Project Components. MC34063 or equivalent. Bread Board. Energy Systems Research Laboratory, FIU

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1 Project Components MC34063 or equivalent Bread Board

2 PSpice Software OrCAD designer Lite version

3 More Details on the Introduction CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION POWER ELECTRONICS CONCEPTS ELECTRONIC SWITCHES SWITCH SELECTION SWITCHES IN PSPICE

4 CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION ac input/ dc output (rectifier) dc input/ac output (inverter) dc input/dc output ac input/ac output

5 THE DIRECTION OF POWER FLOW DETERMINES CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION

6 TWO OR MORE CONVERTERS CAN BE USED IN A MULTISTEP PROCESS

7 AN EXAMPLE OF A BASIC (AND INEFFICIENT) DC-DC CONVERTER: A VOLTAGE DIVIDER

8 Insert a low-pass filter to remove all but the dc (average) voltage. The output is then purely dc for an ideal filter.

9 Switch control can compensate for variations in V s and regulate the output.

10 Diodes

11 Thyristors

12 THE MOSFET

13 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

14 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

15 Switch Selection

16 PSpice: A voltage-controlled switch

17 Linear Vs. switched regulator

18 A DC-DC SWITCHED CONVERTER T T/3 T avg v x = Vx v x(t)dt = 9dt + 0dt = 3 V. T T T 0 0 T/3

19 A circuit using the voltage-controlled switch

20 Modify the Sbreak model: Ron = Ω

21 Setting up a transient analysis

22

23 An idealized drive circuit for a MOSFET

24 A diode and switch can function as a thyristor (SCR) in PSpice

25 Setting ITL4 to 100 and RELTOL to 0.01 in Options often solves convergence problems.

26 Adding an RC snubber circuit can solve convergence problems. e.g., R = 1kΩ, C = 1nF

27 Power Computations Instantaneous Power: p(t) = v(t)i(t)

28 p(t) = v(t)i(t) Average power over one cycle=0

29 EFFECTIVE VALUES: RMS v (t) 1 1 P p(t)dt v(t)i(t)dt dt v (t)dt T T T R R T R T T T 2 T 2 2 Veff V T eff T 0 v (t)dt eff T 1 rms T 0 V V v (t)dt 2

30 v(t) Vm 0 t DT 0 DT t T T DT T V rms v t dt Vmdt 0 dt Vm DT Vm D T T T 0 0 DT

31 Vm Vrms Vmsin ( t)d( t) V rms 1 Vm V m

32 RMS OF THE SUM OF VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS v(t) v (t) v (t) T T T T T rms V v v dt v 2v v v dt v dt 2v v dt v dt T T T T T T T rms 1 2 1,rms 2,rms V v (t)dt v (t)dt V V T T rms 1,rms 2,rms V V V N rms 1,rms 2,rms 3,rms n,rms n1 V V V V... V

33 RMS OF TRIANGULAR WAVEFORMS I rms I m Im 2 rms 1,rms 2,rms dc I I I I 3

34 APPARENT POWER AND POWER FACTOR S Vrms Irms pf P P S V I rms rms

35 SINUSOIDAL AC CIRCUITS v(t) V cos( t ) m m i(t) I cos( t ) VI 2 m m P cos Vrms Irms cos Q V I sin rms rms S P jq ( Vrms )( Irms ) * 2 2 S S P Q V I pf cos rms rms

36 FOURIER SERIES f (t) a a cos(n t) b sin(n t) 0 n 0 n 0 n1 f (t) a C cos n t 0 n 0 n n1 2 2 Cn rms n,rms 0 n1 n1 F F a 2 2 P P V I V I cos n 0 0 n,rms n,rms n1 n1

37 NONSINUSOIDAL SOURCE AND LINEAR LOAD

38 SINUSOIDAL SOURCE AND NONLINEAR LOAD v(t) V1 sin( 0t 1) i(t) I I sin n t 0 n 0 n n1 P V I V I cos n,max n,max 0 0 n n n1 2 0I 11 0I cos cos VI n,max n n 2 n2 2 VI 11 cos 1 1 V1,rms I1,rms cos 1 1 2

39 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD) THD 2 In,rms n1 2 I1,rms n1 I I 1,rms 2 n,rms

40 ENERGY TRANSFER FROM THE INDUCTOR TO THE RESISTOR

41 ENERGY RECOVERY

42 AC-DC converter (Rectifier) Half wave rectifier

43 THE HALF-WAVE UCONTROLLED RECTIFIER RESISTIVE LOAD - + T 1 Vo Vavg Vmsin( t)d( t) 2 0 V m

44 CAPACITOR FILTER For small ΔV o, 2 Vo Vm RC V m f RC

45

46 R-L LOAD Kirchhoff s Voltage Law: di(t) Vmsin( t) Ri(t) L dt i(t) i (t) i (t) f V m i f (t) sin t Z n 2 1L where Z R L 2 and tan R t/ i n (t) Ae

47 V t/ m i(t) i f(t) i n(t) sin t Ae V Z m 0 i(0) sin 0 Ae 0 Z V V Z Z m m A sin sin V m i(t) sin t sin e Z t/ V m i( t) sin t sin e Z t/

48 i V m / i( ) sin sin e 0 Z Vm sin t sin e t/ for 0 t Z t 0 for t L where Z R L, tan, and R L R

49 THE FREEWHEELING DIODE

50 R-L-SOURCE LOAD di(t) Vmsin t Ri(t) L V dt dc V m i f (t) sin t Z V dc R V m V i t sin t dc Ae Z R t/ for t 1 Vdc sin Vm

51 SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS THE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

52

53 THE CENTER-TAPPED TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER

54 R-L LOAD v t V V cos n t o o n 0 n2,4... where V o 2V m and V n 2Vm 1 1 n 1 n 1

55

56 R-L-SOURCE LOAD Continuous current Discontinuous current

57 CAPACITANCE OUTPUT FILTER For small ΔV o : V m Vo RC V m 2f RC

58 VOLTAGE DOUBLERS

59 THE CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER 1 V Vo Vmsin t d t 1 cos 2 2 m

60 CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH AN R-L LOAD V m t/ i t sin Z t sin e for t

61 R-L-SOURCE LOAD V m V i t sin t dc Ae Z R t/ for t V m V A sin dc e Z R /

62 CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS 1 V Vo Vmsin t d t 1 cos m

63 CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AN R-L LOAD

64 DISCONTINUOUS CURRENT V i o ( t) = sin( t ) sin( )e Z m ( t )/ for t L R where Z = + ( L, =, and = R ) tan L R

65 CONTINUOUS CURRENT 1 2Vm Vo Vmsin tdt cos 2 2 n n n V a b a = n b = n 2Vm cos(n + 1) cos(n 1) n + 1 n 1 2Vm sin(n + 1) sin(n 1) n + 1 n 1 n = 2, 4, 6...

66

67 CONTROLLED RECTIFIER WITH AN R-L-SOURCE LOAD V o P 2V m cos I V dc o dc

68 CONTROLLED SINGLE-PHASE CONVERTER OPERATING AS AN INVERTER 0 < < 90 V > 0, rectifier operation o 90 < < 180 V < 0, inverter operation o

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