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1 (-) 1393 F!/ $5 $% T ) -1;<!9: 2& 1393/02/ /05/08 :K :7b 1 &2 +'1 )NO ND= %)@ KQ )& P<*! N A Y'. < 1 2) M N+= N 1 K& Y> NbZ Y * / 'HP'. : KQ NC %)@ p<* 8 K&R f&.* ;,/ I N C p<* * * 1 1 / K'QD M /.'H ;" / Y **C Q. = 8 P'I1 '0 Y C K). H8 D) M" [= 1 2* * )IbH * KQ K'8 8 K& I )b 0 + *OI 0# 1 p ) ]" N+*C K'8 ]" = 0 0 I* ;,/ ;" KQ N;,/ + 2= ]" K'QŽ, ]" N 'HP'.. * 1 1. K'8 M.B/ <* N'. <* N. M NK'8 M N* K'QŽ, N;,/ :C +*P A, +! %& B C DM,!,.1

2 5 - ( )!" 34! I1 O*# 0 ;,/ + 2= 1 2R N+ *OI 1 ;,/ +0 ;" KQ # 8 C C I N / Y * K'QŽ, O*# ]1 54B" * D C K&.C NKQ ;C K'8 0.P'),** K,'* + Q K& A$ KQ 8 K& K&.C P<* v:: >1 +I ;$ 0 N +*C KQ +*C K'8 *.K& ' >1 1 Y@& N+*C 0 +# ' ) / 1 KQ K$ NR')* ˆ&. KQ Y'* C 0 / M %'Q>. pr* 'HP'. pz * % ; o# +' KQ ;'. ' K>I 1?'* + *OI 1 * ' ;.K& I '1f' K 1 %> 8 C C 6& 1 ˆ ;C N +*C KQ + *OI 0# Y'. p?), N +*C KQ Y'k.8 ] K& +# ;<* a 8[1 a.] C D= = 1/ M 1 1 KQ K'QŽ, o[k& ] " KQ 0 NY 11.I1 )I ; R C M +1 **C 1.I1 C ;<* K. N; Y'* CK < 1 * C C ]" 1 K'QD N 1 C ;<* ]" +*C K'8 ]" 8 K'QD N+,* ] *.K& )& * K'QŽ, ]" 1 p& Z ;,/ [2& *. N(HP'<.) p K'QD P'<. ;/ _ ]I ]" ' N ; N+# 8 +*C KQ ^.H + Z 1 D= I ;,/ + 2= ), C R C +' [.,& +*C K'8 8 1 *O= '4 8 *H +.K& )b 1 ˆ&. +# C 0R. Y'1 8 Q 1 1 «: p4 / a s8 NI1 I )/I K'& 1 1 +*C && +*C '& 1.«Q" H 1 r\ e= I* *. K& Z 0 ;,/ + 2= Z@& 1 %'>. D 1 8 * K'QŽ, K'QŽ,) OD. M P',. p +# pr* '/. NOD. pr* p ]I C * 0 8 I1 (OC C't * K'QŽ,) C 0 y/ ( C * ; ')/ 0!)& & 0R. NO*# = %@. ; Y'* C * ]I

3 35 ) - 1;<!9: 1 ;,/ [2& A''. [= 8 H **C % pr* 0 /.0 C 0 y/ * K'QŽ, 1 O. Q Y *Z*.I <* ], NKQ * K'QŽ, C %)@ p<* 0 * K'QŽ, 1 C p<* Q K& I A$ Y. C 5B =.P'), #8* C* C Y'* C I N+# K'8 M KQ I pr* )IbH.'. N KQ * K'QŽ, 1 : 8 Y'k '2B. &1 1?'* K'QŽ, KQ K'QŽ, ;!. 1 Q K& 1 = '. KI ;$ NY 11 ok& * )/ %)@ 8 Y h [QB Ne$ &1 1 Q Y.'H ;" '0 Y '2B. ;" o(k,@* l 2) +# H KQ * K'QŽ, :P' C &1 l 2 o(p& l 2) K'QŽ, Y a. ˆ I o(p l 2) K'QŽ, Y *2 * (po: l 2). K'8 M 0 I* ;,/ 1 KQ * K'QŽ,.(PR l 2) +# +88 * K'QŽ, ^'>!. NKO* +@ *( 1-1;<:1<a- b'9 P0* Œ& / h. 1 + *OI 1 1 KQ * K'QŽ, 8 ]".I )I bh 8 * +*C I > N]" Y +I )b 0 s.h 1 1;< F (B E:1<a- >=* ]1 KQ K'QŽ, p P8 K'* ]" NP0* Œ& /. D) ]g 1 K'8 C po! r# 1 Y K,@*.(sovereign immunity) 1!> p 0 f' &'& p<*.kh K'8 OQ 2= = 0 KQ v * / '&1 I 8 R*# 0 8 I. && Y'* C [. K'3 1 KQ K'QŽ,?'*.«8 2)I pr* 1 8 *.* I» K& H.),* H0&* NKQ )C K'8 8 1 I Y 7b?'*;g. 01 g& p N K'8 )& 0 s K'QD +Z KD! '/ )& 8 p Ki8 0 I* KQ )= C Y'1 * 0 > 4 1.* +0 + Z 1 * )1 8 +# 2*= [C [D 1 )= C 0 I* ]1 *OI 8 1 Y

4 5 - ( )!" 36 / )8 + *OI H*0 8 )& C M 2'Q KQ Y'k.* ]. +# '* 0 ;,/ M) N1 )'8 K'QD M pr* I* ;,/ + 2= 1 %> M 2'Q KQ ~g" N;<4 Y 1 =. 1.K )8 (DE FORGES (J.-M.), 2002 : p. 274).2* ;C 1 1 K'QD 1 1;< E.&(R:F >=* b* D. K'* / K'4" ; ')/ ]1 +# + KQ N)IbH K'QŽ, NM Y 1 1 O*# N[& C C A$ * M. 1 0 Q *1 * > +*C KQ * ' M" 0 > Y.I1 Z@& )I.* O KQ ;C *. 8 K& 0 > vb M& 0,*.I )b +H*H 8 KQ * K'QŽ, N ># N 1896 M& * +*C [. 1 +Q# N>*41 dd ƒ ),Z* 1946 M& ) ;g M KQ * K'QŽ, +*C [..1947M& (KQ) KB& p ' K>I +*C [. 1 ) ;g && +*C 3 NPR' Œ& / 8 : N@. <* 0 I '1f' KQ 1 H'& M H K'4" ># K'QŽ, N8 Y 1946 M& KQ * K'QŽ, +*C [. 1 Q 1 I s'&. 1,*.I )b ]8 3 1 / +88 B/ 1 K2,* KQ +#. M 0 I* +0 1 K2,* KQ K'QŽ, NP0* Œ& )Q * + ;,/ + 2= 1 p?q Z@& 0 KQ K'8 M Q NKH C M2C Y'?'* +Q#.I )b P0* & /?'* M Y 0 I* K'QŽ, 8 (18:1376Nt).K& H 3 * * P0* & / KQ K'8 M. M +'?. N,*!B B* N D. ] H ˆ&. " >*41 'C ƒ K/1 1 /1 [2& 1 >*41 sh# p* 1 )/ N* Y.1 KQ * K'QŽ, 0...» : D <Gl 1794 T n</ +& k<, B C DG D G * <Gl %'m.١ +& <!N a "# (< '! -ac +N< T& + <Q G +f RN D *H.(801 :1389 $D D-) +

5 37 ) - 1;<!9: 2& N'C Y " ƒ. ['&# N1 OI 82. )Q */8 1 ad) H ;,/ r KQ O1 *. 8 )'QŽ,» N+# [= 1 8 I )b " * 8 *...'H C +# ;/ '& 1 1.«/ / C K'QŽ, Y ok& ab C M N+. C 1 1 ; KQ * K'QŽ, ƒ Y 1 KQ 8 Kb * A1. D "/ 1 ;!) ]), C H'& Nƒ Y [= 1 Y'k oi1 / +88 ; C MŽ, NP'),'t 3.I )/I H K'4" NK'QŽ,Y >1 ok,'* * +*C 0 ]), K'QŽ, / p<* ^? O. ƒ Y /1 *. K'8 M = 0 KQ M 8 K& Y &I N$ 3 Q N«K& ab * 8 *» K'QŽ, Y 8K& K&.H K'QŽ, [2& Nˆ I. * Z),1 M K' 1 Z NK'QŽ, ˆ I 8 +* C K % D&. N** 1 o)!. D) ] 1 =. 1 M. Y ^ 1 K'QŽ, 8 H [2& I ;,/ f? [2& +H*H '1 "/ K'QŽ, D&..I ]2. )= KQ d* ;$ /,'Z* ) d4/1,* C Y'k.2* 'r.1 N'0 Y?'* 'Z& K,1 8 1 NY 11 o1 D&. K'QŽ, 8 K& /*.(DE FORGES, p. 275) * ]. )= M. Y ]" * * C M" f ' 0 I* N K'QŽ, e$ D&. 4 1 ;,/ + 2= 1 2 ; OD. NM" Y.I1 e ) <)* ]" ').* K. ˆ&. C K' Y'. 8 )& / ;'. 0 I*.(PEYRICAL (J.-M.), 2000 : p. 215) sr ' K>I M a NK'3 && +*C 32 ]" K,@* N+ +*C 64 N1 Y'),@* 1 su&.1 8 N8 3 1 *@. 0 1 H'& A= 8 8 '1f' )Q I O* N1301 q# 22 v 8 K'QŽ, +*C.K& +*C Y 0 > * ; +@), ;>I 1 1 KQ * K'QŽ, N/ 11 1 Y'),@* 1?'* 1339 M& v *,* )Q I ; 0 ' 1 )Q I +*C Z*#.'8 f' 1 +0

6 5 - ( )!" 38 Q '& [ M& / ( & & ) *H & p<*.'* = 1 +*C Y H n' '/ f@1) 8 K& 0 )> ;?'* +..y N4& v4* 0 s sr +H* N(O= s'_) +# s'_ KQ ; ' N(&& +*C 142 ]" 107 ]" Y. +H2/ sr ; 8 b 5 1 =. 1.I1* /1 )'* *H n' 0 *H n' N; K'* N+2OZ* I +O' H 1358 M& && +*C 1. * K'QŽ, N. M 0 I* ;,/ 1 1 KQ. * I 2.* )b KQ K'QŽ, 8 3 1!)@ Y'* C?'* K'8 M 0 NKQ 1 C ;<* * N K'QŽ, & ; C ;'. 0 K>I 1 H'& I = + Y.'H ;" C '_C C <* 0 8 KQ + O*# + / ; ')/ 0 ; y/ p +*C 1 ; C ;'. K1B 1 +*C K'8 1 '_C C ;<* 1 '8. 1 4& O= && +*C.8 ;<* ;<. N;>I 1 H'& < 1» :8 173 ]" Y'* C = Y, * NO*# )Q *Y'# Y 1 K2,* p ;$ ) * ; ')/.H s'&. '_C C s'_ <* 0 KQ + p* 1.«8 Y''D. +*C + Y ] D1 ;4" 1360/1/4 v KQ + +*C N]" Y = )& = +*C N1385 / 9.8 '1f' KQ K'4" N+# ;4'>. +*C [= 1?'* '/ +*C.H ŠQ Y'' +*C [. KQ +.I,1392/3/25v KQ + & Y'# +@ +CC ) - 1;< -9 (-:F b'9 )2 K'QŽ, *.1:0.2 8 K& I 5B 2 <* * K'QŽ, 1.'. +1 K'QŽ, *.2o'. 1

7 39 ) - 1;<!9: 2& &!& >9 1;< (-:1<a- >=* ) '. B/ [>. 8 K& + 2= ]1C Z ;,/ N* Y 1 1 +*C 953.I1 )I = K'22& B1 N;,/ '. +' I (3') 1 dd) +q 0 +* 0R. ND..D. ˆ!. 0 K& P '. 8 H * 8. 0 K& ;2 ˆ!..(* +*C951) Z a M 1 K2,* K&.(* +*C952) K& p0g 't M! 1 dd) C [= 1.K& I )b '. 1 )2 * K'QŽ, * ~g" N C p<* 1 ),1 ;,&\ OI KQ + 8«: * K'QŽ, +*C 11 1.,/ N3') 1 R')* ~ N!' pr* K2& 1 8 O*# 2* +*# ] 1 ), ;,/ H Q I1 ;,/ + 2= MŽ,~@I O1 ;,/ + 2= ;" Y NI1 1? ;,&\ ; ]& * /2/1 v p<* 8 K&'& «...K& 1 ;,/ + 2= p!?'* p<* K '@. AR p<* ; +*C d4/ ; C ;'. '. C r C '.K& )H C 7b excès de pouvoir) ')/ 0 B@. ]I *. '. N 0 '1f' 8 1 +*C 8. ')/ K'4" 0 y/ (ultravires 1 R C D. *oh ]I O* Z ; ')/ 1 0R. Y'k NK& 8 && +*C 8 / ; ')/ 0 y/ * a R C.C '. ; ')/ ]" 1 =. 1 C Y K'4" 8 D Y1 N8 A$. I 8q Y'* C K& = B' N&& +*C 57]" I C M4)& ^'>!..H C 1 Z C B' * a )Q ; A$ 0 C Y ;" 8 I1!'Q>. + *OI 1 1?'* +88 N+*C [= '. e *.*I p= ~*' %@. N'. [>. NO*# pr* p * M& v ;!@. 1 H'& +*C 8 ~. + 8.K& I 8q1386 M& v 8 ;/ K +*C100

8 5 - ( )!" 40 &! + 1;< (-:F >=* 8 = NY'* C 0 Q 1 '. B/ N* K'QŽ, 2 N)IbH 1 P8 8 M" 0 y/ 8 1 a. *. K'QŽ, N'. v> ;,/ + 2= NK& +0 & 1 '. +1 K'QŽ, >.K& * K'QŽ, B1 N 1+0 ]D +0 +' 1 O. N;,/ + 2= 1 8 ]'O,. Q * = 1+0 ] pr* ] +1 ;2r 1 0'* * ;2r K'22& ;/ -' "* K'QD 1 a'c H'& 0 8 K& Y 7 Y <* 1 ;1 +& 4 1.!3 (dysfonctionnement).* p> '. +1 K'QŽ, K'QŽ, 7?'* N'. 1 )2 K'QŽ, 2 1 +? C p<* :0.2 8 K& I 5B <* N'/ 2 1.K& I )b '. +1 ] ]" * 3/ 1 K'QŽ, * (%Q) B/ [2& 1 K'QŽ, *.(v)? &:7& >9 1;< (-.c = 1 1 *B/ ˆ' ˆ I N/ K'QD r 1 *. ^ = 0 K'QD 0 /1.I.,/ + Z 1 NM Y R')* # 0 1 B/ 1 (0 * '. 0&;O & ) <* A" Y'Z& A" K'QD 0 I* B/ 1 ;,/[= *. '.!)& A 0 1 & )'QD 0 8 s8 8 P> KQ.8 ]2. / Œ.(pŠQ 'D PŠQ Q Y :O C) H?'* +# 0 I* +0 ] ) Nb*v)= $ ^ + 1 B/ ^ +8 )= D= 1 2 N ] 0 8 K& 0 /1 1 A 3/ 1 I ;,/ + 2=.I* +I &.* B/ <* 1 )2 KQ K'QŽ, 2 NH +ŽQ * +* C /1 B/ KQ oi )/I MŽ, * )1. 0 KQ N H 0. O1 p C Y K'QŽ, # = 1 ;/ _ pr* Y '. 0 Y@& NI1 )I P C K'@I NO <* a23 KQ H H

9 41 ) - 1;<!9: 2& K&O*# '. 1 )2 KQ +88 K'QŽ, Ns>1.K&D1 ND= K'@I.(164:1377N+0.8) M't M M 0!)& 0 I* ;,/ N'. +1 K'QŽ, = 0 0 '. +1 K'QŽ, N** 1 oi1 ˆ&. *B/ 7 M :K& I )b 1 o 2* Y +Z, 1 I <* ;O 2* R!* 0 I* ;,/.1? = & 0 ;' ^ 3 s' '*!)& 0 I* ;,/ 2 o K&. B/ + Z ) 8 = ]'2C 0 *B/ 1 M 0!)& 0 I* ;,/ (QUILLEN oi 7? : p )I ^ 3 8 K'QD 01 8 R +'k*d K'QD 0 I* ;,/ M 1 ;,/ O*# '0 Y (PH.-J.), TCHEN (V.), 2005: p. 272).( ˆ&. *B/ K'D$ R ) # P + Z ;,/ ec d" * d3 '. ;2r 1 0'* +0 NB/ <* 8 :.*g 7 Q NK& 8 +# + 2= ] +0 +' K'22& B1 = C1 1 8 ['.. Y1 oi )=?'Q'&& ;,/ N *H Y 8 K& +# K'QŽ, = D= K'QŽ, I Y>I& +' ;,/ N*Z 2= '1.(204:1382 N) 'Z1 ; 0R +*C 323 * B/ 1 )2 K'QŽ, <* N+ 4 '* Y ˆ&. 54& 'H8 1 +*C M& v a1& 4& 1.K& I )b 1376M& v $ -, CE Ass., 28 mars 1919; Regnault-Desroziers, Rec. p CE Ass., 24 juin 1949; Consorts Lecomte, Rec. p CE Sect., 3 fév. 1956; Thouzellier, Rec. p * '. **C # )& = <)* <* 8 I K1r H» : Y.4 p M) 8?= M) Y$ NK& >* ; 0 %@. *Hn' 8

10 5 - ( )!" 42 (d 9! && E e!- &L7 1;< (-.W? ]1 +Z 1 1 ]" NC 8 M" p 0# 0 > v,* *OI 1 '4 13 ]" Y.K& ;'Q = 0 )& 8 )'QD 1 B1 n'» :K& I 8q ['.. Y M& +1 K'QŽ, 2 ]" Y.«H [&)*? ] ) NI pr* '/ 0 /1 1 "/? N KD! 3/ 1 KQ 8 K& KQ '.. C 1 1* K'D$ + Z1 1 O*# 8 ]'. +H*I 8 +> Y? ] ]" * 3/ 1 K'QŽ, ;2 1.* + 2= 0 1 KD! 3/ 1 I ;,/ * I *0 ] ) N+Z KD! 3/ 1 8 *H ['&# 0 N<* Y [= 1 NZ Y>I& p +' KQ M 0 I* +0 I ;,/ + 2= KQ ˆ&. ]I) / (Y'Z&) 't 1 +0 N;,/ + 2= 1 N Y.H.I? ] / P 1 [= I1 ( ; D ; NY'* C = A$ 0 k*: I )!H 8 K&)& Y +# H 1 / 't.,/ NKQ ˆ&. I )b Q Y'1 1 K'QŽ, " 0.(QUILLEN, TCHEN ; 2005 : p. 273).*H + 2= 1 ;,/ K'>Q [& 0 I* K'QŽ, e$ N? ]1 1 1 ]" * 3/,* 1789 M& *OI 1 '4 17.I1 KD! 3/ 1 p +# 0 *.* s8 n' NK& 6 b* D. a ^ K'>Q» :H b+> I1 8 vr **C ;$ = ;" Q NH 2. «1 / Y> 2C *g ;,/ + 2= 1?'* Y 8 K& O1 NK& 4& ; 0R = +*C Y 8 K& )!H.«1 / MQ K'1 O1 N2* pq O.K& * 8q1392M& v a23 R')* *'H >1 54& +*C Y ; K 1 Y 8."» :H Y. 1 H +*# 1 Q ;,/ I 5R Q" P8 # =1 Q& K& %> KQ 1 / 31 +0& O1 ;,/ + 2= K/ I1.«C -, '* ')/ [, )/ < Y 1 M N!)& KO= 1 *.* s8 n'»?'* ># && +*C PR Z*01 [= 1.2.«*[. *g ;,/ K/ +1 "/

11 43 ) - 1;<!9: 2& ',* 'I 0 ~. C N * K'QŽ, 2 / Y 1 ),'Q'&&. «* HA=» * 'r. 0 8 Y.K& I N', Y 8 K& O*# 0 ;,/ + 2= p?), N.?1 '/ +8 M2* 8 K& 1 «Z* &» * 1 )2 s'z* KQ * K'QŽ, p<* 8 Q.'1 +0 '/ ^ [2& 1 /1 +8 *1C +0 ['&# N+# [= 1 8 K&.K& 0R N.?1 N'. 1 +? K& Y> ;,/ + 2= 1 * K'QŽ,?'* +Q# C p<* ^ 1 I ;" + 2= 7b N KD! ^ +I *1C [2& 1 KQ K'QŽ, = 0 **C ;" *? ]'. MŽ, KQ N+Q# NZ ;2 1.I1 K'>Q [& ;,/ K/ I ]'. 1 D= & 1 "/? 8 1 ;,/ + 2=.( :1389 N* ) K&? ] ]" * 3/ 1 K'QŽ, <* N+ *1 = 1 4 $ ^. / * **C g 1 * 1 && +*C N 1388 M& 4" 1358 M& v KQ <* * N. MD)& 7@/ K8 A +*C2 2. N1356M& v K!* K8I.K& I )b... (+ 080 'D C 1 +0 ) 1334M& v +@ f2 $<7 +&9A 1-1;< U!' f(&,:f2 b'9.2 8 I1 )I = I : 1 K'QŽ, 1 NK'QŽ, p<* * N;" Q o1+0 ]D ;,/ +' K'22& B1 1+0 ]D N+0 = :0.K& +0 1 ;,/ ;2r d. ^. ]1 N1346 M& v & +*C 16 «v» 1 g Y [= =. 1 Y'k.I K/ Q K'C O KQ 4 $ d. a 4& KQ» 1. ; 0,!)& 1 w& +2OZ* I1390/4/8 ',!. <* O*# d. 1 8 d. Y'0 Y / KQ H bq o * O*# [t p M R [= N)H pr* a1& P KQ ˆ&. 8 I't ;....* K/ O*# 1 N Y ~D23 +: I + 2= 1 p M e't d. >1 NH* KQ 1 2,)> a.«...i aq 1 a 1 NK& 4& O= KQ d. K. $

12 5 - ( )!" 44 +(? A:1<a- >=* [& NM * +0.I1 )I =.,/ +0 1 K,@* N;,/ + 2= 1 8 %3 K'i' NK4& 1 ['&# P, )D! Y) K& 0 +1 s8» :H +0 po! 1 * K'QŽ, +*C 1.(124 :1369 N+0.8) ;OI K'i' 0# M )4& += 1 3') 1 R')* ~ **C 0R [= 8 8 BQ NH R 1 +*C [= 1 8 Z a R..«I1 / ] 0 I* ;,/ + 2= MŽ, I Z D $.2 oi1 P, :0.2 8 I1 )I H fi 1 +0 N;,/ + 2= 1 a ^ oi1 't oi1 / oi1 P'), 1 +0.I1 M = ]1C oi1 8 D. e **C A!*., g< ( +(?.1 ;,/ ˆ& /1.I1 )&' ec 1 I 1 +0 N;".I2* + 2= ]1C ;,/ + 1 / / 1 K& Y> *I 5B.K& P, ;2r 1 ;" )!'1!. # K& Y> 8 *0 Q NI1 Q) *.* ;,/ (Q1 A!* A!Q p ;,/) I1 '1f' ]1C +# ec 8 Y +# P, a. ;"» : '0 Y * K'QŽ, +*C 6.H + 2= *. H.I1 Y Y!8? ~"@? '8 ]I +0 ['&# +0?=?'* I/* ; +8 8 ;C [& 0 I* +0 RQD? I2*.I / v, %> D1 K& Y> 1 %>~**C +0 ['&# ec +0 8." 8 H p +# 0 r * Z* I Y> ~. ['&# ;' 8.. [&) ), + 1 Š ?' '@.;" Y 8 +# 1 1 Z* 1 %> ['&# ec +0 8.".K& H 1 I )H 1 8 Y'..«KI / ), )& I1 '* '* 1 ]!30 I ),1

13 45 ) - 1;<!9: 2& N B1 * * ['&# 1 >?* P'), B1 8 "@I K 2QB a *I D ;,/ ] ) / O*# 8 *0.(PEYRICAL (J.-M.) : 2000, p. 222) * ;,/., g!>< ( +(?.2 I K2,* 1 ;,/ ;,/ P'), ] ]D +0 1 ;,/ P'), ] [2& 1 I ;,/ + 2= K& / 0.* ;2r K'22& B1 1+0 ]D +0 +' 1 ;,/ 8 K& /.I1., h7 ( +(?.3.K&? ]1 + *OI 1 1 ]" r# 0 > / Y I1 I 8) +0 ND= Ki I* ;,/ * 8* * 1 1 ]" N Y 0 oi1* + 2= ]1C N;,/ 'D2. 2= I D= 0 'D p 1 = 01.I1 + 2= ]1C KQ ˆ&.. * '., &` ( +(?.4 1 ;,/ +1 /.*'H1.!) po! N+0 +1 't +1 /.H 1 +0 ;I 't Q +H+0 I Y)/& + 2= ]1C I1 ='t?= N * K,'* D Y1 ;,/ ;I $ ;4> N;,/ + 2= 1 8 K&D Y1 >1 ),'* 1 ;,/ NZ ;2 1.(DE FORGES ; 2002 : p. 281) I1 D= H*0.I + 2= * )1. I1 IP: ]1C't dd)'t 1.,)&C i&g ha, j& --B_=- ( U" I( ( +(? G.5 ;,/ + 2= K& / *. / **C A!* a 1 +0 ;" K'D$ 8 H [2& N+*C '& 1 I K e A!* 'D.8 M **C't d) N]'Q Y' 1.*I p ;,/ + 2= 0 * C **C't C '1f' ]1C B/ ^ D * / TCHEN ; 2005 : p. 274) 1.,/ *H n' *.*

14 5 - ( )!" 46 I ;,/ + 2= 1 e **C A!* a 1?'* * K'QŽ, +*C 1 M )4& += 1 3') 1 R')* ~ **C 0R +1 s8» :K& 8 R 1 +*C [= 1 8 Z a R. ;OI K'i' 0#.«I1 / ] 0 I* ;,/ + 2= MŽ,... 8 BQ NH, k (? ( +&9A B ( +(?.6 NI O) +0 1 * = Š2 K/ 1 * K'QŽ, ~gd 8 R*# H*H e * Nf' 0 f'1 h. 1.I1 'H0 * 2& ]1C 1 +0 D +0 O. N;,/ )IbH.* H + 2= ]1C 0 I H Y +0 1,= ['&# M't M M 1 ;,/?)& + K& 0 +8 Q N*I ]I (+,* )4& e* Y Œ0?'* *? KC H) 8 0 K'QD 0 I*.* )H C ;,/?'* D KD! 1 D. D D 't +0 N ;,/ 1 +? 0 ['&# (pretium doloris) >?' :]'2C 0 o*h + 2= K,1 p* NK'DC N2) NK'i' NK I 1 BQ NK2' h* 6, (pretium affectionis) ;,/ N"/ P + ['&# NR. H */ N@I ;OI ) 'H ;"... = y N /b NM K/ 1 *. D ;,/ + 2= +*C 1 +? N 8.(* K'QŽ, +*C 8-10 N5 N2 N1 * +*C 177 ;,/ + 2= 1 8 Z C p<* *?'*..y && +*C N* K'QŽ,.(171]") K& 8 I K'DC R. ;OI NK'i' 1 BQ D M)* 1 +< a* = )/ ^ 1 +0 * ;OI Y, 1 D. + Y. 7b 1 2R N ^ )& 1 NK Y' 1 H I?'# '1 ^ 1.K& I >I? f0# ^ 1 +0 ]ŠI Y& NK',= N.1?'* ;,/ 1 *. ~4i?'* ['&#.* =..,/ Y': 10 1 ['&# * )!'1!. * ['&# 1 >?* P'), B1 8 "@I. N, N+ *0 1 *1C ; 0 I* 1. CE., 5 juil. 1957, Département de la Sarthe c/ delle Artus, Rec. p. 454.

15 47 ) - 1;<!9: 2& #* 01» + 0 D ;,/ 0 = )& N M2* 1 I0# '. ;4> 01 ]'2C 0 o* H 5B «H*0 )H N* 'H= 70 ^ pr* 0 8 * ) * Nd. r ^.(DE FORGES ; 2002 : p. 283)... Z)C ''Š. 1 %'>. 1 1 ;4> 1;<c=a ( 1G +(? G +(? ::F >=* Qo(%Q ) I1 )I = K'22& B1 1+0 ] +0 +' 1 ;,/ + 2= 1.(v) H K'QŽ, %'!@. K'D [2& I )@',H NB1 Y +(? G +(? :.c 8 Y 0 o'. +1 ] ^ H I1 '. 0 I* H *. 1+0 ]D + 2= 1 ['&# I1 '. +1 '. 1 )2 NM ]1C K'QŽ, 7 1 ;,/ ;2r K'22& B1 1+0 ]D +0 +' 1 N;,/ ;,/ P'), ] [2& 1 I ;,/ +2= K& / 0 I K2,* [2& I1 K'QD 0 y/ =/ ] ^ 0 I* +0 H.I K/ ;,/ N?= K'D ;".H ;,/ + 2= 0?= 8 K'D.1 f8 )I f* N+0 K'QD 8 )2,* I 1;< c=a ( 1G.W K'D.8 dd K t K/ 0 2 * K'QŽ, 0 *. ].3 +0 '..2 NC C.1:0.2 K'QŽ, %'!@. (P l) &3B m" ( )&B)4B.1 NC C = ;" N'. +1 '. 1 )2 * K'QŽ, p<* C C 1 ;,/ 8.".H dd N;,/ + 2= K'QŽ, 0 ;,/] ')/ N 0 y/ b*v)= N'1f' ]1C't K ^ D ( 6) I )@',H 1+0 ] +0 +' K'22& B1 H ] : * +*C N'0 Y.I / 0 K'QŽ, A [= Y p 8 * K1r * )* 8 I ;,/. 1 p> )C OD. pr* 0 %@)» OD) H».(227 ) «* * 8 K& 1 =/ K B& 1 pr* 1. "Troubles dans les conditions d'existence".

16 5 - ( )!" 48 #1 / OD. O 0 * )* K& )C B' 0 y/ +# A 8 r B& 1 +> 8 = 0 I* ;,/ *o(229) ;,/. 1 p> ]1C't i)& NI I* ]'& ]'2C 0 K& Y>'t O*# 0 'H= 1. Q?Q0 +. N" 0 I* ;,/ '1f' Y),>I 0& f.# N*/8 R!* ]'2C0 (les cas fortuits) 2C)'t Q 0 '1f' O*# + )* 8 ),'* v)= ]1C't N*H ;,/ [= 8 & I1* K'QŽ, A N Y': B/ 1 )2 K'QŽ, bq 8 'H= O*# ec.(44:1385 N.\ 2323) )(+(?&!.2 +?' H ;,/ 01 1 R / ˆ&. B/ v>. ) [2& n' Np C C [= 1 K& )!. +0 '. N*. ;,/ N'. Y K' K' [, 1.I1* ;,/ + 2= MŽ, N 8 0 P +0 +' K'QŽ, P',. l 1 N'/ ;" I 2?= K'QŽ, 0.H 5B * ] +0 8 Z ;,/ + 2= 0 8 K'D p * oh 3') 1 ]I [t Q *D) +0 '..I1 ;,/ 2 ^ 3') 1 N 8 /0 ˆ' / 01 pr* K & 0!)& )= '1 " %'!@. K'D = 0 +0 '. N* K'QŽ, p<* *. H «: '0 Y * K'QŽ, +*C 4.I1 K'QŽ, ;2= * 0 * )C.3... : %'!@. 0 ;,/ 1382/2/20 7/1418 <c!rsq Q +Q C OG $qn.1 D (<> *N UH DD <i *N s» G * +RG D 1 <& s (<> *!55 *!& 6.«*R! + T^R 2. CE., 5 nov. 1961, Eps Edme, Rec. p CE., 29 mars 1946, Caisse départementale d'assurance sociale Meurthe-et- Moselle, G.A.J.A., n 60.

17 49 ) - 1;<!9: 2& +0 8 K'D$ ^8 +# +I $ 1 * P +0 R ]'O,..«I1 8. bn 0 P 0 y/ ] 0 I* ;,/ 8 Z.H dd K'QŽ, 0 _?= 8 ;" 1 I1 "/ 1C" k?,- $<7 ) 1-1;< " :F3O b'9 #.8 1)&. M K'8 M )& 1 KQ K'QD M M (K,@* )!H) * K'QŽ, K'8 M 0 I* ;,/ KQ (p )!H). 1C" k?,- $<7 ) 1-1;<:1<a- >=* * + 2= / K'8 M r 1 ;,/ Z KQ # 8 K& )!H Y@& )'8 0 N1386 M& v 8 ;/ K +*C 8 +# A K& 8 K'8 )C [= +# a. 8 K& 0 )& +#» ]I [= ;/ e* Y 0 O1 H D= C ]I K +1 :1]) )'8 ;/ NY 11.«I* + Z!)& 1 K ok& 8 K'8 )C [= +# a. 8 K& 0 )& +#.1 oh D= C ]I K +1 +# A.I* + Z!)& 1 K [= ;/ e* Y 0 O1 ]g 1 1 +# 8 K& )'8 8 K!H +. NM K& b+> )O1 KQ ˆ&. O*# pr* NK& KQ ')/ N+*C [= 1 ;$ A Y'. 'H 1 >1 # & [,8 < 1 * O*# pr* 0 d.i1 )C K'8 M KQ )& N P<* 1 p* 'i. 3 1 )'8 0 I N8 ;/ K +*C 8 Y 0 /1 8 P''1 PZ* Y I )'8 1 8 Z.K&.2 o bz**c.1 :0.2 8 K& KQ )& ;/ ; ')/ N% 0 H# R.5 o8 '0& Z:u>!.4 ok' P<* )&.3 oc.2.3

18 5 - ( )!" 50 ;'Q Y)H) 'Q.7 o... ;1@)*?H1 * /.6 o e 1 KQ = % 0 C1.=/ ˆ1 P'<..8 o(8 ]8 =1[. * a KQ.* I )I bh +# O 1 P),'1 Œ& 0 8 # I P<*! N;C N; A$ Np K'QD P'<. NY'* C = N bz**c K& e '0& Z:u> 0 & N&u 1 1 pr*.k& I )I bh C 0 > O1 O*# 0 ^ pr* M / KQ * K'QŽ, ]" 8 I )!H 8 0 ',1 N&'& K M )& K'QD NC M N bz**c = 0 K'8 ˆ1 P'<. NK' P<* 1 1 M N( ; 81 [*) <* Q Y'1 +' D* ) Q Y'1 +0& Z KQ 1 KQ ˆ1 =/ NM Y / 8 * KQ * *C (O*# 1 Q 'C?Q $C N># ** 1 ok,'* +*# =) )'QŽ, )I K'* 1 A$ **C / 8 '» :KI O 1907 M& ^*41 Q ' >** 8 )I = *.* N2QB 1 **C a n' N*I I* +# 0 a 8 8.(797:1389 N* ) «I1 Y'* C K'8 M 1 KQ * K'QŽ, 7b I H N 8 H NK'8 M...» :* K'QŽ, +*C 11 [= 1.P'I1 D) $ [= # ] 1 +*C a23 )= A Y'. 1 ;$ [, 1 8. C 2 )>* : Y ;,/ K/ 1 2R KQ NI Z :K& 8q 1 p0g Y> I pr* )= A Y'. 1 ~2Qt 8 )'8 M a.1 ok& Y 1 ''Š. +0 [,1 K& '@. 1 )I ')/ 2=?'* M Y r 0 ;,/ + 2=.2.K& I bh KQ 4" 1. Kavanankoa v. ; 0R) Y e$ ; 0R» :?'* 4& ; 0R +*C M N8 K'8 M 8 )Q't )Q N(C.«I*

19 51 ) - 1;<!9: 2& NK'8 M KQ 8 H '1f' -" 3 1 +*C Y 1 )O1.3 KD! 3/ 1 K'>Q [& / '. B/ v>. ;" P8K&.I1;,/ + 2= 1 %>! )B k?,- - 1;<.c 2QB ]1C ;,/ Y # 1.,/ NsR ˆ&. **C A$ 1 H = A$ 0 k*: N M&,* 8 C a1b I1 1 / 't.,/ NKQ ˆ&. I )b Q Y'1 ; D ; NY'* C.(QUILLEN, TCHEN; 2005: p. 273) *H + 2= 1 ;,/ +# H o* K'QŽ, Y 2? 1 1 ]" N8 Y & 1 A Y'. )& ; D ; NY'* C N Y 0 K'$ )'1 Y 8 Y )2Q.* I [. Z Œ +0 1 ;,/ [= Y' H p4 e bz**c ˆ&. 1 0R ~42C )'QD 8.(370:1392NZ& )& ) I / 'Q. Z1 1 I* * K'QŽ, ;,/ + 2= ; D Y'* C ' K>I 8 M H )2Q.K& * )b Y'* C * && +*C * O*# [. 0 C M I1 )I * O*# H* % sr +H* +@& I ',!. <* +2OZ* I N / Y.1 / p 1 P8 && +*C PI ) ]"» 8 K& 8 O / 1380/10/ /21/80 H* %! KO= <*O + ƒ 1 B1 * 0# +'1 p Y I1 y/ ]" Y MI 0 *R Y M v>. K& sr.«i1*[>. K'QŽ, 0# p#b )B k?,- - 1;<.W H ˆ&. p +' ;4)/ ] ] C N)'8 0 Z 0 > + 2= '_C C 0 I* K'QD r ;,/ 1 KQ # NK& ),H '/. / = 0 ),H 1 1 += & <* 0 KQ 0 * **C't a* P> = " Nƒ " K& / ;>I 1 H'&

20 5 - ( )!" 52 1 ;,/ 1 )I K'QŽ, $C 2)I '. [2& 1!'8 *.* + I )b Q Y'1 & NC ;2)I +H['&# 0 ;,/ + 2= ;$ P> H» :H &'& * Q Y'1 i' = 0.K& M NI %8 1 8 ^ I w,.,8!'8 K'> Y R')* N'H C f@1 KO* I1 C 2)I ^ ec 1.I + 2= +*C a23 f*0 8 1 / +#?& NI!'8 ]. 1 2R K'> / 1 [,)?= N+O K' AC 1 +>* I K1r 8 Y «: 1 +',* Y'k.«K& 1 a NH **C't s2 KI 01 ^ *1C Y ; ˆ1 $ d4/1 8 1.«I = 0 8 N+Q# Ns'Z* N,* = 0 8!'8 & Y'# && Y'* C ~gd KI 01 N8 ^ += 8 8 '1f' 2?8Q ^1 8 Z H DBC 3 1 _2. 0# N['D. A C 1 O) 8 I1 KC Š2 ;,/ + 2= 1 I1 I 1 D +0 [= KI 01 Y.(OLIVA(E.); 2005 p. 336) I )H <* 1 K'1 P8 Q B/«:K& # N+$ C $gœc 1 +??'* O A1 + 2= MQ K'1 ] 0 1 H $C 2)I B/ r 8 *0 $» o«mq (e) :* ; 8 K& I 8q w'id'q ]& v)8 Y'k.«I «H + 2= (KQ) +*, MQ K'1 '& 1 1 N8 B/ ABC +/ ;C H».(171:1380 N a ) $C 2)I '. r H» :?'*..y && +*C 171 ]" [= 1 NH,8 =) D $ N / 1 P> a'2b. P> e$ '& 1 ;,/ ;" Y 't K& Y$ 4& Y0 a23 N'. ;" * +',* 8 Y 0# :?'* +',* 8 Y # * 8 : * _ = K& / -Q" p?* a H.«I1 )H ;" p ˆ&.

21 53 ) - 1;<!9: 2& 1 *. ;,/ + 2= Y. «H K'i' PO) 0 M I + 2= KQ.'H ;" * NC ;'. / P!'8 # 1 P ;,/ ;2r Q 8 53 H +0 $ ;,/ N+0 2)I '. ;2r ;C <)* H 1 * +)& 3* C " 1.(79:1381N.\ 2323) K& '/ H ˆ&. $C. N6 K'* & t M 3/ 1 O) H 8 C p<*!'8 K'QŽ, N**C't KI 01 Q 1 6 o* bz1 KC KI 01 C ; H«: '0 Y 4& ; 0R +*C / C?= ['D. KI 01 )& %'C. +*C d4/1 54"q Y Z 1 )Q ]t 0 K' C K& 0 P M!* 1 * ",8 K'R.«I / p> M& h ; = +> N1392 M& v!'8 & Y'# +*C PO #* 0 > 2) " ] 0 ['D. A C K_ 1 P> " ;" PO) KI 01 p 8 "@I «:H +*C Y 255 N Y 1.K& +*C Y 260 P> NC A= & 0 *I KI 01 K 1 &. ;'. += ;,/ +*C Y 14 K 1 *. NI " +*# ['D. A C K_ 1 ['.. Y1 +# MI N+*C Y 256 Q.«8 2QB KQ 0 KI 01 p.%q :K,'* ;,/ + 2= a ), I KI 0» :K& 8 1.v oi1 / H1 Q N& _ / 0 KI oi1 C KI 01 po. +< / Np= [>. + < Z **C K 1 +?.; oi1 # P / KI 01 ;2= a* 1 )O= 2. «I1 KI 01 8q ]"!?'* = 4& ; 0R +*C 13 PC 4& ; 0R +*C ?' 0 2* [, O*# = )'1. '. p C ; 0R 1 P>» '/ [= 1.* 8 KO= Y 0 8.,/ " *H 8 0R. K& H P> +*C 8 )'!'8 't K& *!'8 K'QŽ, [= [, I1 '. 0 8." NI ]".«I + 2= MQ K'1 0 ;,/ N;" Y N/ H1 0 8 DBC ƒ 41 w. 0 fi 3 1 I N'0 Y'.2 s'_ v@)* 1 +)& <*R. H ;C 0!* & 0 ]>) *)& +',' = K& /

22 5 - ( )!" 54 C e$ 1 :..y && +*C171]" 8 K& # 1 p0g KO* 1 Y +. Q I +0 ;,/ + 2= KQ K'QŽ, 8 H 0 0 o P'D.?'* K& MŽ, O*# 1 1 KQ * 1 8, P0* Œ& 1 * K'QŽ,. K'8 M 1 KQ M 1)& *.I1* K'QŽ, 0 dd NK'8 M 3/ 1 )IbH * KQ Z ad M& v a1& 4& ; 0R +*C K& 8q 1 p0g 1373 M& v $ -, '* Y ˆ&. 54& 'H8 1 +*C.* )b K'8 M 1 1 KQ* K'QŽ,?'* k?,- $<7 ) 1-1;<:F >=* 8 pr* K'QD 8. M 1 ;2 N)'8 1 +? KQ KQ 8 ['.. Y1 NI* K'8 )C M 0 ** O*# / ; A$ 1 P'), K8 H. 1 Z )= N)C 1 8 ;/ N. M 8 Z. * N= Ng8 'Q. N; ; " * *H01 )D" K'QD) *0 "/ d Z. NK, N)D" ]>Q N ]* ] Nv# N0H N1 1 1 ;/ = 0 p 1 +Iˆ1 K,'* K> )C K'8 M +Id (... Y!. " ;,/ K/ 1 P> N+*C Y ˆ I 0 ;" +','8.8 P. '_C C 1 / ) N 41 w. 0 0 K,'1 ; 3 Y NK& / ;".8 1 H'&» N+*C Y 258 a1b.(257 ) «8 p4 +*C Y 258 e$ +','8 0 > 8 Q + s'_ 0 ]>) N+0 + 2= +','8 NI KI ) +','8 ƒ # ] 1 'C C s'_ v@)* 1 8 Q + ;C 0!* +*D r 1 KI 01 8." K& KQ O 1 N+*C Y 255 e$ ;,/ + 2=.«K& DBC MŽ, 1 ;,/ + 2= 0 s *. KQ I1 C ; '. vb8 ;OI Np= *$Š p4.( # 259) * D= " Q. M» 1307 M& v KQ Y'1 A= Y''D. +*C Œ [= 1.1 = ;4t 4 7 / *o pr* M 1 NC <* B* 0 KQ 8 K&.«+# Mi R)&

23 55 ) - 1;<!9: 2& 1 Y 0o I1 "/ C ' * KQ * K'QŽ, N+0.8) K& K& 0 / DC 2 i)& C 'H8 1. * H0& )=,. KQ 1 (16-17 :1377 )D" K'QD. M pr* pz 1 KQ?'* ]Q Y'1 N*Z'1 KQ H *21 O1 )'8 K'*? 0 *.* *H01.* 0 *H Y O*# +8 p> 8 a +@ +CC ) - 1;< IN=:g5 b'9 1 ;,/ + 2= KQ * K'QŽ, 7b 0 s & N<* Q 1 N1 Y KQ 1 * : :I 5B * bq I ;,/ [= 8 ] +: K!H +. H ^ 0.١ 1 8 M 2'Q KQ NP0* Œ&.I1 / ] Z@& MŽ, / +88 O1 K'QŽ, ~g" KI * K'QŽ, / M ]1 N* Q. +),Z* 1947 M& 0 f'. ;,/ + 2= e=.8 M 8 NM NC p<* Y )2Q.K& 1 h ># 1946 M& 0 f' +0 Q 'H C KQ O1 /1 K'QŽ, 1 Y> NI*. MŽ,.8 C KQ ' K,*.* + 8 M 0 I* ;,/ + 2= NZ H.٢ 8 K,'* +# 0 A* KQ '& 1 +0 ;,/ K/ K'QŽ, Q I1 / NZ& )& N ) * 2QB )/ ;,/ D= 3/ 8 1 * )* KQ.(353: » :K&. M / KQ * K'QŽ, 1 1 * K'QŽ, +*C 11.1 N3') 1 R')* ~ N!' pr* K2& 1 8 O*# 1 ),1 ;,&\ OI KQ 1 ), ;,/ H Q I1 ;,/ + 2= MŽ, ~@I 1.,/ O1 ;,/ + 2= ;" Y NI1 1? ;,&\ ; ]& * 1 1 2* +*# ].«...K& 31,&\

24 5 - ( )!" 56 & ; '8 N1794 M& 6 ) N+Q# 0.1 )/I * O1 8!' * Z* ]O& * * MŽ, ~@I 81896M& v 8 Y * +*C839 KQ * K'QŽ, 1 P8 ;" 1 p ^ k*:«:k& H 8q I =g p0g P),'1 Œ& )1 0 O1 ]1 8 I!' * [>. 3') 1 0 *.«8 + 2= 1 N)I Z*01 8* M& v O= && +*C 131 Q KQ ]8 K'QŽ, K& I 8q?'* 1949 M& v +Q# Y'1 +*C 34 0 NI bh 1 8 K/ k*:» :Kb B/ 1 1 KQ 1 ]" ;,/ + 2= K'QŽ, N8 0R. ]1 / & %'Q> !)& & p 1 Q «K& 8 8 K& p 1 /!." 8 1 e= a» 8 )I '/ N)'* Y': N8 1 e= a ;,/ + 2=.I1 pƒ. f.g H Y.(835 :1389 N* ) «I i), 2* H K'4" 1.I?'* + * K'QŽ, +*C O1 N 0 KQ O 1 /1 ;,/ + 2= K'QŽ,.٣ /1 8 KQ 1 Nˆ I [, *. +0 K& 3/ ]C Pelletier C N,*.8 D= ;,/ + 2= 1 1 N K'QD 0 ^'>!. ]1C N8 «@I B/ '.» 0 I* ;,/ +'?. 8 ' +. NK,@*.H B/ D «B/» 0 8 I1.,/ + 2= MŽ, ), 8 +*C M 8 *8» : Y.1 I 0 > Z K& I +# K2& 1 8 pr* Y' +*# + H8 +88 d3 ]1 1? ') H > # ]1 * vr 'C M e$ 8 ') p. a1b 8." ;,/ 8 1 *. 8 1* +0 0 'H= P 01 *# Z)& +88 N 8 8 K& 8q 1 p0g.«* D= I )/I MŽ, +*C ;/ K +*C12432 ) I Z)& Y 1 8 +*C M =.(8 2. CE., 3٠ juil. 1873; Pelletier, Rec. p. 117, concl. David.

25 57 ) - 1;<!9: 2& H ' 1 Np 8 K>I 3 1.* C K'QD 0 ^'>!. ]1C '.» 8 K& Y p?),?. Y A 3/ 1 N] Q NYI 3 1 «'.» 1 ;,/ + 2= Y K/ 0 +.*,D K& Y> 8 +0 ' 53 +> 3 1 Nf' 0 f'1 Pelletier'C 0 s C NI :8['.. Y1 Kb f* 8 = 1 K& Q Y>. 8 oh '2D. B/ N* ',1 ˆ B/.1 ' 53 Œ0= N«K'QŽ, A=» «'. A=» 1 p& * +' K'QŽ, P',. > )2Q o 2= ;,/ 8 DC ).(DE FORGES ; 2002: p. 279) I1 '. N;,/ ] 8 H [2& f*88 * K'QŽ, ^'>!. 1 ]C?'* * K'QŽ, +*C 11 N 8 K2& 1 8 O*# 1 ),1 ;,&\ OI KQ + 8» :K& I +# +88 MŽ, ~@I 1.,/ N3') 1 R')* ~ N!' pr* 1 1 2* +*# ] 1 ), ;,/ H Q I1 ;,/ + 2= O1 ;,/ + 2= ;" Y NI1 1? ;,&\ ; ]& *.«...K& 31,&\ 1 H <* 1 =. 1 I1 ]& * 8 '. R')* +0 H + 2= )I K'QŽ, N+0 '. v>. / PO& K2,*!* : H...» : '0 Y * K'QŽ, +*C 14.* ;,/ +?' Y.), ;,/ + 2= MŽ, ~) *# *0 ~D)R.«I / Y''D. H d3 0 ^ / * 1 =. 1 +*# 0 ^ K'QŽ, K& M 0 I* ;,/ MŽ, 8 Z.I1 8 ˆ!. D. N!' pr* 1 1 ] D )I f* + K'QŽ, 1 O) '. N* K'QŽ, +*C 11 [= 1 C ' *. +0 NR')*.H 8 +0 >1 * 53 8 ' +0 8 )!. )8 N] Q.* 0 )O1 0 o* p C *H Y 8 K& +0 A!* '.2

26 5 - ( )!" 58 NKO* '. ;2r ;" )2Q. ;,/ K/ +. f* 8. 1 e= a * ;,/ + 2= K& +CC ( )&! F3=:1<a- >=* 1 H K'QŽ, [2& 8 '. N1927 M& (Paul Duez)?_ ] )& H 0 ~4" >* ] 1/ 1 8 I1 (dysfonctionnement) & K'QD ^ R')* N3') 1 NHI* N2)I ^ N;" Y.K& 8 ] '/. 1 * K'QD 8 MC N ;/ Z)& P'<. *0& * %D$ N+ '. 1 B/ N['.. Y1.*H ;,/ [2& K& Y> K'* & *. pr* 1 %> +*C [= 1 N;".H ^?* * **C't N+# ] I '. [>. N/ **C %'>. * ;" NI1 D.KI / K'QŽ, N+# ]1 (QUILLEN, TCHEN; 2005: p. 270) K& K&* ( = ( 19q B!" ( ) &! 1:F >=* )I *H*H e * *. ;/ K'QD *0& * %D$ Y>?'* '/.I1 C ] ^ ;' ^ ]I *. '..I1 6I* D= 2= *. '..I1 )I (. ) MQ p!* 2= ^ 1 )& ]1C )I '/..8 C N]D. Q K& K2i ] ^ 0 I* '. ~gd <)*.<* A= )!81 ]'2C 0 # I 1 '. 0?'*!' pr* )'C p C N; Y'* C K < 1 / K'QD 1 ;<* 1 ), ^ '101 + '/. N(.<* C) 8 M K,1 8 ;<*.(DE FORGES; 2002: p. 294)... +CC a, &! )&!:F2 >=* K'QŽ, [2& 8 '. 8 K& p0g +88 ˆ&. 1>. '. ^'>!. Z> 0 H (8) +# K'QŽ, 1 R '. = 0 NC. 8 2= )'1 N'. 0 *H Y 1 I _ %D..* 1. CE., 29 mars 1946; Caisse d'assurance sociale Meurthe-et-Moselle, G.A.J.A., n 60.

27 59 ) - 1;<!9: 2& '. «:H 8,* )Q I KQ * (Laferrière) g %D. I1 B/ ] e$ Ns'_ Nf'1 P8 2= ;,/ 8 a4 N%D$ NK'4" 1 +,* ^ I '. 8 Q '. +H*H e * 0 )&O +. NAC.«P'I1 f3') 1 0 > 8 8 ^ '&1 1>. '. 8 K!H 8 K&O +88 (DE FORGES; 2002: p. I 1 '. 0 'H* C e * Y 2* +1 8* 0 P P),'& * *0& B/ ]I *. '..299).I1...!)&?1 ]& [&* K'D$ * N+ 8 I «P),'& C *» 3/ & N D=,*.(811:1389N* ) * K'QŽ,~'), I1 +*#!' K/ 0 ^'>!. ]1C '. '. Y> '. 0 2* a'c N%D. Y Q * O*# **C K K'4" :I1 8!' K/ 0 ^! %)@;O= 0 K& K/ 0 y/ ^! N$ Q 1 8 K& '. N Y.O1.1 pr* 1 8 )H ;" )'QD pr* pz 1 1>. B/ 8 ['.. Y1.K& 8 Y> H*0 1 1 )I * B1 *H n' 8 % ')/ 8 8!)& & 0 I2* P ˆ11 ~48 8!' 1 K& 7')/ 8 4& 0 K,'*!' pr* M 8,' * K& )I bh n' 1 2= NKO= +# 0 '. Y.8,8 8!)& )I bh.k& )Z* ;" N% pr* K2& 1 = + 1 Q )H ;" N!' pr* 3/ 1 K& Y> B/ H Q ( t M ) K'* & '. N** 1 oi )H '. + PD ' )Q & ^?'# ) )!H = 0 ] 0# Kq C 8 *'* *0 1 8 *2* *0 ~4i oi1 KD! M2* Y N&.8 KC& pr* KO= K& Iu& 1 K2C CE., 26 mai 1877; Laumonnier-Carriol, Rec. p. 437.

28 5 - ( )!" 60 0 * 0 / ) N!' pr* pz N!' pr* pz K/ ] 8 N** 1 o*101 K*/ M ]'2C.8 + Z 1 K2,* ^'8?'#Y'.!Q = 0 NI I C 3') 1 [>. N!' pr* pz R!* [2& 8 YI Z'& N;O K/& pz 1 8 K'QŽ,.*H + Z 1 ;,/ 01 0 'Z1 ;"!' pr* pz ˆ&. 1>. P = Y'k.5 N3') 1 0 I*) 't P = Q N I 1 '. = 5= ]'2C 0 I1 B/ = 0 *. (... ; K p N.g21.(DE FORGES; 2002: p. 300) <* / ^ '&1 & /: ^ 1 't 0 y/ NK'* & 1 ]D. ]D ]I *. 8 B/ N;" N; Y'* C 0 %@. K p N*> *0 N$ ; ')/ K'4" KQ + 8» : * K'QŽ, +*C 11.I1...!' pr*.8 N3') 1 R')* ~ N!' pr* K2& 1 8 O*# 1 ),1 ;,&\ OI N+*C [= 1.«...I1 ;,/ + 2= MŽ, ~@I 1.,/ pr* p * ;" 8 I1!'Q>. + *OI '. e * ~. 8 *I p= ~*' %@. N'. [>. O*# ;/ K +*C M& v ;!@. 1 H'& +*C 8.K& I 8q1386 M& v 8 A''. 1 R K& Y> 8 ;!@. Y.PO N'/ +*C * pr* N 1 ; Y'* C * :0.2 I O*# 1 '/. ; ')/!' pr* 0 /) ]'Q +1 O*# **C pr* '/. )& = 0 k'& NI M % pr* Z* ]O& 8P8 N(O*# pr* N ) KO. N ;C K/ ]'BD. N %.g1 p ; Y'* C = 't ˆ1 t M 'D2. Nq/ NK'i' ^) & & N AC d4/ 7?H H _ 1 K2,* *H b/ I Y''D. ; Y'* C : +# 0 't = Y)H N *

29 61 ) - 1;<!9: 2& NŠI K'DC +ŽI 0 0R't!)& e* NI. /I d 8 Q K +*C ) K'DC p 0!)& & N)Q M ;*>....(8;/ ;'. 8." N KQ + +*C11 [= 1 8 K& 8q 1 p0g N8H'& 2DI NI1 I O*# A''. [= K>I e$ ; C 1 K>I d3 p?q K>I p C P'. 0 r ŠQ ƒ * 1 P> ; C 0 I* ;,/ +?' Y''D. /.* " NI A''. KQ + ˆ&. +# a. %@. ec 0 0 s NO*# + 8 )Q +0& + +*C ) K& ),H H 1 'HP'. N 1 ;,/ + 2= 1 p? K>I d3 *. + NZ ;2 1.( KQ.'H;" H '&1 N;,/ +?' Y''D. Q 1 +0 &* 5>- + D "/P a NK'>Q a N*,* K 8 1 a = **C 0R 0R. Y 1 * 0 * 1 * a,8 K& ;,/ [= 8 2'&# e **C 0# *H 1 0 I* ;,/ + 2= 1 % 1 Z@& MŽ, H O*#2) K'i' NM N+= 1 Y'* C * C 0 y/ C * 0 I* *. ;,/ Y.I1 / ].*1 C1 + 2= +1 2* *0 n' 0 N;".I1 ; # = 1 KQ )& P<*! N A Y'. < 1 KQ *. K'8 M pr* 1 ;2 +*C [= 1 '/ d a. 1 =g p0g ; )& " ')/ = 0 oi1 '0 Y. ')/ ; 0') M bh 1 p?q O*# 1 C C 1 2*=^ / ; ')/ % pr* )& +# +88 KQ M H.KQ 1 / ;/ 1 =. 1 8 Y K& * K'QŽ, # oi + Z 1 ;,/ 1 R * *0 + Z 1 +*C v:o: k*: K 0 H* KQ d I1 K'QŽ, 0 dd d4/1 K'8 NKQ C H 0 > ]'>. " 0 > 8 K& K& 2* Q K& )= H 1 ;C M N+# < r# 0 > 8 K&

30 5 - ( )!" 62 K'8 ]" K& +# K 1 %> KQ 0 8 Q" 0 > 8 P'8 7 KQ.I1 ;,/ + 2= ]" ]Q Y'1 / '&1 KQ K N+*C 1 R 8 KQ M.K& +# + 2= 1 % + Z 1 ;,/ ;" k*: Q K'QŽ, N;" 8 I1 KQ '. 0 I* *. I +0 ;" A )& 8 KQ M >1 2* '. 0 I* + Z 1 ;,/ H +0 1 R # = 1 *B/ ˆ I ˆ' + *OI 1 )H 1 Q D= p e!)* [= KQ K'QD 8 Y (+ *OI 1 B/ R ) KQ (? ] ]" *) K& I O) +0.KI / * K'QŽ, (*H01 )D" N)C K'QD). M 0 I* ;,/ / KQ )IbH *?'* K'8 M 1 1 KQ K'* 0 )I K'QŽ, + Z 1 '0 Y. * K'QŽ, N;,/ ;" 0 ',1 2* ab 8 K& $ 1 8* C* N1339 M& v * K'QŽ, +*C N 8.I p C +# +8#0 54" 1 K2,* ;";,/ + 2=. ) a. 1 * K'QŽ, +8 ˆ I N;" )2Q * K'QŽ, +' N+H*H C p<* 8 P'8 7 2* Y'k.'H * 1 1 D B/ 0 I* ;,/ H.*I ^'>!. 1 ]C +# +88 '. 0 I* k*: 1 K'QŽ, I1 '* ;*> N]&.1 / ;,/ + 2= 1 % / I1 1 KQ * K'QŽ, 2* N)IbH. * Z C p<* NKO* KQ & > '0. P'*. K'8 M ]I +# K'QD K' 1 Y'ko'* ;,/ + 2= p K'8 M Q 0 +# +88 Y. N%)@ C p<* * *8 ;g. 1 =. 1 8 & <* Y = +*CA$ Y'* C 54" KQ * K'QŽ, '0 =Œ8 Y'* C KQ K>I ]1C M I A Y'* C K). H8. ;$ N / O*# +88 = Z)& N C -" 3 1 K>I A=.I2* H& po1 : NY 0 f'1 p

31 _ 12&3 : 2.+?':+ O. N1y N o(1392) Z& )& 78 N.K&:+ O. N'2B. o(1385) O: N.\ O. Z* :+ O. N1 0# o(1382).),h :+ O. N/ +88 M 1 K2,* KQ * K'QŽ,o(1376) 'RNt.+ O. Z* :+ O. NOC +$ N* o(1369) "*.),H * :+ O. N *2 N+0.8 o(1377).4& p *?8:+ O. N(?= f@1) Co(1380)!BN a.&1, +0& ; )* :+ O. N* )@o(1382) N.+?':+ O. N(1-2) o(1386) $ N 0&.K&:+ O. N2y N'2B. o(1389) O N*.١.٢.٣.٤.٥.٦.٧.٨.٩.١٠ : 2 &` 1. CE Ass., 24 juin 1949 ; Consorts Lecomte, Rec. p CE Ass., 28 mars 1919 ; Regnault-Desroziers, Rec. p CE Sect., 3 fév ; Thouzellier, Rec. p CE., 26 mai 1877 ; Laumonnier-Carriol, Rec. p E., 29 mars 1946 ; Caisse départementale d'assurance sociale Meurthe-et- Moselle, G.A.J.A., n CE., 30 juil ; Pelletier, Rec. p. 117, concl. David. 7. CE., 5 juil ; Département de la Sarthe c/ delle Artus, Rec. p CE., 5 nov ; Eps Edme, Rec. p DE FORGES (J.-M.) (2002) ; Droit administratif, Paris ; Puf. 10. OLIVA (E.) (2005) ; Droit constitutionnel, Paris : Dalloz-Sirey, Coll. «Aidemémoire». 11. PEYRICAL (J.-M.), (2000) ; Droit administratif, Paris : Montchrestien. 12. QUILLEN (PH.-J.), TCHEN (V.), (2005) ; Le droit public, Paris : Ellipses.

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