You may not start to read the questions printed on the subsequent pages until instructed to do so by the Invigilator.

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1 NAURAL SCIENCES RIPOS Part IA Wednesday 5 June to 2 MAHEMAICS (2) Before you begin read these instructions carefully: You may submit answers to no more than six questions. All questions carry the same number of marks. he aroximate number of marks allocated to a art of a question is indicated in the right hand margin. Write on one side of the aer only and begin each answer on a searate sheet. Questions marked with an asterisk (*) require a knowledge of B course material. At the end of the examination: For each question you have attemted, attach a blue cover sheet to your answer and write the question number and letter (for examle, 3B) in the section box on the cover sheet. List all the questions you attemted on the yellow master cover sheet. Every cover sheet must bear your candidate number and your desk number. You may not start to read the questions rinted on the subsequent ages until instructed to do so by the Invigilator.

2 2 A (a) Determine whether there is a function φ such that F = φ, in the two cases: (i) (ii) F = (xz y)i + ( x + y + z 3 )j + (3xz 2 xy)k, [ ] F = ex(z x) (y yx)i + xj + xyk + 2xi. [3] In each case, calculate the function φ, if it exists. [4] [3] (b) Find the acute angle between the surfaces x 2 y 2 z = 3x + z 2 and 3x 2 y 2 + 2z = at the oint (, 2, ). [0] 2A Let r be a vector of length r = r from the origin of coordinates to a general oint P, so that n = r/r is a unit vector in the outward radial direction through P. Let the vector field F be given by F = n r γ for some number γ 2. Exlicitly calculate the three-dimensional volume integral ( F)d where is the solid region defined by 0 < ɛ < r < R. Exlicitly calculate the two-dimensional surface integral F da over the boundary S of this S region. If γ = 2, what are the values of the volume and surface integrals? [4] [You may not use the divergence theorem.] [8] [8]

3 3 3B (a) For what values of α does the following equation have non-zero solutions in (x, y, z)? [6] 2 2 α 2 + α 4 x y = 0 0. α 2 3 z 0 (b) Find exressions for x and y in terms of z for each such value of α. [4] (i) Let and let A = ( 0 ) ɛ ɛ 0 S = n=0 and I = n! An, ( ) 0 0 where A 0 = I. Find an exression for S in terms of ɛ, trigonometric functions of ɛ and the matrices I and A. [5] (ii) Similarly, if and B = = ( ) 0 ɛ ɛ 0 n=0 n! Bn, with B 0 = I, find an exression for in terms of ɛ, hyerbolic functions of ɛ and the matrices I and B. [5] [URN OER

4 4 4B* (a) A Pringle cris can be defined as the surface z = f(x, y) = x 2 y 2 with a boundary defined by the constraint g(x, y) = x 2 + y 2 = 0. Use the method of Lagrange multiliers to find the largest and smallest values of z on the boundary of the cris, and the (x, y) ositions where these occur. [4] (b) Use the method of Lagrange multiliers to find the oint on the line y = mx + c which is closest to the oint (x 0, y 0 ). [6] (c) A farmer wishes to construct a grain silo in the form of a hollow vertical cylinder of radius r and height h with a hollow hemisherical ca of radius r on to of the cylinder. he walls of the cylinder cost x er unit area to construct and the surface of the ca costs 2x er unit area to construct. Given that a total volume is desired for the silo, what values of r and h should be chosen to minimise the cost? [0] 5C (a) Find the modulus and argument of the comlex number + i and show where this is on the Argand diagram. If z 2 = + i, find z and arg(z) and illustrate your result on the Argand diagram. [4] (b) Exress sin 5θ in terms of sin θ and find the values of θ such that (c) Show that the solutions of the equation 6 sin 5 θ = sin 5θ. sin z = 2i cos z [8] are given by z = (π/2 + nπ) + i ln 3, 2 where n is an arbitrary integer. [8]

5 5 6C (a) What are the vector and Cartesian equations for the surface of a shere with radius r = 4 and centre at osition c = (, 2, 3)? [3] (b) he Cartesian equation for a lane is x + 2y + 2z 20 = 0. What is the vector equation for this lane? [3] (c) Find the shortest distance between c and this lane. [4] (d) Find the centre and radius of the circle of intersection of the lane in (b) with the shere in (a). [0] [URN OER

6 6 7D (a) he internal energy of a system, U(S, ), has the differential du = ds d. Find a function F such that df = Sd d and rove that Given that ds can be written as ds = = ( ). d + d, [3] [3] consider changes in S with resect to at constant, and hence show that = ( ) ( ). [4] (b) By considering the differentials of S(, ) and S(, ), resectively, when ds = 0, show that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) S S S S = and that =. S S Hence rove that ( ) ( ) S = [6] ( ) ( ) S. [4] S

7 7 8D Determine which of the following differentials is exact. In each case, if the differential is exact, find the function f(x, y) such that df = P dx + Qdy. If the differential is not exact, find an integrating factor. (a) (b) (c) (2x + 5y 9)dx + (5x + 3y 4)dy (x + y)dx + 2xdy (x 2 y 2 )dx + 2xydy (x 2 + y 2 ) 2 [7] [6] [7] 9E (a) A real square matrix M is said to be normal if MM = M M. Show that a real square matrix is normal if it is symmetric, antisymmetric or orthogonal. [4] (b) Find the eigenvalues of the matrix cos 2θ sin 2θ 0 sin 2θ cos 2θ Find the corresonding normalized eigenvectors, simlifying your results where ossible. [8] (c) erify that the eigenvectors are orthogonal. [3] [5] [URN OER

8 8 0E* (a) Let f(x) be a function that is continuous, ositive and decreasing for x >. Exlain why s s s f(n) < f(x) dx < f(n), n=r+ r n=r where r and s are any ositive integers with r < s. [6] (b) Hence show that ( N ) + N < N n < ( N ) +, n= where is any ositive number and an integer N >. [6] (c) Deduce that the series n [5] n= converges for any > 0, and show further that lim 0 ( ) n =, n= where tends to zero through ositive values. [3]

9 9 F (a) By exressing the integrand in artial fractions, evaluate 2 3x 2 + 5x + x(x + )(x + 2) dx. (b) Evaluate the definite integral [7] π/4 0 + cos 2θ dθ. (c) Using your results from (b), or otherwise, evaluate the definite integral [6] π/2 0 + sin φ dφ. [7] 2F* he diffusion equation is 2 f x 2 = f t. Show that a solution to this equation is f(x, t) = t e x2 /4t. Suose that the equation is modified to [6] he solution is now of the form 2 f x 2 = f t f t. f(x, t) = g(t) t e x2 /4t. Find the first order ordinary differential equation satisfied by g(t). [9] Now find the general solution of this first order differential equation. [5] END OF PAPER