stands for Transmission Electron (Microscope/Microscopy) Q: Why use electrons instead of light for imaging nanomaterials?
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1 What is TEM? stands for Transmission Electron (Microscope/Microscopy) Q: Why use electrons instead of light for imaging nanomaterials? A: 1) Shorter wavelength () Higher resolution ) Wavelength determined by voltage Variable & (nearly) monochromatic 3) Small probe sizes Study extremely small volumes/isolated phases 4) Interaction with core electrons Chemical sensitivity/detection
2 Brief History of Microscopy & Diffraction (I) van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke (167s) 1st simple optical microscopes Airy, Rayleigh, Abbe (mid-late 18s) Resolution of optical microscopes ~ van Leeuwenhoek s microscope Antony van Leeuwenhoek J. J. Thomson (ca. 195) Discovered electron, measured e/m von Laue, Braggs (ca. 1914) Discovered/explained x-ray diffraction Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) Paul P. Ewald Max von Laue Joseph John Thomson
3 Brief History of Microscopy & Diffraction (II) de Broglie (19s) Proposed matter waves (wave/particle duality) G. P. Thomson, Davisson & Germer (19s) Observed electron diffraction Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie Bethe (19s) Theory of dynamical electron diffraction Busch, Ruska, Knoll, Rudenberg (193s) Short, current-carrying coil acts as an electron lens and produced 1st electron microscope images J. Cowley, A. Howie, J. C. H. Spence, K. Tanaka, P. B. Hirsch, J.Gjønnes (197s and later) Modern electron microscopy techniques and theory Ernst Ruska John Cowley and Sumio Iijima
4 Electron Microscopy Facilities National Labs: Argonne National Laboratory, Electron Microscopy Center / Brookhaven National Laboratory, Center for Functional Nanomaterials Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, National Center for Electron Microscopy Universities: Arizona State University, John M. Cowley Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy john-m-cowley-center-for-high-resolution-electron-microscopy-chrem Lehigh University, Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology University of Colorado, Boulder Laboratory for 3-D Electron Microscopy of Cells
5 TEM Models for Materials Science: Hitachi HF-33 FEI Titan Themis Zeiss Libra FE-EFTEM JEOL JEM-ARMF
6 Evolution of Commercial TEMs Permanent magnet TEM Analog controls Film plates Digital controls Digital camera High vacuum High voltage
7 Imaging and Presentation Software Product Acquiring & Processing Annotating Measuring Digital Micrograph^ ImageJ* Photoshop/GIMP # Illustrator/Inkscape free downloads: ^ * #
8 Higher Voltage/Energy Advantages higher resolution (wavelength) less image distortion (aberrations) greater penetration (thick specimen) brighter beam shorter wavelength (diffraction) less beam damage Disadvantages lower resolution (interaction volume) more expensive lower contrast bigger/taller column shorter wavelength (dark-field) more unwanted radiation higher vacuum needed Note: Increasing voltage beyond ~ KV does not significantly increase resolution. Higher Voltage TEMs HVEM: High-Voltage Electron Microscope (1-3 MV) IVEM: Intermediate-Voltage Electron Microscope (-4 KV) SDSM&T JEOL JEM-1 TEM: KV
9 Units: Length Si QD CD ant Multi-walled nanotube Flu virus human hair
10 Units: Angle Degrees: or deg Radians: rad (dimensionless) rad= arclength radius rad Conversion: 1 18 rad 57.3 deg rad
11 Small-Angle Approximation cos 1 sin in rad sin tan in rad cos Typical small angle:.5.87 rad 1 mrad sin(.1 rad)
12 Physical Constants quantity symbol value elementary charge e e = 1.6 x 1-19 C speed of light c c = m/s Planck s constant h h = J s electron rest mass m m = kg
13 More Physical Units unit symbol definition newton N 1 N=1 kg m/s joule J 1 J = 1 N m volt V 1 V = 1 J/C ampere A 1 A = 1 C/s electron volt ev 1 ev = J Shortcuts to physical constants: hc = 14 ev nm=1.4 KeV nm m c =511 KeV
14 Electric Potential Electric Field: In 1-D: Electric Potential: Pick: Define: L V E d E z dz z z (ground) z z cathode dz lower potential E higher potential anode z Simple Case: uniform field E z V L z V 1 z L
15 Potential Energy Force: Electron, 1-D: Work done: F qe V ev Fz e L L W F dr F dz ev z zl q e E Potential Energy: W U UL ground U L UeV E ev UzKz tot E tot Total energy conserved. U() K(L) cathode anode
16 De Broglie Wavelength p h //momentum particle property wave property
17 Electron Wavelength (I) mc E mc //relativistic mass-energy relativistic mass kinetic energy rest mass m m 1 1 vc mc m c pc //from relativity momentum h hc hc p pc E m c m c hc E E m c //wavelength
18 Non-Relativistic Electron Wavelength If E m c E m c m c hc h E m c me nr Use relativistic form in this class!
19 Comparison Rewrite: nr E 1 mc Note: nr Or: where: E nr m m m E //sometimes useful Note: It always holds that m m Enr E
20 Wavelength vs. Energy hc E Em c //relativistic hc E h me //ultra-relativistic (i.e., light) //non-relativistic
21 Find Velocity p mv v c E mc If E m c v nr v E c c m c //non-relativistic
22 Velocity vs. Energy vc Emc //relativistic vc1 vc E mc //ultra-relativistic (i.e., light) //non-relativistic
23 Group vs. Phase Velocity hc hc E E m c E m c tot Em c hf //photoelectric effect f E m c h //frequency 1 vp f c mc 1 E mc //phase velocity v p c Emc c v group velocity vp c!
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