3.10"iNumbers" A"Practice"Understanding"Task"

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1 iNumbers APracticeUnderstandingTask Inordertofindsolutionstoallquadraticequations,wehavehadto extendthenumbersystemtoincludecomplexnumbers. 2013www.flickr.com/photos/milongadas Dothefollowingforeachoftheproblemsbelow: Choosethebestwordtocompleteeachconjecture. Afteryouhavemadeaconjecture,createatleastfourexamplestoshowwhyyourconjecture istrue. IfyoufindacounterOexample,changeyourconjecturetofityourwork. Conjecture#1:Thesumoftwointegersis[always,sometime,never]aninteger. Conjecture#2:Thesumoftworationalnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]arationalnumber. Conjecture#3:Thesumoftwoirrationalnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]anirrational number. 2013MathematicsVisionProject MVP InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense.

2 63 Conjecture#4:Thesumoftworealnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]arealnumber. Conjecture#5:Thesumoftwocomplexnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]acomplexnumber. Conjecture#6:Theproductoftwointegersis[always,sometime,never]aninteger. Conjecture#7:Thequotientoftwointegersis[always,sometime,never]aninteger. Conjecture#8:Theproductoftworationalnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]arational number. Conjecture#9:Thequotientoftworationalnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]arational number Conjecture#10:Theproductoftwoirrationalnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]anirrational number. 2013MathematicsVisionProject MVP InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense.

3 64 Conjecture#11:Theproductoftworealnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]arealnumber. Conjecture#12:Theproductoftwocomplexnumbersis[always,sometimes,never]acomplex number. 13.Theratioofthecircumferenceofacircletoitsdiameterisgivenbytheirrationalnumberπ.Can thediameterofacircleandthecircumferenceofthesamecirclebothberationalnumbers?explain whyorwhynot. TheArithmeticofPolynomials InthetaskToBeDetermined...wedefinedpolynomialstobeexpressionsofthefollowingform: a 0x n + a 1 x n 1 + a 2 x n 2 + a n 3 x 3 + a n 2 x 2 + a n 1 x + a n wherealloftheexponentsarepositiveintegersandallofthecoefficientsa 0...a nareconstants. Dothefollowingforeachoftheproblemsbelow: Choosethebestwordtocompleteeachconjecture. Afteryouhavemadeaconjecture,createatleastfourexamplestoshowwhyyourconjecture istrue. IfyoufindacounterOexample,changeyourconjecturetofityourwork. Conjecture#P1:Thesumoftwopolynomialsis[always,sometime,never]apolynomial. 2013MathematicsVisionProject MVP InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense.

4 65 Conjecture#P2:Thedifferenceoftwopolynomialsis[always,sometime,never]apolynomial. Conjecture#P3:Theproductoftwopolynomialsis[always,sometime,never]apolynomial. 2013MathematicsVisionProject MVP InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense.

5 3.10iNumbers TeacherNotes APracticeUnderstandingTask Purpose:Thepurposeofthistaskistopracticeworkingwiththearithmeticofirrationaland complexnumbersandtomakeconjecturesastowhichofthesetsofintegers,rationalnumbers, irrationalnumbers,realnumbersorcomplexnumbersareclosedundertheoperationsofaddition, subtractionandmultiplication;thatis,thesumorproductofanytwonumbersfromthesetalways producesanothernumberinthatset.studentsalsoexperimentwiththeclosureofthesetof polynomialfunctionsundertheoperationsofaddition,subtractionandmultiplication.fromthis perspective,thesetofintegersbehaveinthesamewayasthesetofpolynomials.oncepolynomial divisionhasbeenintroducedinmathematicsiii,itcanbeshownthatneithersetisclosedunderthe operationofdivision dividingtwointegersresultsinarationalnumberanddividingtwo polynomialsresultsinarationalfunction. CoreStandardsFocus: N.RN.3Explainwhythesumorproductoftworationalnumbersisrational;thatthesumofa rationalnumberandanirrationalnumberisirrational;andthattheproductofanonzerorational numberandanirrationalnumberisirrational. NoteforMathematicsII:ConnectN.RN.3tophysicalsituations,e.g.,findingtheperimeterofasquare ofarea2. N.CN.1Knowthereisacomplexnumberisuchthati 2 = 1,andeverycomplexnumberhastheform a+biwithaandbreal. N.CN.2Usetherelationi 2 = 1andthecommutative,associative,anddistributivepropertiestoadd, subtract,andmultiplycomplexnumbers. NoteforMathematicsII:Limittomultiplicationsthatinvolvei 2 asthehighestpowerofi. A.APR.1Understandthatpolynomialsformasystemanalogoustotheintegers,namely,theyare closedundertheoperationsofaddition,subtraction,andmultiplication;add,subtract,andmultiply polynomials. NoteforMathematicsII:Focusonpolynomialexpressionsthatsimplifytoformsthatarelinearor quadraticinapositiveintegerpowerofx. RelatedStandards: 2013MathematicsVisionProject MVP InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense.

6 LaunchWholeClass): ExaminetheVenndiagramofthecomplexnumbersystemgivenatthebeginningofthetask.Ask studentstosuggestaquadraticequationthatwouldnothaveasolutionifwelimitedthesetof acceptablesolutionstoonlynaturalnumbersforexample, x 2 + 3x = 0wouldnotbesolvable). Whatifwelimitedthesetofacceptablesolutionstoonlyintegers?Then2x +1)3x 2) = 0 would notbesolvable.)whatifwelimitedthesetofacceptablesolutionstorationalnumbers?real numbers?pointouttostudentsthatwehaveexpandedournumbersystemtoallowustosolvea greatervarietyofequations. Letstudentsknowthattheirworktodayistomakeconjecturesaboutoperationswithinthesesets ofnumbers.canwealwaysdoarithmeticwithininasetofnumberswithouthavingtogooutside thesettogetananswer?mathematiciansrefertothispropertyofasetofnumbersasclosure. ExploreSmallGroup): Asstudentsexploretheconjectures,makesuretheyaretryingoutarangeofpossibilities,andtrying tosearchforcounteroexamplestothe always conjectures.remindstudentsoftheworkofthe previoustaskastheyconsideroperationswithirrationalandcomplexnumbers. Monitorstudents workwiththearithmeticofpolynomials:aretheywritingonlypolynomial expressionsintheirexamples?howdotheyaddtwopolynomialexpressions?dotheyonlyaddlike terms?howdotheymultiplypolynomialexpressionsthatcontainmultipleterms?dothey correctlyusethedistributiveproperty?howdotheymultiplyvariablesraisedtopowers? DiscussWholeClass): Asneeded,shareconjecturesandsupportingevidencewiththewholeclass.Discussthequestion aboutthedefinitionofπ = C d.sinceπisanirrationalnumber,thisratioimpliesthatthe circumferenceanddiameterofacirclecannotbothberationalnumbers.includingπinthe discussionofirrationalnumbersallowsyoutopointoutthatthereismoretothesetofirrational numbersthanjustradicals. Alsodiscussthealgebraicworkwithpolynomialexpressionstoresolveanymisconceptionsyoumay haveobservedduringthiswork. AlignedReady,Set,Go:SolvingQuadraticandOtherEquations MathematicsVisionProject MVP InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense.

7 SolvingQuadraticandOtherEquations MATHEMATICSVISIONPROJECT MV P InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense Ready,'Set,'Go' ' Ready' Topic:Attributesofquadraticsandotherfunctions 1.Summarizewhatyouhavelearnedaboutquadratic functionstothispoint.inadditiontoyourwrittenexplanationprovidegraphs,tablesandexamples toillustratewhatyouknow. 2.Inpriorworkyouhavelearnedagreatdealaboutbothlinearandexponentialfunctions. Compareandcontrastlinearandexponentialfunctionswithquadraticfunctions.Whatsimilarities ifanyarethereandwhatdifferencesaretherebetweenlinear,exponentialandquadratic functions? Name: 2013www.flickr.com/photos/milongadas 66

8 SolvingQuadraticandOtherEquations 3.10 Set' Topic:Operationsondifferenttypesofnumbers 3.TheNaturalnumbers,N,arejustthatthenumbersthatcomenaturallyorthecountingnumbers. Asanychildfirstlearnsnumberstheylearn1,2,3, WhatoperationsontheNaturalnumbers wouldcausetheneedforothertypesofnumbers?whatoperationonnaturalnumberscreatea needforintegersorrationalnumbersandsoforth.giveexamplesandexplain.) In'each'of'the'problems'below'use'the'given'items'to'determine'whether'or'not'it'is'possible' always,'sometimes'or'never'to'create'a'new'element*'that'is'in'the'desired'set.' 4.UsingtheoperationofadditionandelementsfromtheIntegers,Z,[always,sometime,never]an elementoftheirrationalnumbers,q,willbecreated.explain. 5.Considertheequation =c,where Nand N,cwillbeanInteger,Z[always, sometimes,never].explain. 6.Considertheequation =c,where Zand Z,thenis Z[sometimes,always,never]. Explain. *Thenumbersinanygivensetofnumbersmaybereferredtoaselementsoftheset.For' example,therationalnumberset,q,containselementsornumbersthatcanbewrittenintheform, whereaandbareintegervaluesb 0) MATHEMATICSVISIONPROJECT MV P InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense

9 SolvingQuadraticandOtherEquations UsingtheoperationofsubtractionandelementsfromtheIrrationals,Q,anelementofthe Irrationalnumbers,Q,willbecreated[always,sometime,never].Explain. 8.IftwoComplexnumbers,C,aresubtractedtheresultwill[always,sometimes,never]bea Complexnumber,C.Explain. Go' Topic:SolvingalltypesofQuadraticEquations,SimplifyingRadicals Make'a'prediction'as'to'the'nature'of'the'solutions'for'each'quadratic'Real,'Complex,'Integer,' etc.)'then'solve'each'of'the'quadratic'equations'below'using'an'appropriate'and'efficient' method.'give'the'solutions'and'compare'to'your'prediction.' 9.45x 2 +3x+2=0 10.x 2 +3x+2=0 68 Prediction: Solutions: Prediction: Solutions: 11.x 2 +3x412=0 12.4x 2 419x45=0 Prediction: Solutions: Prediction: Solutions: 2013MATHEMATICSVISIONPROJECT MV P InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense

10 SolvingQuadraticandOtherEquations 3.10 Simplify'each'of'the'radical'expressions.'Use'rational'exponents'if'desired.' Fill'in'the'table'so'each'expression'is'written'in'radical'form'and'with'rational'exponents.' RadicalForm ExponentialForm x 23 y a 9 b MATHEMATICSVISIONPROJECT MV P InpartnershipwiththeUtahStateOfficeofEducation LicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4NonCommercial4ShareAlike3.0Unportedlicense

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