Quiz. Use either the RATIO or ROOT TEST to determine whether the series is convergent or not.

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1 Quiz. Use either the RATIO or ROOT TEST to determie whether the series is coverget or ot. e

2 .6 POWER SERIES

3 Defiitio. A power series i about is a series of the form c 0 c a c a... c a... a 0 c a where the c ' s are costats. I this sectio, we study how to fid the value(s) of so that a power series is coverget.

4 Defiitios The iterval for which a power series is coverget is called the Iterval of covergece (this iterval always icludes =a) ad half the legth of this iterval is called the radius of covergece.

5 Theorem. Cosider a power series c a. 0 The eactly oe of the ff holds: i. It coverges oly to a I.O.C: aa, R.O.C: 0 ii. It absolutely coverges for all I.O.C:, R.O.C:

6 Theorem. (cot ) iii. There eists R 0 such that it is absolutely coverget for all a R, a R ad diverget for all,, a R a R R.O.C: R We have to test covergece at the edpoits of the iterval.

7 How to fid the iterval of covergece:. Apply the RATIO TEST or the ROOT TEST.. Test covergece at the edpoits usig tests other tha the two stated above.

8 Eamples. Fid all values of give power series is coverget Usig Root Test, we ll have so that the L lim Recall: To coclude covergece usig this test, L. So,

9 Now, we ll test covergece at the edpoits. If the. If the. 0 0 NOTE: This series is diverget by the th term test. 0 0 NOTE: This series is also diverget by the th term test.

10 Thus, power series defied by has Iterval of Covergece: Radius of Covergece: 0,

11 Eamples. Fid all values of give power series is coverget Usig Ratio Test: 5 L u lim u Recall: To coclude covergece usig this test, L. 5 3 so that the So, 5 3 8

12 If the. Now, we ll test covergece at the edpoits. 8 NOTE: This series is coverget by the alteratig series test

13 If the. Now, we ll test covergece at the edpoits. NOTE: The harmoic series is diverget

14 Thus, power series defied by has Iterval of Covergece: Radius of Covergece: 8, 5

15 Eamples. Fid all values of give power series is coverget. 3.! Usig Ratio Test: 0 so that the L u lim u lim

16 Thus, power series defied by 0! has Iterval of Covergece:, Radius of Covergece: 0

17 Eamples. Fid all values of give power series is coverget Usig Ratio Test:! 0 so that the L u lim u 3 lim 3 0

18 Thus, power series defied by has 0 3! Iterval of Covergece: Radius of Covergece:,

19 Defiitio. A power series i about is a series of the form c 0 c a c a... c a... a 0 c a where the c ' s are costats. (=a is the ceter of the power series)

20 RECALL The power series defied by has 0 Ceter: 0 Iterval of Covergece: Radius of Covergece:,

21 RECALL The power series defied by has Ceter: 3 Iterval of Covergece: Radius of Covergece: 8, 5

22 RECALL The power series defied by 0! has Ceter: Iterval of Covergece: Radius of Covergece:, 0

23 RECALL The power series defied by has 0 3! Ceter: 3 Iterval of Covergece: Radius of Covergece:,

24 Net, we study how to write the power series epasio of a fuctio. Some ways to do this: - As the sum of a geometric series - Differetiatig a kow power series epasio - Itegratig a kow power series epasio - Taylor Series Epasio - Ordiary/Partial Differetial Equatios

25 .7 Differetiatio of POWER SERIES

26 Term-by-Term Differetiatio A power series ca be differetiated term by term at each iterior poit of its iterval of covergece c c c c c c c c c 3 c... 3 c......

27 Theorem. If the power series has R power series also has f c a 0 as its radius of covergece, the the R as its radius of covergece. 0 f ' c a ( ) c a

28 0 c f f' c f ''' f '' 3 c c 3

29 WORD OF CAUTION: Differetiatig/Itegratig a series epasio may ot be allowed for some ifiite series.

30 Eample. Fid a series epasio for if f SOL N. f, , f' ad f'' 0 f '( ) ,

31 Eample. if SOL N. f ' f Fid a series epasio for, , f' ad f'' f '' ,

32 Eample. Obtai a series epasio for ad give its validity. SOL N. a, r ar 3 a, r r g g' 3 3

33 Eample. Obtai a series epasio for ad give its validity. 3 SOL N. Sice, We ll have , 3 3

34 Eample. Obtai a series epasio for ad give its validity. SOL N. a, r g ar g' 7 7 a r 7, r 7

35 Eample. Obtai a series epasio for ad give its validity. 7 SOL N. 4 Sice, 7 7 We ll have , 7 7

36 Itegratio of POWER SERIES

37 Term-by-Term Itegratio A power series ca be itegrated term by term at each iterior poit of its iterval of covergece c c c c c c... c 0 C 3 C c0 c c 3 c......

38 Theorem. If the power series has R power series also has f c a 0 as its radius of covergece, the the R 0 as its radius of covergece. a f d c C

39 Eample. Obtai a series epasio for l ad give its validity. SOL N. a, r g ar a r, r gt t t

40 Eample. Obtai a series epasio for l ad give its validity. SOL N. l dt 0 t l t 0 l 0 t t 0 dt l l,

41 Cautio The operatios of algebra (additio, subtractio, multiplicatio, divisio) may be applied to power series i the same maer that they are applied to polyomials provided that the coditios of covergece are take ito accout.

42 END

43 Add-o: Fid all values of give series is coverget. so that the Iterval of Covergece:,,

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