f fm d ump (T,d ) : T,d 1 Tf f fm p (T,p ) : 29 T EDIP k f dmd fm fd ump Dmk (D N Fd Ay, 1990). Ik f m ub f U.S. ud b y ud. 67

86 T,p SCF 0. 4 kd k dy m /k p Tf f fm m (bf) (T,b ) : T,b B b SCF B b 0. 4 kd k dy m /k m Tf f fm mk (T,m ) : T,m B m SCF B m 0. 4 kd k dy m /k dy pdu Tf f fm w f (T w ) : T w BCF m w/k f Cz - Cu Hum Txy F A xy f p um f m mpm qud du m f m uffy w xpu wud u x ff. F mpm, Hum Txy F (HTF ) p f Hum Rf C (HRC), w f ub xpd u y x ff fm f- by um. F w d mpm, Hum Txy F (HTFw, HTF) p f Hum Rf D (HRD), w quy f ub xpd u y x ff fm f- by um. Vu f HRD d HRC bd fm U.S. N Lby f Md db, TOXNET, u w Hzdu Sub D Bk (HSDB) b. Bu ud f um ff b f m m, db my mpd f m d. T EDIP md u uy f bd yp f xy d d k u dffuy xp m d um. Uy F Ab Txy T D 10 5 Exp fm LC 50 LD 50 fm m 5x10 4 Exp fm LC LO LD LO fm m 10 4 Exp fm LOAEL fm ub- (du < 1 y) 5x10 3 Exp fm LC LO LD LO b f u xy um 10 3 Exp fm NOAEL fm ub- xp fm LOAEL fm f xy (du 1 y) Exp fm NOAEL fm dd m (du > 1 y) xpd 10 2 fm LOAEL ud um xpd fm w w d by um 10 Exp fm NOAEL fud dd xpm ud um Tb 3.15 Hum Txy - Uy F f HRC d HRD [50] F xmp f bz: 68

87 Cm Nm : Bz CAS Numb: Fm Hzdu Sub D Bk (HSDB), LD50 f u 10,000ppm/7, m/m 3. If d w b, mmum u wud b d. Hw, dd d f y yp f, d bu d LD50 u fm m, uy f f 10 5 ud. T u Hum Rf C (HRC): LD 50, = m/m 3 Uy F = 10 5 LD HRC 50, m/m Uy F 3 A fm HSDB, LD 50 f u 3306 m/k bdy w. Ad, bu LD 50 d fm m uy f f 10 5 ud. T u Hum Rf D (HRD): LD 50, = 3306 m/ (k bw dy) Uy F = 10 5 LD HRD 50, m/k bw Uy F Fy, Hum Txy F f (HTF ) ud : HTF 1 HRC m 3 / Ad Hum Txy F f w d (HTF w, HTF ) : HTF 1 w HTF HRD k bw dy/ Cz - Cu Hum Txy P T pm md f u f d f um xy dp y fm EDIP md. T EDIP md y dy d fp f ub w d by mupy HTF w d HTF w bdd pbby f, BIO, w fm 0 1. T f d u pd m f md um f mpm. T pm md d ub fp dy w u f ub f-f mpm, md u III fuy md 30. F mpm, d dmd by pdu f m f m d mpm-pf u f f m pd, k f d m f, um xy f, d ub ff. T d u pd m f umb f dy m w b p um f m mpm uffy u x ff xpd um. T xmp f 1 m f bz md mpd. Em : Q = 1.0 Fm III fuy md, f f f bz : 30 T md ud BIOWIN 4.02, w b p f U.S. EPA EPIWIN 3.12 fw. 69

88 : 1/2, = 8.70 dy w: 1/2,w = 37.5 dy : 1/2, = 75.0 dy T buk dy f dy (ρ b ) [67]: b k/m 3 F, w, d mpm, u u b, Hum Txy P (HTP, HTP w, HTP ) dmd by: HTP HTP Q f w Q f w m m I T HTF I m w 3 T dy w HTF w dy I Q f HTP Nmz,d T,d dy I w,p 1 / 2, 1 / 2, w T,p I,b b T,b I,m T,m HTF T m x d du f m f m mpm u fm ump f Am, mz f wud dy ud m-wd um f HTP u f m m. Hw, wud qu HTP u f mj m b ud u md b. S ud u y b, pp ud m. T U.S. EPA pub d f u m U.S. f 528 m d mpud upd d m Tx R Iy (TRI) [68]. Of m w TRI d b, 186 um xy p b u md f Hw [69]. T HTP u b ud u CTOX md, w mumd m f md w mup xpu pwy m TOX md dpd f pm. T md ud by Hw u HTP m ddu fm k u fm u m f 1 k/dy f m () u m mpm (). T k f m, H ( =1), mzd by ddu fm k fm m f f m, H fm, ( fm, =1),w bz f ff, d u f ff. HTP,Hw H H fm, 1 fm, 1 1 / 2, T um xy p b ummd m, d m mpm. HTP T,Hw HTP m mpm F pm, m um xy p f U.S. m, EPA TRI d f d bz d u qu u Hw HTP md. T u ddd f m TRI d, b m f bz d u qu m b m d uf w d. 70

89 A dd b f y 2000 TRI d, HTP Hw u, d ud bz d u qu w ppdx. F y 2000, u f u w Tb U.S. m (fm US EPA TRI d f w HTP Hw u w b) T m (Q ) bz qu () u qu bz qu () T uf w m (Q w) u qu Tb 3.16 Hum Txy Cd U.S. T m 2000 U pm md f u um xy p, HTP, HTP w, d HTP u f bz d u b ddd w mpm d u f, w d. F m, HTP,bz = m 3 dy / md HTP w,bz = m 3 w dy / md HTP,bz = 55.2 m 3 dy / md HTP,u = m 3 dy / md HTP w, u = m 3 w dy / md HTP, u = 3.72 m 3 dy / md Ad f m w, HTP,bz w = m 3 dy / md w HTP w,bz w = m 3 w dy / md w HTP,bz w = 55.2 m 3 dy / md w HTP,u w = m 3 dy / md w HTP w, u w = m 3 w dy / md w HTP, u w = 3.72 m 3 dy / md w T um xy p p m md b mupd by md US m u um xy p f ub md y Nmz F Hum Txy,,US 2000 HTP Q HTP Q HTP Q HTP Q 365dy 281, 421, 906 p,bz bz qu.,u u qu.,bz w bz qu. w,u w u qu. w m dy Nmz F 3 HumTxy,w,US 2000 HTP Q HTP Q HTP Q HTP Q 365dy 281, 421, 906 p w,bz bz qu. w,u u qu. w,bz w bz qu. w w,u w u qu. w m w dy 3 71

90 Nmz F Hum Txy,, US 2000 HTP Q HTP Q HTP Q HTP Q 365dy 281, 421, 906 p,bz bz qu.,u u qu.,bz w bz qu. w,u w u qu. w m dy Exy Dp f d T f m u f um u m u ym u my dff mm. Expu ub uy x u mmd d f m, w xy f x ff u f pd -m xpu ub. A w um xy, pp f m d d ud w w d w dm xy. A w um, m xpu x u,, d d. Hw, m f w d m f bu xy, u dd. Cz T f f x ub u dm ym b d. Au ub my d f m mpm, y w d mpm dd f u f xy d. A um xy, pm m xy u ub xy d mbd w mumd f md. T u xy d ud m d f p xpu d m, wu md qud du fu k m. Lk um xy, u md b dpd fm EDIP md. Cz - S T md f ub f xy m p ud f um xy, w dmd by w k p fm d 67/548/EEC du ub. Aqu xy dmd by u f Rk P R50, R51, d R52, d k mxmum f wd u, w 4, 2, d 1, py. T xy u f 4 f y f k p R54, R55, R56, R57 ud, d u f 0 w. T xy um f ub qu xy d xy. T k p d xy w Tb 3.17, w m. R Rk p (fm 67/548/EEC) 50 Vy x qu m 51 Tx qu m 52 Hmfu qu m 53 My u -m d ff qu m 54 Tx f 55 Tx fu 56 Tx m 57 Tx b 58 My u -m d ff m 59 Du f z y Tb /548/EEC du ub k p f xy A w um xy, xpu 8 f k p R53 R58 ppd ub, d u f 4 w. Fy, x mp pdu f 72

91 xy d xpu. pd, bw. T p dmd f pyf, mm Cm Nm : pyf CAS Numb: /547/EEC Rk P Aqu xy T xy T; R25 N: R50 4 N: R51 2 N: R52 1 N: R53 Mxmum u 4 0 T xy : 4 Expu S : 8 (k p R; 53 d) Ex mp : 4 x 8 = 32 Cu : T x mp 8, z y ud u. Cz - P m m mpm T md f p m m mpm m md f um xy dbd. T y xp mpm dd, d w mpm ddd u xy, d xy, dpd ub y. F m dd xp f p md, f x f EDIP md. [50] T xmp f pyf md ud. Amp f-f : u Hy Lw C (H) : m m 3 /m R f uf w () : 0.2 (umd f U.S.) F m : I H > 10-3 m m3/m? N. Tf, f w = 0, f w = 0, f = 1 N: Uk bz, w w ud xmp m p f um xy, pyf y (H<10-3 m m 3 /m), d f umd y y mpm, d f y f ub. T mumd md p by m u by w. Cz - Cu Exy F A w um xy f, pm u xy f p um f m mpm qud du m f m uffy w xpu wud u x ff. F w mpm, u Exy F (ETF w ) p f P N Eff C (PNEC w ), w f ub w mfu u ff qu m ud u. T Exy F f w (ETF w ) p f PNEC w, w w xpu ud u mfu ff. F mpm, Exy F (ETF ) f PNEC, w d mp m. Txy d f qu m b f my m ECOSAR.99 db, w pkd w EPA EPIWIN 3.12 fw. T ECOSAR md w dpd by Syu R Cp f u by U.S. EPA. I uu-y p (SAR) md, w m f ub f w qu xy x, xy pdd by 73

92 mp m uu ub d xy d. M f u ECOSAR md bd up -w p ff (Kw) [70].. Uy f dju xy u bd pf d ud b d by xy xp. T pm w y dp uy f xmp EDIP md d w Tb 3.18 d Tb 3.19 bw. Uy F Tb 3.18 [50] Uy F Tb 3.19 [50] Ab Txy T D ( m xy, PNEC w) Sm d f u xy (LC 50) b, bu d f p fm m f f, Cu d m. D b f u xy (LC 50) f p fm f f, Cu d. D b f xy (LOEC) f p fm f f, Cu d. D b f xy (NOEC) f p fm f f, Cu d. Exy - Uy F f PNEC w Ab Txy T D ( m xy, PNEC w) Sm d f u xy (LC 50) b, bu d f p fm m f f, Cu d m. D b f u xy (LC 50) f p fm f f, Cu d. Exy - Uy F f PNEC w A xmp f u xy f f pyf bw. Fm ECOSAR 0.99 db, w LC 50 u b f f, w f w m/l. O u b f dpd ( mmb f Cu), w LC 50 = m/l, d u f, w EC 50 = m/l. N u f xy w b. Tf, w u d f u fu u, w m/l. S d f p fm f f, Cu, d udd, uy f f u xy w, Uy F w = 10 d f xy w, Uy F w = 100. T u P N Eff C f u xy w (PNEC w ): LD 50, m mum. PNEC w LD m/l 50,m mum m/l Uy F Ad f P N Eff C f xy w (PNEC w ): LD 50, m mum. PNEC w LD m/l 50,m mum m/l Uy F w w Txy d f m uuy dy b, pm w u u ud by EDIP md, w u u f PNEC w d f f dp (k d ) m PNEC. S b (f ) : k/k (EPA R III dfu u) [67] 74

93 T buk dy f dy (ρ b ) [67]: b 1.5 k/l F pyf: S Sp Cff (K ) : 6830 /k k d f PNEC K L/k PNEC w K / m/l d Fy, u Exy F f w (ETF w ) ud : ETF w 1 PNEC m 3 w / T Exy F f w (ETF w ) : ETF w 1 PNEC m 3 w / Ad Exy F f (ETF ) : ETF 1 PNEC m 3 / Cz - Exy P b A w um xy p u, pm md f u xy p dff fm EDIP md. A, pm w u ub fp dy, fm f ub f-f, w EDIP md ud bdd pbby f, BIO. T u f xy p pd m f umb f dy ub w b p um f m mpm uffy u x ff xpd m. T xmp f 1 m f pyf md mpd. Em : Q = 1.0 Fm III fuy md, f f f pyf : w: 1/2,w = 180 dy : 1/2, = 360 dy F w mpm, u u b, xy p (ETP w, ETP w ) dmd by: ETP ETP w Q f 0 m w 0 m 3 Q f 3 w ETF w w dy w ETF w w dy 1 / 2, w 1 / 2, w T w mpm f ETP w d ETP w mbd xy p f w mpm (ETP w ): ETP w ETP 0 m 3 w ETP w w dy F mpm, xy p (ETP ) by: 75

94 ETP Ld u Q f m ETF Dp f d 3 1 / 2, dy Ld upd by d ump bm py ub f u, u b f wdf, pdu fd f um. 31 L f b b dfd f m d f bdy, dd xp, pu, m, d p [71][70]. Wy y d b f f bdy? Au my f bu f bdy, f b pby m. O d, u m d x ff f pu, dy dd d f pm. Oxp, w uub f b u dy fm u, dffu mu m u f y m md bu f k f fm f z f ddu p d pu. Bu xp y dpd u mm p f p d, fm b pdd m by ISO Typ I d pm u M Swdp Cu (MSC), d F Swdp Cu (FSC). T d d b f b d b f upp f bdy, d f b d pdu fd f um. Cz T pm pp md f z d u, w bd d f py pf w f f pu d by upp bdy d uu pduy. T z md by f d mp, w bm y b Gp Ifm Sym (GIS) bm m dd. Cz - Bdy Mu bdy wy bu f dffuy u u mb f p wd y f ym yp ud wd. Af xud fm d pu mp mu bdy m f my u f pdd 32, y x md f y mu bdy b dfy ym yp, u p f ky p, d mp u f ym f yp. T Bdy Supp Pm (BSP) dud bdy ud w w pubd d udd [72][71]. T u b pd fm f d mp, 31 Au fd pdu dd by pm ump y, up f pdu uu d dd d m mp w uy m py f fd pdu, u uu y f f pdu d. 32 I dd b y ubj, p f m u xpy dfd by ISO b w pp f f y m. 76

95 w f fu yp d b u 33 : by ud, y ud, y f, d y mp. T f md ud by BSP w dpd by C I d Wdf C Sy. T md ud d [73][72]: 1) Idfy b W Mj Hb Typ (MHT) ud by, R Hb U (RHU) w dfd d mm f b f x dff xm up f p, mmm, bd,, pfu, d f. T z f RHU y, bu f udy f L Am d Cbb, w ud b C d Su Am, 35 RHU w dfd. ( Fu 3.5) 2) Idfy b u f x xm up F f x xm up, RHU w d f y ud, y f, y mp, w b u f 3, 2, d 1, py, bd pf f up. Gy, udd p, py dy, umb f dm p, b dy, d p f /dd p. 3) Dm b u f RHU T f b u w RHU w ud um f f f xm up (f xudd bu f dfuy RHU w up). T w kd w Mj Hb Typ, d fy, RHU w d umu b u, u f y ud, y f, d y mp. A xmp f k md w Tb RHU (w MHT) P I Bd Hp Mmm T Rk 1. Tp M Lwd F 1.1 A R 1.2 Upp Amz R 1.3 NE Amz S 1.4 SE Amz L 1.5 C-D S 1.6 C Am Lwd L 2. Tp M M F 2.1 Tp Ad R 2.2 C Am M S 2.3 Cbb M S 2.4 Vzu M L 2.5 Guy M S Tb 3.20 Cu f b u C d Su Am R = Ry Oud; S = Ry Sf; L = Ly Imp [73][72] B Vu 33 T BSP fd d p f, m f: 1) d ppuy; 2) py/u fby; d 3) um uy. Hw, m dd by pm y d f, qu f ump y ddd by d. 77

96 Fu 3.5 Mp f b u f L Am d Cbb 35 R Hb U C d Su Am (f); B u f RHU (R) [73][72] T pm w u um bdy u z f, w Tb Bdy Vu Cy Cz F Gby ud 4 Ry ud 3 Ry f 2 Ly mp 1 Tb 3.21 Ld u - Bdy z f Cz - Auu pduy T Fd d Auu Oz (FAO) f Ud N d p md f p uu pdu ud wd. T pm, d Gb A-E Z Sym (AEZ) p p d f d w u f 0.5 d d f f: S yp E T p Cm T p pm mbd w md f p yd u uby dx f u p mb d f mm [74]. T pm w ppy uby dx f mx f p ud -fd (-d) d. T uby dx pduy u d fm T p d p dx 78

97 zd d uby w xmp Fu 3.6. T pm w u mdd u f uby z f f uu pduy w Tb Fu 3.6 FAO uu pduy uby dx Su Am FAO Gb AEZ p d f uby f -fd p xud f ym [74][73] Suby Idx Cy Vy 92.5 H 77.5 Gd 62.5 Mdum 47.5 Md 32.5 M 15 Cz F Vy m 2.5 N ub 0 Tb 3.22 Ld u Auu pduy z f W dp Dp f d W b umd y du pdu f y, bu py f pdu u m pp, u p pb f. A, bud u f fw upp um f. W wdw fm udw quf u f quf b, u f fw u. Addy, w dd fm uf w wd pd mp w b b f u. T k f fw d d ppu d umb f pj d fw d. Addy, bu m f dk w u m ud dm ump f 79

98 bd w mpd fm w. Tf, w dp b m, d u ud b md w fw u pfu. Cz T pm d f w dp, y d w ud u dpd. T z f w Tb 3.23 b dpd df pp f w ud dd dpd. W wdw fm: W ud : Cz F (F f w dpd) Gudw Ay 1 Suf w (Lk, ) O (dd) Mxd (ud d uf) Sm wd 0 Dff wd 1 Amp (pd) 1 Ay (xp mp) -1 Amp (pd) 0 Sm wd R f uf : Dff wd 1 Amp (pd) 1 Ukw Ukw 0.32 Tb 3.23 W dp z f I d ppp z f, f y dfy w u d d yp. F pdu p, b dmd fm fm d bu mufu. Hw, f u p, u w dpd w dpd f u. F pdu dd f Ud S, z f b md 0.32, w f f udw u w u, pd Tb Nmz Wdw f fw U.S. md by USGS y f y. T ummy f y m w Tb T u mz f, pm um w dp U.S. qu udw wdw. I fuu, m u m f u w dp ud b md by d p f uf w wdw u dp, py d um f w ud f. Gud w wdw (m 3 ) Suf w wdw (m 3 ) Pub Suppy E E+10 Dm E E+07 Idu E E+10 I E E+11 T E E+11 Tb 3.24 USGS m f fw wdw U.S [75][74] Bd wdw f udw w U.S. y 2000, Nmz F W Dp,US m udw 365dy 281, 421, 906 p m (p dy) 80

99 3.4. LIMITATIONS OF LCA W LCA ud mk bw, m f LCA ud b dd d, f pb, mpd f by u f dd fm. ISO dfd m f LCA [35]: C d ump md my b ubj (.. ym bud, d u, d mp ). Md my b b f pp p mp. LCA ud f b d u my b ppp f pp. T uy f LCA ud dpd by f d, d d quy. T k f p d mp d ud f mp m du uy u. 81

100

101 4. DATA PUBLICATION Mk u puby b ufu m u f m d. T f u f umb f pdu, pm ud y qu du f fm my mp w pd. T u ud b pubd f md d d fm ffy ummz pdu pf umb f pp. Cy, m, f pp mp dff fm f um d pm dm. I f y pm p f d pub d d f p d SELECTING INFORMATION TO PUBLISH I mp mkp, pdu w d d d f p d m ud mufu pdu. Amp f mdy du f fm u u fquy d by duy up m u qum y, f d w [76] [77]. N-duy b pd u u d fm my b du k f mk bf d by fm bu -m ff f, py bu fm d b pzd m y p fm wdd, py w p u mpd by uy d [78]. O d mpy fm bu pdu b ky f mp, dmd by m x u bu bu w mp d u f w uy d fy u [79]. Tf, mp pm pd f fm ufu f um wu du pp f pdu. Addy, d qum f pdu ud ubj m udu by k. I p, f mpy d bu u k by xpy m mp f, pm w w d ubm f LCI pm dm y pb f m f y d. Ky Rmmd: Pm pp w b p f ubm LCI d dy pm dm f u f y d f m mp. Pdu w b u LCI d w pm dm m, f u fm w b kp fd. T f y w y f dff mp d pdu, bu xpd b f pu mp dpd up ppy fmu (., pd fd, p pdu, ). Tf, du bm f pdu y u, w b f umb f LCI m b wd fm pm dm, b pd w m mp ud by pp. Ky Rmmd: T Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) umb f LCI m b wd fm ubm dm f pu pdu y, b pd w y d u ud by pp. T f pdu fm u, w b ddd ) d kp fd, d b) d md puby b. 83

102 4.1.1 D Pub P f T Pm Pdu fm b kp fd 4) G pdu fm A b f f y m p, pp mu m fm w ud b ummzd fw w p f f y, d mp uu dm fm w udd py uu f pdu. T fw ud ud fw f m d u f p, d pfy w LCA w u d pdu-pf d f m d p. T fw w fm b f LCI d. O dd fm, u dp f m fu f pdu, my b pd f y fy LCA u d xp d f pdu. T dd uu f pdu my y mpx, d/ b dd fd by pp. Tf, mp uu dm b mpf f dd uu pd u fm w pm dm fy LCI d Pdu + + Pdu Cmp Dm Fu 4.1 F. N L (mk w "O") Fu Exmp f uu dm f pp Qy (p F Pdu) U Nm Ay/P Nm 3 O Pk-P Wp 1 4 O R Ay 4 2 O Tu Pp 4 1 O R 4 Suu b 84

103 4 R Pk Wp & S R x4 Wd Pp LDPE Pk P Lb & Cu Pp Pp Pdu Tub Amb Tub LDPE S Fm S Ik Ik Pd. ***** ***** ****** ****** ****** ****** Fu 4.2 Exmp f fw f pp 5) Lf y y (LCI) T Lf y y (LCI) f u f m d u u m f y d by pp b f LCA p. A md, LCI b ubmd y pm dm, ubmd w m pd by md m mp p PCR pp d. T ubmd LCI b kp fd by pm dm, d b md b pub, pp mp, y py. Im Nm Ipu Typ Vu/ U Suf 4 AS T S 2.4 p, qud Rudup U Mx T S 1.1 p, qud Du Sufu T S 30 pud UN 32 Appd T W 50 pud N Rmd w H T W -2.1 pud W W Ipu 36 Gbb Ad (PGbb) T S 9 m E T S 1 p, qud Ld Ld Ipu Tb 4.1 Exmp f fd d - LCI d 6) T bu f ddu u u d m m d u f m mp y Sfw pdd by pm dm w u m mp f u pu d m m py bd LCI d d by pp. Bd u, pp m dfy m p wud mp pdu m pfm. T pp m qu pm dm w u mmd u. A md, d u my b ud by pp, by pm dm f qud. I b, u f ddu u u d m m w b kp fd by pm dm. 85

104 Im Nm Vu U Gb Wm m CO2 qu Eup m NO3- qu Exy Fm A Em Cmd W Vum ub m W*dy Cmd S Vum ub m S*dy Suf 4 AS 2.4 p, qud Rudup U Mx 1.1 p, qud Abud 12 fud u M Sp 11 pud Du Sufu 30 pud UN 32 Appd 50 pud N D N D N Rmd w H pud N D N D Gbb Ad Tb 4.2 Exmp f fd d - mp f ddu LCI m Pdu fm b md puby b 7) T u f mp y m f mdp d u T m mp f pdu md b um f m mp f ddu u u d m m. T ummd u w b md puby b um u pd py f f y f pdu. Pdu Tp U Dp T U Gb Wm Ad R Eup Pm Sm C Oz Dp E E E-05 Hum Txy Fy T A Cmpm Fy T W Cmpm Fy T S Cmpm E E E E Tb 4.3 Exmp d b pubd T y d u T u f d, f y f y, m f md-p d u m CO2 qu m SO2 qu m NO3- qu m C2H4 qu m CFC11 qu ub m A*dy ub m W*dy ub m S*dy 8) T y d u f f y f mz ddu dy mp U mz f dmd by pm dm, pp, pm dm w u mzd d u f f y, y m mp y. T mzd u w b md puby b um u pd py f f y f pdu. 86

105 Pdu Tp U Dp T Gb Wm 0.01% 0.04% 0.0% 0.0% 0.05% Ad R 0.02% 0.04% 0.0% 0.0% 0.06% Eup 3.09% 0.02% 0.0% 0.0% 3.11% Pm Sm C 0.00% 0.00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.00% Oz Dp 0.00% 0.00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.01% Hum Txy 0.15% 0.00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.15% Fy T A Cmpm 0.14% 0.00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.14% Fy T W Cmpm 0.00% 0.00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.00% Fy T S Cmpm 0.30% 0.00% 0.0% 0.0% 0.30% Fu 4.3 Exmp d b pubd Nmzd y d T u f d, f y f y, f mz ddu dy mp 9) T mzd y d u f f y Fy, m mp f pdu ud by mp y um f f y mp f y. T u w b md puby b p u f y, d m mpfd f pdu fm. Fu f d b xpy fbdd (., d mb u f.) Ky Rmmd: App b fbdd pub y pdu d mpf () LCA u fu mzd u f mp y. Smy, u f pdu d ud b ud bu dy f p. 10) Op fm App my w ud fm m d w y k um w fd pp, u m f m f by z ppd by pm dm. T m d ud fxby w u fm b fd by dm. Hw, fm b fd, y f pm, dy pd by mmum d qum w b udd. F xmp, fm bu f fm F Swdp Cu (FSC) USDA O b ud b pd y d u f d-mm p w udd m d. Hw, m d -f b p wud b wb dd fm, fy mp dd bf byd fm f xy, um xy, d u dp dy d m d. W Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) dpd, df f wb dd fm ud b udd, u f w ud m f z b fd. 87

106 Ky Rmmd: Add fm my b udd m d y f w pm, fb, d mpy ud f mmum d qum. T Pdu Cy Ru (PCR) ud dp f wb dd fm f y. If pp w pd dd, pm my w f fd, d w pm. App my w p LCI d b ud by mp uppy mm, d u y d u m. F xmp, y my w dm pdu mp w Eup U R f Hzdu Sub D (RHS) [17], w u f m d qupm. A pmy f pm mk m mp f pdu b um wy y udd. T, y pub mzd f y y fm m 4), 5), d 6) b, py xp fm m fdy f pp. T pm w d fm fm m 7), 8), 9), d 10) mmum fm qum w m ufu f m d, wu xp y ppy fm pp m w kp fd. T mp ppy f pm ud b m w fm p ud by pm dm, d b pp d pm dm w b bud f muuy pb fdy m D pub p f pm D f du f LCA fm d f pm. Swd EPD d dm dd f m d fm bu f pm fxby. Cmp by w fm pubzd y fd by f d mpy w PCR. Ty y d pdu fm (z, w,.) d fm f u pu d m, d y m bu f pdu y w w. K EDP pubz pdu fm (z, w. ) d x m d (Ru dp, Gb wm, Oz dp, Adf, Eup, Pm z ). I x pm, LCA u p ubmd dm, bu y dd d ud y f f f pubzd m d bkud d f LCA. Ef d m fm f x pm. T ummzd m d w m d y Gb wm, Adf d Ey ump. Hw, Ef p y dd pdu m bu. I d dd pdu fm (m mp p), LCI d f mj m/y pu d m (ppxmy 50 m), pdu fm (.. y ump fy), dd d f f y (p, u, y/dp ). T f du y pd by Jp mp, bu dubfu puby b pd by Am mp bu my b fdy. T puby f pj pm y m K EDP Ef pubz m mp m d bu d d dd LCI fm d pf d. I d dp y fxb fm k Swd EPD bu u k f y bw pdu. [22] [23] [24] [21] 88

107 Submd dum f by dm C f Typ III m d (pubd fm) Tb 4.4 Ef K EDP Swd EPD LCA u p LCA u p LCA u p Df f Typ III m d Em mp ( 3 mdp d), LCI d f f y (u/y pu d m) Df f Typ III m d Em mp ( 6 d) D pub p f x Typ III pm Df f Typ III m d Aby ( fm ddzd), bu y: Em mp (u d) M, Ru pu, Em 4.2. GRAPHICAL DATA PRESENTATION A mp f pm y pdu fm um y udd wy. Au dd fm d du f y m p, u f fdy d uby qu um b pdd y d b y d. A y f b p d um d p w dd f pm. T d pw d bd d bw. T d fm w dpd f pm bd up m mmy ud pd p ( fd d p ) d uppmd w pd um u. I fm, u f m d pd ddu wd, w f b pp y m mp d xd fm f dy uwd d f, uk CRT dpy f d. T b w ud w fm. T pm dfd qum f d p d p d b: 1) Ey d T d ud w um y udd m mp f pdu, d mp m mp bw pdu. E f d fm, p fm w mpd ufu um f y uw d. 2) Cmp T fm ud b mp u b dpyd dy pk f m yp f um pdu. T d f w f qum, mp z b dud byd p w f m mp d y fm b y d. 3) Expy db m mp T uy x Typ III m d pm d pd y wy f pp pdu dpy qu u dy pdu pk. Id, y pd pd d pdu b fd by dpy, d m fm b pm dm wb. T ppd pm w pp pdu m fxby dd w, f y, fm pd pdu pk, pd m md f um mk mp f m fm w m pu d md. 89

108 4.2.1 Dp f d p A xmp f p fm ud by pm p pdu m d w Fu 4.4. I xmp, w, wd-pd m dd d pp y m mp. T m p Am ddu T Dy Cump Imp (TDCI) (S Cp 3) f y, dd by 100% b um d. T d dd xd dy d qu f dd. I p y p f TDCI f pdu. T qu p fm my f w 2 A d fm wd f, w 2 A umb _ f _ wd T um u f m mp pd ud umf f wd d w p f TDCI, udd 0.1%. T y m w ud pm f p, mmdy ud f um u. T mp y m upd m mp up; Pp, Nu, d Ru Dp. Bu f mup ff b um d u m, mp f Gb Wm d Ld U pd p f p d bw Pp d Nu up. Iu b pdd w wd f m pd udd f d m. F, k f w pu dy y d f b wm w m m mk p m uy d pby mp um df w pm. T u m p um uy udd m f d u y my kw x df. Fu 4.4 T ppd pm m d 90

109 4.2.2 Pp f dd p f m mp T ff p p f um u mpy m f. T um b p u fm mpx wy, d u kw bu py p, pd d f m u u w-bd pm, d ubj f f. T bu d f u b b uy dff bw w fu, p mu b dd d u u. F xmp, Tuf (1983) qud u f 2-dm p p -d m u b u fp p d y u d m.t d fp p bqu f d x p m yby pw w,w f f b fud b : pd _ pd _ u _ w x = 0.8 +/- 0.3 (Tuf 1983). x T m d ym d b u mp p y f m pmy by f dd. I f, u y f u u p, d y y fm, y fm bu d u. Cd d MG [80] d f d m yp p u k b u d p p f m.t w Fu Fu 4.5 [80] T my ppu k Cd d MG kd my ppu k bd by f pp u y d f yd f f b w m.t u d p p b y u y du dff ppu k. Fm m u, my ppu k : 1) P mm 91

110 2) P d 3) L, d, 4) A 5) Vum, uu 6) Sd, u F mp b w m mp, p m d f m mpy my my k f: P mm (., w dd xd d ) d A (., w z f dd mp w udd ). Hw, pm m pd fm w mp bw pdu w f m mp. Ad f m d b pd dy pdu pk, pdu z w qu dff b z, u p ud u f y fc d dm G m yp p u k x pf y ff u d d k. (N: I dd p ppu uy, d d u ud b b ud du d bu f dffuy d f uy p. U f m by f -bd u.) Tf, w mp f p f dff z, d p w dpd pp f dd udd pd m u u. Au b ff md f p mp, m w pp mp b dd by uqu p z d m dff d [81]. Tf, d p ud by pm w ud pd um u dd p p U f d x T f mp bw pdu, db p d mm x f pdu. I f pm, wud qu TDCI d x m f u. (F xmp, 0% 100% w fu) Hw, p m d f f u yw mp du w y mp mp d d du (., f mpu) w pdu w y m mp (., p dy b). Tf, p u mm wud qu wd fm 0% 10,000% m f dub d. T wud u m mp p p f m fquy umd m b dud z, d md y dub fm m d mdum-mp m.( ) T d, pm dm w df ppp f u PCR u f pdu y w b pd u m f u. Ky Rmmd: T PCR df f TDCI u b pd d p d pb f m mp u f pdu y. N: T u f m wud w du bw m mp f m u. Hw, pm w dp u f m bu x mp f m mp, d mmz mp f mp. Aw u uy u,, umu m mp f u fu f pm. 92

111 4.2.4 L m f d f m Au d fm pd y mp d u md f y fm py, fw dd. T pmy dd, bu u u uy u, fm mp f qu mp. A dud f y mp m, f wd, pb d dff u d bf d by ddu u. T mp f m, pm w w u w wbbd fm umz d p pf w f mp pd d p, d f D f p f d pd f m I dd d p, w f m w d d : b p d um b. T f d p fm w md d bu dbd b, p, d u f um uy dud pfy u fm udd by pm. T u f um uy ummzd, w dd u d md d Appdx A. B T b p mup -dm u muuy mm x. T fm fm um, d w u mp w p bu mpy w Cd d MG dfd m ff f my k: p mm x. Lk d p, mp f f dff z u dffuy u, f pp mp qu mpyd (., pp f b x ). T dfy b ff w dd f pd um u. Uk d p, yu f b fm d y mmd uppm u. T b fm b ud puy U.S. p Typ III m d f um p d u. I y 1990,S f Cf Sym (SCS) du d m d p m dp d E m R p C d pdu pk fm f b p f LCI d. Bu d w mzd y f d, LCI u f w pdu w w pk: p du d p du. Hw, p f m u db yscswu d yb pb f pdu b f p pk. (A dd wk f SCS Rp Cd b w f u b pd dff LCI u, y w pd m, -x p, u mp f f u LCI.) 93

112 Fu 4.6 Exmp f B fm Num Tb T um b fm u y um u p m mp u. F pm, um b m dpy u muuy f d y; p du b u m mp, d du mp ( TDCI ), d p du mp p f TDCI. Lk b, fm d w f u f uppm u. T p u fm pkd fd, u f um b fm uy qud U.S., d Am um dy qu fm w. Bu um d m wm, my b bf dd m p d m ummy ud by Cum U Cum Rp mz pdu mp [82]. T ummy ud b ud xp m mp ; fm fuy dd f w m mp w py d f w w m mp. 94

113 Fu 4.7 Exmp f Num b fm Cum uy mp d p fm W mb f u mpd, w pm (., A + B p, w C + D p), xpm by Sp d Lwdwky (1991) [83] fud uy f d p, f w m b y ddd, xd uy f b, d f xdd uy f um b. Au d p ud by pm y u p, m uu wd b m y upd w mup b mpd m y m pdu. A uy w dud mp p d p fm. Bd uy u d bkud fm pd b, d fm w d m ppp f u by pm. T uy w 100 um -. Pp w kd mk pw mp f w f pdu f f pb b fm. T m m mp d f w pdu w ud y f fm. Fum, m pfm f pdu w umbuuy up pdu, w d m m mp mp y. T u f uy pd y Appdx A, d ummzd. W kd dfy w f w pdu d w m mp, uy pp w y b y dfy pdu d f p fm. 92% f pd y dfd b pdu u d fm, w b d um b fm ydd 89% p. Suy pp w kd w fm y f w udd. T p f pd w d p u d d w m m f b (36% f d d 37% b ). Hw, p f w d p m d f f u w f b ( 33 %f d d 18% f b ). T um b fm w y uppu, w y 16% f uy p p f y ud d d43 % m d f f u u d d. O pb xp f wy m um k d p m dffu 95

114 udd b my b y umd yp f fm. I f, m u y p d wd d d p d, f f u qu, w udd y kw w d. T uy u y upp d dud um b fm ub f pp. T uy dd pd y d upp u f d p b fm. Hw, d, u m mmum z dud, d f d p.34 Cum uy my T um uy ud p p fm d qu bu w yp f m d ud b pd, d w my m pppy db m mp. T dd uy u f uy pd Appdx A. R d y pf m d bp d, u y pd p f d um m f m mp b d f u m d, u G b Wm P Hum Tx yp, m f u u d m m u Cb Dxd d (k f CO2) Wd Ud (k f wd). I wd, u f mdp d w pfd u f d LCI d. Addy, pd pfd fm b pd p d mbd ummy d. Spfy, u f Gb Wm, Oz Dp, Pm Sm, d Tx Cm w pf b u f y, u Hum H, umm z d.t u w p m f y m m d y, d u f mdp d. Suy pp w kd w kd f f fm y wud fd m ufu d u d mp p d u m mp. H f f p d w d mp d m f p du m y wu db m pfu p m mp. Hw, pm w dp d p m db u f u y dw d f y p du mp, d p m f pd fm bu bu m mp f pdu. Tf, p j w mp y pd d f d m z, w mp d m u f m d du Am d y ump. Fy, uy kd pd dfy my b uy db m mp d y ud d.f x mp, G b W m, C m C d G u Ef f d b mp m,bup p udd f wd my b dff. F m d ud by pm, f my : Gb Wm, Ld U, Ad R, Eup, Exy, N-Rwb Ru Dp, W Ru Dp, Cm Pu, Sm C, Oz Dp T f f d p b mpd fm uy. I dd p fw f f mp y m, m mp f d w dy pp f dd wd df d d p,w d d d p d d f d p f m f. 35 R p d u yp f d m W P u Eu p, b uwd d d m W P u u d f u u b u fp b pw d u E x y.t m Hum Tx y y pfd by f y m p, bu u yp p p d d, Iwu d b uyp du w yum x y( mp ).I w d d d m C m P u d p p u um pdu y x pu. 96

115 4.3. USE OF PRINT AND INTERNET MEDIA T pm w u y f m pd fm u. Tf, u f m b d b y d dw d u p m m d y pp pd pdu b pmy m f mmu. W pd pdu b md w b mpyd, xpd d d w ff ppu quky pd ufu f m b u m z d u d d u d Pd md d -pdu b W mp pdu -, pd md ky m m u f fm f um d d mmdy f fm pdd by fm. Hw, ufu f pd md f m d mpd by b, ud: T pd m y fm. T d bw pd d w f pdu mp. U-pf d, u f pu, b y udd. Sm pm pp my p qu u dy pdu pk. S, pd fm d wy wd f pm, d mb w wb-bd md, ud b mpyd x pb. Tw yp f pd md dd py : -f d -pdu b. T d f w fm w b pd f, dy pdu, b w dpd pp pdu d. O-f Pd fm b w dy m pdu (p) pdu wu pk (b). E m pdu, u f d mpu, f dpyd wu pk. I, pd fm y b dpyd pd pdu. T z f my y dpd yp f pdu d pf, bu 13 x 18 m (5 x 7 ) d z wud b y pb. T pdu m mu b pmy w um w fm f. T d f -f y z b y d wu m d d xp. Hw, f um w mp pdu mmdy dj, y w d mmb fm fm y w k p d u.a, f p k d y f pm, um w b ky mmb p m m, URL d d, f y u m. O-pdu Lb A d, m b y b u d d b p m m d, xp w f pd -pdu b. U d fm mmum b z 25mm x 40 mm (1.0 x 1.6 ). T fm w d py bu u yu, d u f u uppm x w f m b ( Tb 4.5). 97

116 Rd A C B Gp Num Tb Tb 4.5 Mdum Sm Mdum Sm Mdum Sm Sz 50 x 70 mm (2.0" x 2.8") 25 x 40 mm (1.0" x 1.6") 70 x 50 mm (2.8" x 2.0") Impb (x m) 70 x 50 mm (2.8" x 2.0") Impb (x m) O P P Iu Y Y Tx 6 p 3 p Ldp N 6 p Ldp N 6 p Dm f mdum d m fm -pdu b T pm w qu pp pdu p y fm pdu pk. Hw, pp w b ud pubz f pdu ud f y m by dpd py. Idy, w b fm f d dpyd -pdu b. Hw, m pp my w d f pdu b ubj f y m, bu d w w u p du p k.t m b w p du m mp pdu. Pp mp f w b dpy w y p m dm URL w b dd dp du d f umb p d u pk um m d d u. Ky Rmmd: W dpy f m d d dy pdu w b ud, pp pdu fxby dpy -y b, b Wb-bd Md T mmu f y Typ III m d pm bu pd p f p m pub z dd, d b u m y w d pd b. U pm dm w b,um mp m mp f pdu y d, m bu md ud u m mp, d p db w m k mp f ump y. 98

117 T p m w bpub m d Fu 4.8 M p f ppd p m w b T p m w b m pu p ;1) p m mp d f mp bw pdu, 2) pd d u p db f ump y, d 3) pd fm bu pm pp d md, d 4) pd fm f p pm pp mp bu w y ubm pdu f u pm. Em mp d f pdu mp E w m mp d dpyd -pdu b, um my m dffuy mk pdu mp f xpd. By u pdu wb, u mk d-by-d mp f pdu u d p fm, um bu d fm. U um b, pb pd y d u wy: By f y Bf mz (mdp d). U p dw df (. pdff m )f p du umm y f y m u. Pzd db f ddu u O f bf f wb-bd d pub ym fxby pd f u w d.tp m w b u pp d / w db w d u fm y d du pu. Su d fm ud p pf bu wy u w dpy pdu d, f p pu f d pdu. T my p u f pp-bd wb, y fw ud d f u by pm dud. 99

118 Pzd d p fm T d p p fm my b ub f u. F xmp, m dd u, w m bkud f y m, my w d umy pd bu fm f mdp d y m y wb. T b mpd by w u pf p. T d p f b mdfd u ddu u. A dud, f m f p fm mp mp f qu mp. By w u m mp m, umzd d p b pd w y mb f. I wud b pb w u p u p mp f y. T u ud b ud umz d p by d udd f u d d dw d.tu u d u y u m mp f pdu by d dd. Pzd p p mp u A dud f y m md, bu pm pp d kw f d f y pdu, ump f pu mu b md w u p mp. Hw, d u d kw pu, d f m d u pd u wb f u p. T b mpd by w u zp d p pf. T wb pp wud mpy zp d-bd d u w u wud b ud p fmu f mp y. Pzd u p mp u E m mp u p fp du f y bd p d up d u d w p d u u d.f x mp,b d p m u m d, u f d f w dp w b dff f u w w w dw fm udud quf f m w w w dw fm -fd. U w kw u f m w uppy d p wb pp w umy u m d bd fm. T wb w w u md f yf w f p m d d ump f u u p mp d pd m ufu fm f pdu mp. A dud, w d d w m dp u db ud d p du f y m, pdu budy dw p w pdu pdu ym. T my f dd u p bud, p mup pdu w. F xmp, pdu bud f udy d m b dw ud w ud w. T m pdu budy f udy m wud ud w u p f m pdu ym d. A um pp f udy m, w, m w ud u p w dp m d f w m. Au wud b pb f pd b (bu pdu fu u by pd pdu duby), by w wb u x b f mp, (.. y yp u, 500 m d,. ) m d b umzd p u m m ufu u. 100

119 Pzd dp p mp u T wb w u p w umz dp p mp m y f ddu. Nmy, dp p mp w b ud u d, u pp f w dfd, d, yd pu. Cum w w p dp d f pdu w b b w m d m uy f p d. T fm m b ufu um w wud k kw ff f y ff ump. A m mp f pdu ump O f uqu p f pm mp, pm, pd um w f m bup du m mp b u m.t, mb dw p f mmz dub-u f mp u fm p f dff pdu, w bd d mk pb f um pdu u y ud m m mp f ump. T fu f pm md pb y by pp f wb-bd db y. Hw, b mu b ddd bf fu ufu f um. S pp m b pd : Ob 1 - Imp pdu : Du f pm, my y b f w u d d dp du, d um pu m y y udf wf.e pm ppuy, d pdu w ky xd m f f w ddu um. T mp f, wb w w u xp mp f ump f d pdu m mp f pu. Su xp m b md u m -bd djum f pu. F xmp, f d pdu ud f $40 f $400 pu, d pdu m b mupd by f f 10 m m mp. Of u u y pd y u m f mp, d w b pd w uy f. T uy f w d pp f d pdu umd d, u pd m dd f u d pdu. Ob 2 Dffuy f u pu pu d: E f d w md b f y pdu, wud b uby m um f um pu d wb db muy. By ppy -bd, m b. Exmp A: R my w pm p f y b by pd fm, y w b wdd by d um yy. T p w b kd dd m d d y k ym w um pp, y f m mp b pd m (., p d p, b w b ).T um pu f m p b pu m u y p m w b u p d p, pu by dwd pu d fm wb p. 101

120 Exmp B: Nw b dd d u -p dpda b um w pdu fm p f pu. ( w ) By umy pm wb p, u dd m pud pdu db w w pdu d. T u f 2-d m b d d b by d dd bu - d m y mpfy k f d pu. K yr mm d : A p m w b u d w u d fm pu, d pd m m mp f ump. A m mp f pdu ump w A u m mp f d du du p ump d u f pdu,, u p p d m y u, mk f bu. By pd m mp dmy dff, pm w w u pz ff du m mp d ff f u p. Exmp: Sm my u um U.S. my b w pd m pdu bd y f pdu pk, u yby, f y y b m fu f pdu. O d, m um my dd py x f y m ff. F um w w pd mu f my m mp m pfm, mp bw dff w w m dbu md u m ffy. F k, p m w bp w b u pu f m b u, u m d, pud f p, d y d w u d fm m uy b. T wb-bd pp w u m mp bd fm. I ky y m p f wb w k d f fu. Hw, u w uw k m pu w d m bf fm w y mp umm f u w d pu p d d w. T qu f fm fm pdu m d w f m u p, d dub-u f m mp. T ud u, f xmp, w dd mp f m y d w u pdu ump mp ud u f udy m. T d dub u w u m mp f m d du f, y dw ump mp du u p f um pdu w b xudd. G pm fm T p d p fm d m d y mpfd u f mpd f y m p. Bu d f u d pp pdu m f u p m y, mp m du d u m mp y xp d.t p m w b p d df um pub fm bu f quy f fm b md u dwdb p, d w w u u - xp f mdy w d x d u f mp x y.tp m w b w p fm mp d pdu. P pp f uu d qum f pdu, d ubm qu f m fm. 102

121 W d f wb-bd fm, m z, ddu, d pub mp d f w f d du p m pbm by pd wb w u m mpf d du. T p xmp fm fw f wb dm p u m mp u p pm p um udd m mp ud by pu. Exmp f x wb-bd mp u T E Fp Quz ( ) S p f E F p w du dbym W k 19 96, p f m mp f um umu d bd u d ppuy d w mpyd by y pd z k Wd Wdf Fud (WWF). Spfy, fp p d d w um ppu qu pdu u um d bb w ud p y. Au Wk mk m f pby f ppy p um pdu fm f b, fp ypy ud mp m mp f ppu u uy,, f dpd [83]. WWF pub fp m f umb f p E qud uby upp wd ppu u L P p [84]. E F p Qu z ( wb-bd m u md by w pf z; E Dy Nwk d Rdf P. V wb kd uy f d, f y w m m, d pd 16 mup qu bu fd, u, p, d ump b. T u pd m f bu d f fu : fd, mby,, d d/. T fp pd m f umb f p qud f umkd dpd m fy pd. F pd w w w du fp, wb pd p w f fd, mby, d u, y dju pf u f fp u. Fu 4.9 Wb f E Fp Quz Wb u p u p E fp m f umb f p (f), d fp f w djum f u f (). 103

122 TCd m OT C ( ) T O-T C p d by Cd fd m ff p m u (GHG) du by Ky P by u Cd z du u u m by m. Ad w b ( 2 006), C d p p u GHG m m 5m, f.t C d u y, w b k 21 mup d um u qu (m w ub qu) u m f GHG m. T u bk dw 9 p fm (p, &, w,, pp, d, ud w, d ) d m pd b fm w w d p/ f f. Lk E Fp Quz, O-T C u u u ff f pf y ffy du. By p u fu w db, p p d d d u p dd p f mmd, dpy mm-k p w f muy, k p wd m du. Fu 4.10 W b f C d O T C T u GHG m fm ddu (f), d ff f pf (). Cy f Tmp, Fd W Dpm W U Cu (p:// I ff du d f Tmp, Fd bu m pb f ddu w u, y pd wb-bd u m w u. T wb-bd u k 18 um p qu w pd x (bm,, fu, w d, udy, d w w & u). T u pd f f x m f umb f ud p p p dy 104

123 ud. T ud w ump p dy, p m, d p y ud d pd w Tmp ud u f f. Uk u dud b, p pdd f u du. Hw, p w w u du d pdd, d um d pu y udd, dd xp qud. Fu 4.11 Wb f Cy f Tmp w u u T u k f um p qu ( f ).T u mp d y ud (). Hybd V U Fu Effy Db ( Au ybd (mbd f fu d pw) b ppuy d ud f p fu, y b ubj m m f f pd fu ffy dd by mufu. T GHybd wb, d R Hybd M Db w d by J S, ddu mp w f ybd d pm p fu. A uqu fu f w f ybd w, d pu m d fu umd d b.afm 20 06, 1600 u d ubmd fm f 14 dff md. T wb pp umy u fu ffy pd f md, d p u f 14 md b f mp. T d f md pd by md um b fm, w u f md, m, f mdd 50% u, dd d, dd, d umb f mp. T md pd k p w d f md y p. O p, d d u u d p d m py w dbu f fu ffy f md, d um b f fu ffy dd fm m ff. By k u f d u, R Hybd M Db du m f mp m u u u pp db, d d b ff mp 105

124 p w k. T db ufu f um w d y w ybd, ybd w w d w k m pu w d, bu pd qu fm b w. Fu 4.12 Wb f ybd.m - U fu ffy db O Wb-Bd Cu Au xy m mp u, m wb pd um fm bu p ff f pf pdu. A xmp p du p dby E m W k G up( EWG),w d b f du y w d z. U d f m U. S.D p m fa u u (USDA) d Cf Dpm f Fd d Auu f m du fu d b, wb u dmy fm ud f b mu uy m f pdu. Ru pd m f umb f pd fud dm, m m, d kw ff. ( ) 106

125 Fu 4.13 EWG pdu xy fm wb Sk d p u d fp pdu (p), P du p d fm bu pd du f b (bm f), d Tu m u y u p umb f f u b fy umd (bm ) A fm EWG Sk D p -b db f p pdu. ( Bd pd d fm f m 13,000 d, d u zd bd ym f d, pdu, d d f y f m 0 5w m d w, md, f f pdu yp. V wb f pdu by m d pd w fy d puby b f d f pdu. Ay, by pdu yp, w u pd f bd m w kd by fy f pdu y. 107

126 Fy, EWG ff Tu m u y u d d p d m u d d bu muy umu pdy f, u u, u f pu fm -bu pw p. ( T wb k u pu bdy w, d d. T, bd d fm US Fd d Du Adm (FDA) f mufm u y d u, d FDA mmdd f d f muy, wb u m f b u d u b fy umd. T u pd py m w umb f f u pd m. A f EWG u pd m f y bd puby b d, d d y p f. T pb bu u y d x ff f ump, m mp f pdu p, d f b md u d d pdu d. Wu p f pdu, EWG u b wd f p du,b u u b p m mp mp y p m m d FUTURE TECHNOLOGY T d p md ppd f pm md ufu p bu f m f md by w y pd. Pd b d -f md by b p d u f pby, w p m d b m dby um dy p mpu. Tf, uy pf md w w um y w d f d pdu m y mk pu d. Hw, w fm (IT) bm b, p m m d bm dm b, dm u f u.i y 1990,b f w w d y b, y m d fp m d d w pd b pdu pk. Fu u p m f d du ump mp, u m z f u dp fm, wud b mpb. A m, wud b dffu pd mdu mp wud fm by, d p f m d b pd p mpu pd b. Smy, fuu d y b xpd dm y mp f f f p m d pub. Au w pd fuu w pf uy, ufu d w pm w k fu d f fuu y I by dd d A w umb f pp U.S. uy p w pb f. I 2005, f 194 m w ubb U.S. [85], 48% mumd. Ad p f -pb p pdy; up 11% fm 2004[86]. Ad d, b umd m pp fuu w b b p. T p d (PDA) dd d,bu fpda d u f p pu yfmu m d p d duy b pdd p w u wd dm p m -pb dd d. [4 Gy, A]. U p, um pm wbp w dd LCA u y pu pdu. T md ff mj d m mpu, bu u f dd d - d qu um w d wm m z w b URL d d d p du d f umb. A, mp m ufu w md, um mk pu qu u f m m w ddu wud my b k f pp. 108

127 T p f u p f - pdu mp : T u, d yp pm wb dd, fw k pm m p. T u mp p du p, d u pu -dw mu w m pdu f mp. (p) T u dd d pdu pud m db d u m mp. E w u f dd d, pdu mp - mw f um b u f d m z, d m qu d p f m p b, py pu wb dd d pdu df fm. T pdu m b dmy mpd w u f pdu y, dbd bw Pdu w w-dm d T dp f w dm (2D) d pd pdu b wud dmy mp f mp m d f um w u dd d pb f b.a2d d w b dd f w bp p du d wud m f muy yp dd d u f mu fd pdu. S dd fm f 2D d dy u, d bm y ppu bu f py d d dm b d.i J p, QRCd[87] y p f m,w U. S. dc d d u D M x d S m d [88] f m, p y.t d f 2D d f m f fm d b d z d, w b d d d y. A u, DMx fm up 2355 pum d QR d up 4296 w yp b d (Cd 39/Cd 128) y pum dpd [89]. Fum, 2D d b pd m bd. F xmp, QR Cd pb f d m mu f d ppxmy - p f d b d. Fu 4.14 Pu f QR d I Jp, QR Cd bm y ppu m f d -pb p w bp byu p bu - d m fu pu d p 2D d m. A umb f dm mz d wb dpy QR Cd ymb, w URL fm f wb d wd mb u. Af pu m, p fw dd ymb, d d p b w dw b p. Cuy, mp Jp u fu pd um w m dd pdu fm b fud pd dm. I d pfm fu, p mu b quppd w m d pby w fw d d. T uy b Jp, w 2005 md 83% f p pby, d 85% f m quppd w bu- m [85]. T fw b dwd f-f-. W dffu pd f mk p f y U.S. w m f Jp, pm f b m p d mumd pdy 109

128 U.S., b um fuu p f um U.S. w b b u 2D d. I dd p ufu f - pdu mp, u dd d d 2 D dw u d y mp f y m m f u d du ump d b mp d u m PC. Af pdu 2D d w m d, wb p pd p f dd pdu ump db. Bu f 2D d by mu f fm, wud b pb f mb u m d wu. Ip dd m d d d wud pd fm u m quky y w, d m b d u w d f bd m p. I wud w dd d b ud yw, f w w md. T pd fm, pm dm wud d dp fw f p p d d m pdu fm, d pd fw u. T w f u dd ddu ump db, pu d ud b d u p m wy w d, bu d wud d b d mpy p w f wb-bd db, w ud b m y wd d md Rd Fquy Idf (RFID) Rd Fquy Idf (RFID) m ud db ym m dy f bj wy, u d w. RFID w dd m d pu d d d mpu ym, u m m d p d w mu d y. A yp RFID f mp d d mud ub d mu 2 kby f d. Ifm bu pdu pm, ud d f mufu, umb, -by-d, d pp d b w. [90] [91]. T y dy mpyd by my du, d puy ufu uppy mm f pdu f. C mj b y p p du :$0. 20 $1. 00p p. Hw, mp mp RFID ym ud pdy d z d f p. T z f m p w 0.4 mm (Pu), d p md b 5. I xpd RFID y w b b pm f b d w p bm uffy w, f xmp, $0.01 p p. F m d pm, f d d wb mk RFID uquy ud f fm m y bw pdu. F xmp, p b ud dfy u f pdu m m fm, u pdu. T d f bu w, md y pb kw x d bw pdu w pdu b dfd by pdu pk UPC d. Au RFID y d m m fm, by p fm md bu RFID d b um. T y wy p m fm, w p f, pd p. Pd fm um pd p W pdu pud, umy d fm d RFID. If fw p d m fm, pd p dpy ddu d m mp f pud pdu. U Pdu Cd (UPC), d f RFID, my b ud f m p md, bu w fm. W md b ud p ummy f m mp f pu md, ufu mp m mp f dff pdu. 110

129 Ifm RFID p, m 2D d, b d dy by w mb d. If um d d fm, y w m fm, d dy dd d p db. T RFID d py b 2D d bu m pf pdu d b d. Hw, md uy pb bu u mb d f um d fm. Hw, f dmd f fu fuu, m b pd dd d u p. Fu 4.15 RFID p T m RFID p 0.4mm qu. Cmpd f (f) d () SCENARIOS OF DATA PUBLICATION T u md f p m d d dff d, d w ud mb w, um fxby fm m d ufu f m. E! Rf u fud. ummz d d dd f dff p md, d x w y upp md pd U.S. mk. Aum y b, C f Aby pd d Cum yz f: d f: P U.S. Aby ud: Cum If Pd b Pd b Hm PC Hdd d Hdd d T T D m Pdu Pu Pdu Pu mdum Cmp Summy Cmp Summy Pdu pk H Lw H Lw Sf H Lw H Lw I H H Md Md Pdu Spf D Lw Lw Md I (yp URL) I ( QR d) Hdd d QR d (mbddd d) Hdd d RFID (mbddd d) Pd p Pd p UPC d RFID Tb 4.6 Cu Fuu Aby Aby f f Ty % f Ty % f Cum Cum um w A um w A H H H H H Md H Md H H H H H H Md Md Md H Lw H H H H H H Md Md Lw H Md H H H H Lw Md Lw H Md H H H H H Lw Lw Md Md Lw Lw Md Md Lw Lw H H Lw H Md Lw Md Lw H H Md Md Vu p T ufu f p fm dpd y by f y, bu up f m f pdu d. F xmp, pd pdu b d y pb f pdu dd dpy qu u pk. I, fu dff dbd py ud u d fuu, d dff f pdu d m. T f d pub ummzd Tb

130 4.5.2 Cu Ty Cuy b ud pd d, b -pdu b, d -f, m PC d dd d (muy yp URL), d pd p UPC d. T bu dd bx Tb 4.7 d u. () Adm y If b d pdu uw pub pdu fm, um w y b b m d u p m w b. Cum w d yp dd, d muy u wb fd pdu fm m. U w b b m p ump db w b m PC d mb d. () Adm d pdu I dd (), f pdu w p m d, y w p m pdu pk d fm ud pdd by pm dm. () Adm d I dd (), f w p m d d, y p f x pdu. R wud p u m d fm pm dm d b, y ud pu p-pd dy fm dm. () B (Adm, pdu, d ) If kd w p m d, d ud b b pdu pk, -f, m PC dd d by yp URL, pd p pdu UPC d. I, pdu d wud u pm dm b md p pdu d d pdu yp. F xmp, f pdu dpyd wu pk, u b f, f b. Cum ud d p d umm yfp d u m mp mp pdu. Ty u d p m w bp u mpcmb d m d d fm. Addy, f dd m d d y k ym, wud b pb dpy m mp fm pd p f y u f pdu dfd by UPC d Fuu Ty 2D d d RIFD my bm m wdy b fuu. I, y my p UPC d. T w b mbd w uy b. T bx Tb 4.7 d fuu. () Adm y If y dm w p m d, wb y pb md. T m u y dm y. () Adm d pdu If pdu w p m d, y my u 2D d (b d mbddd d) d RFID f dd d w pdu pk b. T p b ud muuy. Pdu dpy pd b 2D d, b pdu pk. I 2D d, um d w p bu m, d dm wb p f pdu, dy d 112

131 mbddd d. If d-d d by RFID fuu, y ud d d mbddd RFID p w dd fm. () Adm d If w p m d, y my pu 2D d RFID p -f w p d p. W um p pb f 2D d,rfi D f m mw y Adm d pdu b. () B ( kd pp p) If kd w p m d, fm m b pd u y mb f pdu pk b, -f, m PC, dd d by yp URL, dd d by 2D d, dd d d mbddd d 2D d, dd d d mbddd d RFID, pd p RFID. I, pdu d p p m d d w md, b p fm f pu pdu, u yb.f xmp, um ud d ummy f m mp pdu pk -f. T, y ud 2D d RFID p u p m dd fm d mp pdu w. Addy, y ud d pu fm p db u p m PC. W y pu pdu, pd p m w ummy m fm f pud pdu. D P S Cu Cum If D pdd + D by pdd by D m Adm mdum Oy Pdu Pd b Pdu pk Pd b Sf Hm PC I I (yp Hdd d URL) I ( QR Hdd d d) Fuu + D pdd by R * O O * O O O O + D D pdd + D pdd by by pdd by R d Adm Pdu Oy Pdu UPC d Pd p RFID + D pdd by R d Pdu * * O * * O O O * O O O O O O * * * * * * QR d Hdd d (mbddd d) RFID (mbddd Hdd d d) Pd p + D pdd by R * * * * * * = P Pdu C O = Fu Pdu C Tb 4.7 S f pub dff f y Bu bx u d bx fuu. O m pdu d d * m md umb f pdu d by pp pm. 113

132

133 5. ROADMAP FOR A TYPE III PROGRAM IN THE U.S NECESSARY STEPS TO ESTABLISH A TYPE III PROGRAM IN THE U.S. Bd ppd ym d md xpd b, w pp p pm dm ud k pm. 1) Oz P me b m Cmm ddm pm md A p m p, dm P me b m Cmm, d df md f u m mp f pdu. T m mp p b f pm bu mm dm b ym f pm u y pb p f mpm f pm. T pup f mm mk bj d y u pm. T dm pp mmb f mm, w f p f um, du, d dm, d dff f p m bu pm. T dm pm p w Pm Ebm Cmm. T pm pp Pm Ebm Cmm dm ud: () LCA md T p ppd pb LCA md m mp f pdu my Cp 3. T b df md f u pm, bu ppd md b md m mp f pdu. T p u m mp. F xmp, my b dffu df w dd ym bud, w m ppp mz f f d. I d bj d LCA md fy pup f p- um, mp, xp f m pbm-, p f p ud pp pm w pm bd. LCA md y mm df. W ppd 10 d b p m f pdu. Sm f d, u b wm d dy, fmd u md fy d. Hw, ppd u md f m d, u xy d m pu, y fmd md. Tf, md, d bu LCA md py by LCA xp y. (b) Oz uu f pm T z uu f pm, u PCR w mm d Judm mm ud b dfd by Pm bm mm. A uu k Jp E f z uu z uu bu mm w ud p f Typ III m d pm. A md Cp 2, u mm ud m umb f p d u bj. () PCR Au PCR d by PCR mm, f PCR b dmd by Pm Ebm Cmm. T PCR dpd w mm k mpby m pdu. If mpby w pdu dd k Ef, PCR y ud d ud. O d, LCA md ud b fxb k Swd EPD, PCR y ud. (d) Vf ym 115

134 T m pb md f f ym. I Jp Ef, dm LCA xp f, w Swd EPD, p dpd mp uy fy u. I dd, Swd EPD d K EDP du - p w Jp Ef d uuy du - p. E ym d d dd. T dm my p du d fy LCA by f w x f. T Pm Ebm Cmm dm w f ym m pm u bjy f u w. () F F ym m pb md. M k p b df z f mp y b df b y m u f.b m k p b df d z f mp y bd f d d dd m f f. T Pm Ebm Cmm dm f ym u mp pdu d u u pm dm. 2) Oz pm mm u PCR mm d Judm mm Af Pm Ebm Cmm dm z uu f pm, dm mm mmb d z mm mpd f p. F xmp, pm mm my ud PCR mm d Judm mm (Cp 2). T mmb f mm ud k b m p- um, duy, dm. T dm py mp mmb. T PCR mm d PCR f pdu qud by kd w mp ppy f f pdu. 3) C LCA db fw I d mk LCA p d, dm LCA u db. T LCA md d z f ud db fw b bd md dmd by Pm Ebm Cmm. T dm m db d u dd d w dd d qud by pp w PCR qu d. T dm dy pd pp w db fw w f. 4) C d pub md T dm d pub md w f um udd d. T p p p d d f m b f m pubz. I dd, dm dd pub md. Cuy b md -pdu b, -f, d m PC d dd d (muy yp URL). T dm pubz m d mb f md. I fuu, pub md w ud m ub u 2D d RFID.A wb uy b md pubz dd LCA d d fu f um m mp m pf d p db pu. T dm mk u f y f wb ud fu wbp d dd ufu fm f m. 116

135 Obj p P Oz Pm Ebm Cmm LCA md Oz uu PCR Vf ym F Oz pm mm Exmp f mm: PCR mm (f f PCR) Judm mm C LCA db fw Cz f G d Pd fw w f C d pub md Fu 5.1 O-pdu b O-f Wb Nw (.. 2D d) fuu Sp Typ III m d pm 5.2. OBSTACLES AND STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS C f Typ III D I d mxmz bf f Typ III m d dbd b, m dffu f Typ III b dd b m. T b dm ud u mk m ff mp pm f d. Addy, Typ III m d pm dm wd ud p m dffu. I fuu, bf f b mu xd dffu d du ff. [22] T umb f pp Bu Typ III b pm y w p, fw pp f Typ III m d y x pm. P f p mp d y f b b m ufu d u dm ym. O f f uppuy y f pm y, f m, umb f pdu xpd. I d pm p, du f um d m kd f dm by y kd y b f pm. 117

136 Dffuy f pp mp LCI d A mufu y m d d uppy, y m wk d. F mp umd d uppy, my b b bud. Db f Typ III m d mpfy u f m mp, bu mp d du ff d mk m udd p f LCA. Dffuy f um udd m fm I d udd m mp pd Typ III m d, fk w d bu m u db d d.t p j m d mk m mp udd u bmk m d d xp f m d wb. Hw, du bkud f um bu m u mu b d y. Iz E f mpy b f f pdu uy, y u m d xp. T f b mp w xp pdu wdwd. I d pbm, x m d pm du muu f, w w m u Typ III m d u mp b f uy. If muu f b mpd, uy d d m f w m d pm d m d bw u. Db d m LCA db d b uuy updd. T b bud f dm. I dd, f muu f mpmd, pm dm ud p mk mm db d dff f d bw u bu d, u y ump, wud b dff uy. Ex m d pm du p mm db md b. Pp f f pdu Cmp w pdu w m mp w pp m d pm. I d mpby bw pdu. Bu mdy pp mpb, y mp m pp pm S f Mk P T dm ud y pm pm f ppuy pub d mp. T pb f dm d d ppuz Typ III m d pm. 1) Fm mm d mm d A b f pm, m d ud b d by pdu w um y f y buy ydy d w f um, f pm BC. A y m d, y wud m w f d bm d. F x mp, b,w m p j u d, f dd w pp pdy buy. Vb wud dff m dpd pdu w y -, f um dff f pdu w y d -. T mmd w um pdy buy d d d.f x mp, umb f um p f b u y pp d, f xmp, pdu f S G. Cum wud b 118

137 mfb buy pdu kw w y. 2) Fm um um G um, u um f W Fd, w d m mp f pdu d jy d m d w um, u um f Wm K, wud y b uw f m. Tf, b f pm, ud um, d f ppuy um, y k d w w. G dd u pdu, mk m m d d u mk y mp m. Tu, upp by wud b ky u f pm. A m pdu m d, mp wud w ufu f d m mp wud pp pm. G pdu, d u m pdu m d, um wud w. Ty my bu m mp pu, bu y f m d, du fu bu m d d w w y mp f m u. I m, du fu wud pm um w f m u. 3) R mm d pu m uf u m d G m y qu m uf u Ty pi I I m d d w y d pdu m. O mufu m d, y u m d y. Mufu xpd mk w m d d mp m. 4) Rmmd f pu fm pub p O f m ufu uz f Typ III m d pu f pub d p, w m BB. A pub pm uz f m d, mp p d m b bu pub b um f y du. I dd, pub y d bu m pub. T, mp f pu wud k dw p fm pub. Ex Typ III m d my BB d mmd pub mp u pu. Typ I b u G uy ud f pu bu y p mum w w d u p.a b f p m,ty pi I Iw k mpby u umb f bm uffy. N, Typ III m d bj b d w pdu, w pdu d f y m. Tf, pub d mp u Typ III m d pu d. F xmp, Jp, w umb f pub u m b f pu G Pu A (2001). EMk (Typ I) ud by 95.8% (1128/1177) f m d Ef ud by 4.0% (47/1177) f m (2005) [92]. T umb f Ef y w bu m m wud u Ef f ppuy f Ef dm pm f pub pu. 5) Sm/Sympum, du f um d ud Cmp d kw d f m d w wy 119

138 ppy f pm d md f LCA. I f dm k p m bu pm. T m my duy ddu mp. I dd, du um mp y m. T dm my d ympum bu m b d pu. I ud p w m b dm d um up/ngo. 6) Fm d mp mp A b f p m, x p d d mp d pm. T umb f mp w d m mp pdu f y d u d m f pm f pdu. Ty u w m d pdu bu y my d m bj m fm.ty pi I I d m mp d m d.t d mp wud kwd bu LCA d u md f pdu d d mufu p. F mp, p f Typ III m d wud y b pd. O d, mp m mp my dffuy udd md d p f LCA d Typ III m d. N, mp kwd bu LCA u ppy d pd Typ III m d. Tf, mp wud bf b umd LCA md u Typ III m d. Ld mp my pp PCR p bu mp pp. Tf, pp wud b ky pm pm. 7) Fm mp G b mp u d bu b d u m u.f xmp, EU u mpmd m u d qu mufu m dd f m d m u u EuP. Pub f m u u wud pum. I dd, EU u, m um y w m u d m f y US. Tf, b mp d pdu m mp f y mk u. Gb mp my Typ III m d u. I dd, f muu f pm f Typ III m d, wud b y u. 8) Dp p w IT I f fm y w mp uy f Typ III m d d pdu db. F xmp, IC w b b m fm, d mk mm f pdu fm. Uz IC, f, um my dy b b kw m mp f pdu w y u, w p w m fm bw b. If p, um LCA fm y wb d pu umb. IT md Typ III m d m ufu. T y, w mpb w LCA u m m d, bu wdy, y d LCA u wb u pd m d w y ummy f. I fuu, Typ III m fm wud dp w fm y. 9) Cp w m d duy Supp fm m d duy uz pm. E f 120

139 pm d upp, u f upp, ud m pm dm w uy pm. F xmp, ud m mm f pm wud b p wy d. 121

140

141 APPENDICES APPENDIX A. SURVEY FOR DECLARATION PRESENTATION AND CONTENT P :P p FdC p(pfc) (A Ab, MI) D: Auu 9; 10; 11; 12, 2005 T umb f mp: 100 um PFC Md: Qu dbud d mpd A.1 Pup W dud um u y P p FdC p( PFC) A A b,f m Au u 9 12, 2005, d b ud f m b d dm w b d d dp f m d udd by m. T u f uy w fd b d, ppd dmp, d p. Sm p pp m u f d f pp. I d d y, bu p f w qu w ufu dm u b fm. A.2 Md T w m mmb b d dmy kd um w 18 qu f w ( d ), d d d up f mp pd, u umb f pd d 100. Cum w w b, k mu. W pd w yp f b ($1.65 d $2 qu) f: d y pdud d d m b; w y pdud bu z w : d k d u m ud f p du. A.3 Ru T p f w qu bw. T umb f pd d p m bu mp z xy 100. Qu Af yu buy m (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY). b.. Ru b, Ry wpp S 2. W yu pu m (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY). Rd b b. U bddb p b b. U bddb p, d d. Ad buy. Ad pdu fm pf mp f. Buy pdu md fm, pkd yd m. Buy pdu fb pk. Ad u u Syfm 123

142 3. O (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY). Cbu my m up b. Cu dw u. W p Qu Aw -91 b b b d f T pup f Qu 1-3 w dy dmpy f um PFC, u m w w u df z f m y p f u m f G G u R p [93]. T m qu d b m yf d y u m b d up f m ww um. Cquy, d m um PFC b m dd m f d y. W mp d 1990 p, ( ud d)11f1 4 m, p f um PFC x d f T ub ug,w m p y um up. T um up w b m f b ppd by pj b f pm, u um f PFC b d dd f f b. Qu 4 Ry, w b b dpd w f um fm bu m bu f pdu. Sm f b y wdy zd, d my b ufm m w-fmd um. W wud k dm w fm um w w b. 4. Lk b d w w qu. (SEE BOXES BELOW) D yu z b fm pdu yu w dd f? A.. Y b. N If y, w f fw d yu kb d b b m? (N: Yu d d u m f yu d kw.). I b, bu m xy u w m. b. T pdu mpb w wb u d wd pw. T pdu u y p m mp pdu d. T pdu w pdud u y ff 124

143 B.. Y b. N C.. Y b. N D.. Y b. N E.. Y b. N Qu 4 A B C D E Aw -74 b b-0-18 b b-2-12 b b-7. I b, bu m xy u w m. b. T pdu yd m. T pdu y my pfb d. T pdu yb. I b, bu m xy u w m. b. T f w d u quuu (f fm), d u fm wd ppu. T f d y m, mfu x d. T f w u fm wd ppu d by f. I b, bu m xy u w m. b. T pdu md fm yd pp. T pdu wd bd fm uby md f d. Sm pf fm f pdu dd p f d-w f. I b, bu m xy u w m. b. T fd pdu w pdud u md m mp d w quy. T fd pdu w pdud m- fm d. T fd pdu w pdud w u (pp), d d w w dd fm u u N/A-0-47 d-6 N/A-1 N/A-3-4 d-0 N/A-1 b-0-0 b-95 N/A-1 b-1-0 N/A N/A-0 d-4 N/A-0 d-0 N/A-0

144 -22 b-57-3 d-7 N/A-3 T qu yzd w fm um w Typ I m b. Tu Typ I b b dpd w f um fm bu m bu f pdu, m f b y wdy zd, d my b ufm m w-fmd um. Ud d ( ) w.( A) E ys d( E) USDAO p f pd w zd b, bu Typ I b- ( B) G S, ( C) M S w d pcu d( D) F S w d pcu b - w zd by y fw pp ( 20%). E f y z b, my f m kw x m f b. Abu f f m w w f Ey S, d 40% dd f USDA O. T u m up bu y m ppu b U.S. d my um my k b u w y pu pdu. M, (B), (C), (D), 4% f pd dfy m f b. E f um d b pu pdu, b d mk m f fu u um udd m f m. T u uppd Typ I b my mp m f b f my um, d f qu Typ III b my b m ufu fm fm m f pdu Typ I b. Qu 5 W wud k kw w b p fm ff w y fm bu m dm b udd. Hy p f m f d m u d f w q u w b p p d f f fm. 5. Cd dff m dm, pdu yu wud m ky buy um pdu bu m (p, quy, ). A. Pdu 1 Pdu 2 B. Pdu 3 Pdu 3 Pdu 4? (CHECK ONE BOX) Pdu 4 C. Pdu 5 Pdu 1 Pdu 2? (CHECK ONE BOX) Pdu 5 Pdu 6? (CHECK ONE BOX) Pdu 6 126

145 Qu 5 A B C Aw b-7 b-89 b-92 N/A-4 N/A-3 N/A-4 T pup f qu w kw w b p fm ff w y fm bu m dm b udd. W umd yp f b fm b dd, d md p f pdu pk, d 10 d. I qu, b dbd m m mp f yp d m, d f wd m fm dff fm. F y mp, mp f Ad R, Eup, Ld U w xpy. T udd m b w w m mp. I w umd um ud pdu w d m mp, d b w p f w y d. A fm d m m w p, bu Rd fm d y p: Rd fm d 92% f w w w fm d 89%. T dff w f bu m um ud udd xp dff. T d f qu f d p D P d d d fm f p j b. Qu 6 6. I qu 5, w b dd yu fd udd? (SEE BOXES BELOW). Rd yp b. B yp. Tb yp E udd (CHECK ONE BOX) M dffu udd (CHECK ONE BOX) Qu 6 A B Aw -36 b b b. b... N/A-3 N/A-6 T qu dy kdw b f m w u d d. T T b y p fm d p f pdw ud d w m p f pdw m d f f u ud d.i f u d d, p fpdw R d y p d B y p w m m( 1% B y p ). O d, f m d f f u u d d, p fpdw R d y p w m w B y p. T u w d B y p b b ud d m dm u. Hw, m u m wd d R d y p d y kw w d R d y p f m, f m u db, f y w d qu. 127

146 T wy R d y p w qu m b Am um umd yp f fm, u u fm ppu u u Jp. F y, p j d p d R d y p f m, d f d p du dp, u u wd yp w d f. T d f q u f d p D P d d d f m f p j b. Qu 7 T fw qu w p u dm w yp f fm ud b udd b d p um d m bu f pdu pu d. 7. W fm wud yu pf pdu b? (CHECK ONE BOX) Qu 7. A um m f m dm ud by pdu, u, d dp f pdu F xmp, Gb Wm P =x Txy Hum =y Ld C =z b. A um m f m f u ud, d pu d du pdu, u, d dp f pdu. F xmp, Cb Dxd d = x k Bz ( ) d = y k Wd ud = z k Aw -72 b-23 N/A-5 T pup f qu w dm w yp f fm ud b udd b d p um d m bu f pdu pu d. T pup f qu w w md ud b ud d m mp. Im () xp m mp um m f m mp w bd f u md, u Gb Wm P Hum Txy P. Im (b) xp m mp m f u ud m m, u Cb Dxd d Wd Ud, k. 72% f pd pfd () (b). T my b bu m dffu m m mp fm m f m u y kw m f m u, f xmp, w CO2 ff b wm w bz ff um. Qu 8 8. Rd dp f dff md f p fm bu m dm ud by pdu. T k md d w mu y p yu udd f m dm ud by pdu. (SEE BOXES BELOW) 128

147 . A mp d m u f m d du Am d y ump ( f x mp, T p du m d m qu 78 % f US d du d y ) b. Abu um u f m f u ud, d pu d ( f x mp, T p du p b f 3. 2k fco2 m ). A mp dm f pdu m y ( f x mp, T p du m d m qu 124 % f p du y ) M Hpfu (CHECK ONE BOX). b.. L Hpfu (CHECK ONE BOX). b.. Qu 8 Aw A -29 b N/A-3 B -17 b N/A-1 T pup f qu w kw w md f p fm bu m mp ud by pdu b f pb md. H f f m u ( ) mp d m f p du m y m pfu p m mp, dm f f m u ( b) b u um u f m f u u d dp u d pf u.t,( ) b b m d d b m mp b, d( ) mp d m u f m d du Am d y ump d.hw, d y mp b m m mp f p du m y, bu qu d f pdu fm. Tf, pj ppd db m d mp d m u f m d du Am d y u mp b d p. Qu 9 9. Wud yu dd fm bu m dm ud by pdu, ummy f m fm? (CHECK ONE BOX) F xmp,. D b. Summy Qu 9 Aw -61 b-37 Oz dp Gb wm Pm m Tx Cm Hum H N/A-2 129

148 T pup f qu w dm dp f m d b : d d f m f d u mm z d f m f d.6 1% f pdp f d d d f m umm z d f m. Tp j b u d d d dp w d z d w ummzd d: Pp, Nu, Ru Dp. Qu 10 I d dp b d y d, w y wd m um fm w. 10. Rd dp f m dm d w w qu. (SEE BOXES BELOW) Dp f m dm A. T p mp u u dby budup f p fm fd u. B. T du f p z y ud by m f z-dp ub d d xpu dm UV. C. Oz budup w mp fm f pu u w u py pbm. D. T dy f w d ym ud by pu mfu f, qu f, d mmd uu. E. T dm f p d m p ud by m m fm du ym. F. T fz f uf w by u, u d w d dd xy b qu f. G. T u f d dm ym mk uub wdf b d bu p dy. () A yu fm w? Y () W wd() y f yu udd? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY) Gb Wm Cm C Gu Eff O Oz Dp Oz Du Oz Ly H O N Y N Y Pm Sm Gud L Oz Sm C O N Y Ad R Adf Ad Pp O N Y Exy Eym H Nu H O Eup W Pu A Bm O N Y N Y Hb C Ld C Ld U O N 130

149 Qu 10 A B C D E F G Aw -96 b-1-79 b b-2-74 b b b b-3-84 b b b b b b b N/A-3 d-0 N/A-7 d-1-49 N/A-5-52 d-3 N/A-5-23 d-1 N/A-6-21 d-8 N/A-6-41 d-2 N/A-6-45 d-15 T pup f qu w df w wd d y udd f m d. I (), w kd w y fm w m mp, d (), kd w wd y udd bu mp. M m mp w zd by m -fu f um. Oy (F) w zd by 75% f um. Ad u f (), wd f um w py: (A) Gb Wm, (B) Oz Dp, (C) Sm C, (D) Ad R, (E) Exy, (F) W Pu, (G) Ld U. I pj b, w dpd wd w d p uy xp (E). W P u m d d b u m b u w d b dm, d b fud w m mp u Exy. Tf, f d, w ud Eu p d f W P u u w d mmf um. Wd d k bu W d p, N-R w b u d p, d C m P u f10 d qu.tw d W d p, N -Rwb u d p yw d bud dbyp p. O d, C m P u b p dby w d u T x y, bu Tx y my d wd. T wd my mk pp b pdu x f, d f pdu d my b w u wd. Tf, w ddd u f wd w b pd by mp. 131

150 Qu S w mu m yu wud b w py f pdu f w m fdy. (CHECK ONE BOX FOR EACH PRODUCT). Pp pdu md u f yd pp N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m b. Hud pdu u k d bdm N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m. Gd pdu u d d fz N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m d. P pk md f yd p m N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m. D N m f. Aumb N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m 5% 10% 20% 30% m. P pk md w p N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m. G N m. j. 20% 30% m Fd pdud w md N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m Cmpu w u y p N m 5% 10% 20% 30% m Qu 11 A B C D E F G H I J 5% Aw -12 b b b b-7-17 b b b-11 10% -36 b-14 b b-4-28 d d-21 d d-22 d-16 d d d N/A-6-15 N/A-5 d N/A-9 N/A-5 N/A-7-23 N/A-12 N/A-8 N/A-10 d N/A-6 N/A-9

151 T pup f qu w w mu m um w py f u p du. T u w um w py p du d dd b ddd p du p u m p. T f f f m b pm my b bbd p pmum m x. T m w x df m C mb d R p R I p ( J u y15-27, 1 993) [94], dw dd d F dp du dw m d d Cmpu w u y p. M p36 f p b dd f p du : =12.9%, b=13.7%, =18.2%, d=12.1%, =12.7%, f=16.0%, =11.7%, =13.0%, =19.9%, j=12.6% Cquy, um w w py m 10% dd f pdu. T m 1 0% b dd d y p d u p b pmum p. E p y( ) G d p du d( ) F d d y u( 18 %).T m yb b u m y um dyp y p f p d u % m w um d 30% u. 133

152 Qu G fm bu pd w p u dm f fm w y p um. Yu qud w y f qu bw. 13. Hw d yu? (CHECK ONE BOX). 19 yu b d f. 60 d 14. W yu d? (CHECK ONE BOX) M Fm 15. Iud yuf, w my pp yu ud? (FILL IN BLANK) p() 16. W b db yu ud u u m?. L $5,000 b. $5,000 $9,999. $10,000 $14,999 d. $15,000 $19,999. $20,000 $24,999 f. $25,000 $34,999. $35,000 $49,999. $50,000 $74,999. $75,000 $99,999 j. $100,000 $149,999 k. $150,000 m 17. A yu uy d fu-m ud? (CHECK ONE BOX). Y b. N 18. W f du yu mpd? (CHECK ONE BOX). Mdd S (d 1-8) b. Sm (d 9-11). H du qu d. V /. Sm f. B.A. / B.S. d qu. M.A. / M.S. d qu. Add d (M.D., P.D., ) Qu Aw b-57 (1)-27 (2)40 b N/A-2 (3)16 (4)7 d-9 (5) (6)1 N/A-6 f-10 N/A-2

153 b-78-8 b N/A-3 b-0-3 N/A-4 d-8 j-3 k-7-4 N/A-11 d-0-20 f-8 f T qu w p qu dfy dmpy f pd. I Qu 13, up 20-29, d w mjy f pd. I Qu 14, bu 60% w fm. I Qu 15, m 80% d mmb ud. I Qu 16, m up w m quy dpd w bu 40% f um d m $50,000 u m. I Qu 17, bu 20% f pd w fu-m ud. I Qu 18, m 90% d du (m ). (Qu 19) C f f (19) f N/A-6 Af f uy qu, pd f f f m O C.T z f C w b O, d O d m b u USDA O p k. T p f C w $2. 27w f O w $1. 65, u p w pk, d yp w m. T f mp qu w kw w my u m w w p y p m um f p du, um m z w f p m um. 36% f um d 58%. T p f 36% w m m, u my um dd dby wd pk. I b d my um m b w p du, d f z f p du. 135

154 A.4 Tb f Ru Qu A B C D E 5 6 A B C A B 7 8 A B 9 A 10 B C D E F G 11 A B C D E F G H I J Aw -91 b b b b b-0-18 b b-2-12 b b-7-22 b b-7-36 b b b b b b b-1-79 b b-2-74 b b b b-3-84 b b b b b b b b b b b-7-17 b b b d N/A-0-47 N/A-3-4 N/A-1 b-0 b-95 N/A-1 b-1 N/A-1-3 b-89 N/A-4 b-92 N/A-3 N/A-4-16 N/A-3-43 N/A-6 N/A-5-50 N/A-3-19 N/A-1 N/A-2 N/A-3-68 d-0 N/A-7-49 d-1 N/A-5-52 d-3 N/A-5-23 d-1 N/A-6-21 d-8 N/A-6-41 d-2 N/A-6-45 d d-21 b b-7-35 d d d d-16 b-4-28 d f-69 d N/A-1 d-0 N/A-0-0 d-4 N/A-0-0 d-0 N/A-0 d-7 N/A-3-15 d d N/A-6-15 N/A-5 d N/A-9 N/A-5 N/A-7-23 N/A-12 N/A-8 N/A-10 d N/A-6 N/A-9 136

155 (19) f b-57 (1)-27 (2)40-4 b d-9 N/A-2 (3)16 (4)7 (5)3 b b-78 N/A-3-0 b N/A (6)1 f-10 N/A-2 N/A-6 d-8 j-3 k-7-4 N/A-11 d-0-20 N/A-6 f-8 f-38-27

156

157 APPENDIX B. RETAIL TEST OF CONSUMER RESPONSE P :P p FdC p( PFC)( A A b,mi ) Tm: Fm Fbuy 22 M 25, 2006 Md: LCA u w db fw d by m Cmp f bw pd d bf pd C p m w b dby m B.1 Pup W dud Pp F dcp( PFC) A A b,f mf b u y22 M 2 5, T pup f w b y f f m p du m mp um b.i d u p u f b ym d ff m, w qufd w um b. W dud LCA d b bu y dff m w fu m fd m.g O b mm md um bu m w udd, w um uy (S Appdx A, Q4 (E)). T m mp f b d w m mp b w LCA y f y w dud. Tf, w umd qu m fm my mk b m pfb. If f b d mpd m wu m d, ud b umd um d b m m u pu. A pup f fm fby f d p Typ III m d pm, fm LCA u m pdu u p fm d wb. T m k f LCA u w md f mp pdu. P p, w ud w w m f u ym d w ud b mpd fuu w w fb w. T md d pp w fd, d fm d d qud p f w u fd p pp bkud. T ud b d f u p m f u m b w p p b. I pm, w md pm m d. y p p m dm d ud m b d wb. B.2 Md T udd : (1) Cdu LCA u db, (2) P m d f, d (3) P dd LCA u pm wb. Cdu LCA u db W dud LCA d b. Td b / pp, / d, d p. W d LCA db fw, w d p uppm f ( Ex f xlca d TOX ). T f w w db d m dw xp d Cp 3. T, w pu LCI d d p d LCA db fw ud m d. T LCA u w pd d d pp Am bmk. T w dff bw d z b, f u ud p um du w yp f m b. 139

158 T wy w b w b d dff m mp bw d pdu. I dd, LCI fm w b U yfc f,d w b, d b w d PFC. T LCI d pdu fd f y y f Uy f Cf, D, Dpm f Auu d Ru Em Ou [95], bu b md Cf. Tp djud x pdu A Ab, MI. T LCA d u pdu, pdu, d md p d w Tb B.1. W umd b d d m m mp UC D ud, dd w m du M pqu, m. O yf p pdud S Jqu Vy, CA, w ud d fm S Jqu Vy udmd d U.S. d m p mp f pf. D f LCA f C Gp pdud S Jqu Vy, CA xpd Appdx C, xmp f y. Pdu L Pdu LCI d u Tp 2001 UC D Sudy (Vu d S Bb CA) [96]. Aum O d u y pd d fz d yd 80% f. O Ad Uup, Mx C Ad Uup, Mx O App Od, W C App Yp, M 1994 UC D Sudy (N C, CA) [98] C Gp S Jqu Vy, CA 2004 UC D (S Jqu Vy, CA) [99] Tb B UC D Sudy (Vu d S Bb CA) [96] 2001 UC D Sudy (S Jqu Vy-N, CA) [97] LCI d f f y y f b 140 Fm Uup, Mx A Ab, MI Sppd by uk (HDDV 8) Fm Uup, Mx A Ab, MI Sppd by uk (HDDV 8) Fm Od, WA A Ab, MI Sppd by uk (HDDV 8) Fm Yp, MI A Ab, MI by uk (HDDV 8) Fm S Jqu Vy, CA, udmd d U.S. by uk

159 Fu B.1. Em d ud O pdu (f) d pdu () 141

160 Fu B.2. L pu xmp f -f Fu B.1. w u f LCA f pdu. T fm m f u ud. A w Fu B.1, w dff bw d yp. Af A d, dmu Eu p mp. T w bu w umd d u y pd d fz, w my bu Eu p, E x y d C m p u,w u pd d fz. O d, d d m mp W. T w bu w umd yd f d 80% f d w u p m, w u p pdu w m. Af Ap p, dmu E x y mp. T w bu pp u umb f pd w d u y pd. T mp p ud b mu pp bu y m mp ppd fm Yp A Ab. Hw, G b W m A dr,w m y mf m p p, d m dff, b u w 1pud u d f u u, mp b m y m, f mp p pm d f f.o pp d m mp W b u y d p. A f Gp, w dud LCA y bu PFC dd. Hw, pd, dd y p f, f quy m d w ud. W ud md wk m du LCA. T b mp bu pdu p y mp d d b y d. T m m um wk LCA LCI d. T m b dd mmum wk. 142

161 P m d f T d p pu LCA u w pd m d d, w z w 13 x 18 m (5 x 7 ), d d w pd pdu fm 2/22 3/26. T fm w m Fu B.1. P fm f m d d w d b d C p 4 d Cu m u y( App d x A). T, m d d w pd f f b; d pp; d d. I pd, p w d. O d pp w pd buk x m p, d f wd um mp m mp b y. O d, d d w pd 2 m p fm. T pm d f f u d d f u m d. I ud b umd d w f um mp fm f d. W d m k PFC u m w m f m d d pm mu pb. Bf pd, w dd pm d xpd ummy f d w f PFC Spmb 2005 d Juy 2006, um ud z b. I pd, w pd p xp pm d m d m d d, d d bu d w xpd ummy f m d URL f pm wb w um pk up. T bu d d w f fu m d d. W umd um w w d pm pkd up bu d d y wud wb d dd m fm. Fy, w w pdd d pd by d d w wk bf pd d d fm b f y 4/9. S pd w mpd f w wk bf pd d fm 1/1 b f pd (2/19)37. If b w d m mp d, u db d m d u d um b pdu m mp. Fu B.3. O-f d PFC P dd LCA u pm wb W d wb (d.) w wb fw d pubzd pd dd LCA fm, d xp f pm d m d pd (S wb p : / / www. d. ). TURLw w m d d f f pdu, d p d bu d m. P fm w d bd fm f Cp A u f p dw 2/ 2 2, bu dd f mmd y Su d y, f w k d f pd w umd 2/

TH THE 997 M EETING OF THE BRODIE CLUB th The 997 meeting of The Brodie Club was held on Nov. 15, R amsay Wright Zoological Laboratories at the Univer

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