RINGS OF INTEGERS WITHOUT A POWER BASIS
|
|
- Tyrone Bennett
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RINGS OF INTEGERS WITHOUT A POWER BASIS KEITH CONRAD Let K be a number field, with degree n and ring of integers O K. When O K = Z[α] for some α O K, the set {1, α,..., α n 1 } is a Z-basis of O K. We call such a basis a ower basis. When K is a quadratic field or a cyclotomic field, O K admits a ower basis, and the use of these two fields as examles in algebraic number theory can lead to the imression that rings of integers should always have a ower basis. This is false. While it is always true that O K = Ze 1 Ze n for some algebraic integers e 1,..., e n, quite often we can not choose the e i s to be owers of a single number. The first examle of a ring of integers lacking a ower basis is due to Dedekind. It is the field Qθ) where θ is a root of T T 2 2T 8. The ring of integers of Qθ) has Z-basis {1, θ, θ+θ 2 )/2} but no ower basis. We will return to this historically distinguished examle later, but the main urose of the discussion here is to give infinitely many examles of number fields whose ring of integers does not have a ower basis. Our examles will be Galois cubic extensions of Q. Fix a rime 1 mod. The field Qζ )/Q has cyclic Galois grou Z/Z), and in articular there is a unique cubic subfield F, so F /Q is Galois with degree. The Galois grou GalF /Q) is the quotient of Z/Z) by its subgrou of cubes. In articular, for any rime q, q slits comletely in F if and only if its Frobenius in GalF /Q) is trivial, which is equivalent to q being a cube modulo. Theorem 1 Hensel). If 1 mod and 2 is a cube in Z/Z, then O F α O F. Z[α] for any Proof. Suose O F = Z[α] for some α. Let α have minimal olynomial ft ) over Q, so f is an irreducibe cubic in Z[T ]. Then O F = Z[α] = Z[T ]/ft ). Since 2 is a cube mod, 2 slits comletely in F, so f slits comletely in Z/2Z)[T ]. However, a cubic in Z/2Z)[T ] can t slit comletely: there are only two monic) linear olynomials mod 2. The set of rimes that fit the hyotheses of Theorem 1 are those 1 mod such that 2 1)/ 1 mod. These are the rimes that slit comletely in the slitting field of T 2 over Q, and by the Chebotarev density theorem there is a ositive roortion recisely, 1/6) of such rimes. The first few of them are 1, 4, 109, and 1. For each such, Theorem 1 tells us the ring of integers of F does not have a ower basis. Hensel actually roved a result that is stronger than Theorem 1: for 1 mod, 2 is a cube mod if and only if the index [O F : Z[α]] is even for all α O F Z. 1
2 2 KEITH CONRAD The roof that the integer ring of Dedekind s field Qθ) lacks a ower basis oerates on the same rincile as Theorem 1: show 2 slits comletely in the integers of Qθ), and that imlies there is no ower basis for the same reason as in Theorem 1. However, to show 2 slits comletely in Qθ) requires different techniques than the ones we used in the fields F, since Dedekind s field does not lie in a cyclotomic field. If K is a number field, a criterion for O K not to have a ower basis is that some rime number divides every index [O K : Z[α]] for α O K. When K is a cubic field, the only such rime could be 2 theorem of Engstrom), and this criterion alies that is, [O K : Z[α]] is even for all α O K ) if and only if 2 slits comletely in O K. See [1] for further details, including a roof that there are infinitely many cubic fields without a ower basis for which this even-index criterion does not aly. The integer ring of F for 1 mod ) has some Z-basis, which we now know need not be a ower basis. What is a Z-basis for this ring? Theorem 2. For 1 mod let η 0 = Tr Qζ)/F ζ ) = Fixing an element r Z/Z) with order, let η 1 = ζ, t η 2 = Then O F = Zη 0 + Zη 1 + Zη 2. t 1)/ r mod t 1)/ 1 mod ζ t. t 1)/ r 2 mod The numbers η i are examles of cyclotomic) eriods [5, ]. Proof. For c Z/Z), c 1)/ is a cube root of unity and therefore is in {1, r, r 2 }. For suitable c each of the three values is achieved. Let σ c GalQζ )/Q) send ζ to ζ. c Then σ c η i ) = σ c ζ t = ζ ct = ζ, t t 1)/ r i mod t 1)/ r i mod ζ t. t 1)/ c 1)/ r i mod so σ c ermutes {η 0, η 1, η 2 } the same way multilication by c 1)/ ermutes {1, r, r 2 }. Therefore η 0, η 1, and η 2 are Q-conjugates, and since F is the unique cubic subfield of Qζ ) any of η 0, η 1, η 2 generates F as a field extension of Q. The standard basis of Qζ ) over Q is {1, ζ,..., ζ 2 }, and this is also a basis for Z[ζ ] over Z. It is more convenient to multily through by ζ and use instead B = {ζ, ζ,..., ζ 1 } as a basis of Qζ ) over Q or Z[ζ ] over Z, since this is a basis of Galois conjugates a normal basis over Q). For examle, η 0, η 1, η 2 are sums of different numbers in B, so η 0, η 1, and η 2 are linearly indeendent over Q and thus form a Q-basis of F. Each x O F can be written as x = a 0 η 0 + a 1 η 1 + a 2 η 2 for rational a 0, a 1, and a 2. On the left side, since x is an algebraic integer in Qζ ) it is a Z-linear combination of the numbers in B. Exanding the right side in terms of B, the coefficients are a 0, a 1, and a 2, so comaring coefficients of the numbers in B on both sides shows a 0, a 1, and a 2 are all integers. To measure how far Z[η 0 ] is from the full ring of integers O F we d like to comute the index [O F : Z[η 0 ]]. This can be exressed in terms of discriminants: if ft ) Z[T ] is the
3 minimal olynomial of η 0 over Q then RINGS OF INTEGERS WITHOUT A POWER BASIS 1) discft )) = [O F : Z[η 0 ]] 2 disco F ). What are these discriminants? Theorem. For 1 mod, disco F ) = 2. Proof. The discriminant of O F is the determinant Trη0 2 ) Trη 0η 1 ) Trη 0 η 2 ) Trη 1 η 0 ) Trη1 2 ) Trη 1η 2 ) Trη 2 η 0 ) Trη 2 η 1 ) Trη2 2), where Tr = Tr F/Q. Since η 0, η 1, η 2 are Q-conjugates, as are η 0 η 1, η 0 η 2, and η 1 η 2, we have Trη0 2 disco F ) = ) Trη 0η 1 ) Trη 0 η 1 ) Trη 0 η 1 ) Trη0 2 ) Trη 0η 1 ) Trη 0 η 1 ) Trη 0 η 1 ) Trη0 2) 2) = a ab 2 + 2b, where a = Trη0 2) and b = Trη 0η 1 ). The trace of η 0 is Trη 0 ) = η 0 + η 1 + η 2 = t,)=1 ζt = 1. To comute Trη0 2 ), we comute η0 2 = ) where = = a 1)/ =1 b 1)/ =1 a 1)/ =1 b 1)/ =1 b 1)/ =1 a 1)/ =1 = 1 = 1 + ζ a+b ζ a1+b) ζ a1+b) b 1)/ =1,b 1 σ 1+b η 0 ) + c 0 η 0 + c 1 η 1 + c 2 η 2, c 0 = {b 0, 1 : b 1)/ = 1, 1 + b) 1)/ = 1}, c 1 = {b 0, 1 : b 1)/ = 1, 1 + b) 1)/ = r}, c 2 = {b 0, 1 : b 1)/ = 1, 1 + b) 1)/ = r 2 }. Recall r and r 2 are the elements of order in Z/Z).) Taking the trace of both sides of ) gives Trη 2 0) = 1) + c 0 + c 1 + c 2 ) Trη 0 ) = 1 c 0 + c 1 + c 2 ). The sum of the c i s is the number of solutions to b 1)/ = 1 in Z/Z excet for b = 1, so ) 1 4) Trη0) 2 = 1 1 = 2 1) + 1.
4 4 KEITH CONRAD 5) Writing Trη0) 2 = η0 2 + η1 2 + η2 2 = η 0 + η 1 + η 2 ) 2 2η 0 η 1 + η 1 η 2 + η 0 η 2 ) = Tr η 0 ) 2 2 Trη 0 η 1 ) = 1 2 Trη 0 η 1 ), we comare 4) and 5) to see that Trη 0 η 1 ) = 1)/. Feeding the formulas for Trη0 2) and Trη 0η 1 ) into the discriminant formula 2) gives ) 2 ) ) ) 1 disco F ) = 1) + 1 1) = 2. Remark 4. The discriminant of F can be calculated using ramification rather than a basis: the extension Qζ )/Q is ramified only at, so if K is an intermediate field then it is ramified only at too. Since Qζ )/Q is totally ramified at, K is totally ramified at as well. If a number field is totally ramified at a rime and has degree n not divisible by then it can be shown that its discriminant is divisible by n 1 but not n. Therefore if [K : Q] = d, disck) = ± d 1. The sign of disck) is 1) r 2K) [5, Lemma 2.2], and when 1 mod the cubic field F has r 2 = 0 since a Galois cubic with a real embedding has r 2 = 0, so discf ) = 1 = 2. The first few rimes 1 mod are 7, 1, 19, 1, 7, 4, 61, 67, 7, 79, 97. For every rime 1 mod we can write 4 = A 2 +B 2 and such an equation determines A and B u to sign [,. 119]. The table below gives the ositive A and B for the above A, B) 1,1) 5,1) 7,1) 4,2) 11,1) 8,2) 1,) 5,) 7,) 17,1) 19,1) Numerically, for each of the above a calculation of ft ) as T η 0 )T η 1 )T η 2 ) shows the discriminant of ft ) is B) 2. By 1) and Theorem, the formula discft )) = B) 2 is equivalent to [O F : Z[η 0 ]] = B, so by the above table Z[η 0 ] has index 2 in O F when is 1 and 4, the index is when is 61, 67, and 7, and the index is 1 i.e., O F = Z[η 0 ]) for the other in the table. For a more rigorous discussion of the formula discft )) = B) 2, see [2]. Claude Quitte observed numerically for the above an index formula using A: [O F : Z[η 0 η 1 ]] = A. The formula discft )) = B) 2 leads to a formula for ft ). In terms of its roots η i, ft ) = T η 0 )T η 1 )T η 2 ) = T η 0 + η 1 + η 2 )T 2 + η 0 η 1 + η 0 η 2 + η 1 η 2 )T η 0 η 1 η 2 = T Trη 0 )T 2 + Trη 0 η 1 )T η 0 η 1 η 2 = T 1)T 2 1 T η 0η 1 η 2 = T + T 2 1 T η 0η 1 η 2. We want to write the constant term of ft ) in terms of. The general formula disc T + T 2 + at + b ) = 4a + a ab b 2 4b
5 with a = 1)/ and b = η 0 η 1 η 2 is 4 1 ) b b 2 + 2b 1 RINGS OF INTEGERS WITHOUT A POWER BASIS 5 Setting 4 = A 2 + B 2, this discriminant is 2 A 2 + B 2 + b 1 ) ) 2 = 2 A 2 ) = 2 6b 1) b 1) = b 1 ) ) 2. + b 1 ) ) 2 + B) 2. Therefore discft )) = B) 2 + b 1 = ±A. Since 1 mod we have + b 1)/ 1 mod, so if we choose the sign on A to make A 1 mod then + b 1)/ = A. Rewrite this as b = 1 A + ))/, so the minimal olynomial of η 0 over Q is 6) ft ) = T + T A + ) T + with 4 = A 2 + B 2 and A 1 mod. Examle 5. The first fitting the hyotheses of Theorem 1 is = 1, for which 4 = 124 = 4) 2 + 2) 2. Therefore the cubic subfield of Qζ 1 ) is Qη 0 ) where, by 6), η 0 has minimal olynomial T + T ) T + = T + T 2 10T 8. The field Qη 0 ) is a cyclic cubic extension of Q in which 2 slits comletely and its ring of integers has no ower basis. Examle 6. The second fitting the hyotheses of Theorem 1 is = 4, for which 4 = 172 = 8) 2 + 2) 2 we use 8 so that A = 8 1 mod ). Thus the cubic subfield of Qζ 4 ) is Qη 0 ) where η 0 has minimal olynomial T + T ) T + = T + T 2 14T + 8 and this cubic field has the same roerties as at the end of the revious examle. The minimal olynomial of η 0 η 1 over Q is T η 0 η 1 ))T η 1 η 2 ))T η 2 η 0 )). Exanding this out, we get 7) T + η 0 η 1 + η 0 η 2 + η 1 η 2 η 2 0 η 2 1 η 2 2)T + η 0 η 1 )η 1 η 2 )η 2 η 0 ). The coefficient of T is Trη 0 η 1 ) Tr η 0 ) 2 = 1)/ 1) 2 = and the constant term is discft )) = ± B. The sign of the constant term in 7) is sensitive to the choice of ζ and nontrivial cube root of unity r mod in the definition of the η i, e.g., changing r can change η 1 into η 2 but η 0 η 1 and η 0 η 2 are not Q-conjugates. In fact η 0 η 2 has minimal olynomial T T B with constant term of oosite sign to the minimal olynomial of η 0 η 1. When the definition of the η i uses ζ = e 2πi/ and r is the numerically least nontrivial cube root of unity mod in {1,..., 1} then for all < 100 such that 1 mod the constant term of 7) turns out to be B excet when = 61.
6 6 KEITH CONRAD The only < 500 for which 1 mod and the class number of F is greater than 1 are 16, 7, 1, 49, and 97. For these the class grou of F is Z/2Z Z/2Z excet for = 1, when it is Z/7Z. References [1] D. S. Dummit and H. Kisilevsky, Indices in Cyclic Cubic Fields, of Number Theory and Algebra H. Zassenhaus, ed.), Academic Press, New York, [2] M-N. Gras, Méthodes et algorithmes our le calcul numérique du nombre de classes et des unités des extensions cubiques cycliques de Q, J. Reine Angew. Math ), [] K. Ireland and M. Rosen, A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory, 2nd ed., Sringer- Verlag, New York, [4] P. Samuel, Algebraic Number Theory, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, [5] L. Washington, An Introduction to Cyclotomic Fields, 2nd ed., Sringer-Verlag, New York, 1997.
RECIPROCITY LAWS JEREMY BOOHER
RECIPROCITY LAWS JEREMY BOOHER 1 Introduction The law of uadratic recirocity gives a beautiful descrition of which rimes are suares modulo Secial cases of this law going back to Fermat, and Euler and Legendre
More informationMobius Functions, Legendre Symbols, and Discriminants
Mobius Functions, Legendre Symbols, and Discriminants 1 Introduction Zev Chonoles, Erick Knight, Tim Kunisky Over the integers, there are two key number-theoretic functions that take on values of 1, 1,
More informationDISCRIMINANTS IN TOWERS
DISCRIMINANTS IN TOWERS JOSEPH RABINOFF Let A be a Dedekind domain with fraction field F, let K/F be a finite searable extension field, and let B be the integral closure of A in K. In this note, we will
More informationClass Field Theory. Peter Stevenhagen. 1. Class Field Theory for Q
Class Field Theory Peter Stevenhagen Class field theory is the study of extensions Q K L K ab K = Q, where L/K is a finite abelian extension with Galois grou G. 1. Class Field Theory for Q First we discuss
More informationHENSEL S LEMMA KEITH CONRAD
HENSEL S LEMMA KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction In the -adic integers, congruences are aroximations: for a and b in Z, a b mod n is the same as a b 1/ n. Turning information modulo one ower of into similar
More informationarxiv: v2 [math.nt] 14 Jun 2014
THE DENSITY OF A FAMILY OF MONOGENIC NUMBER FIELDS MOHAMMAD BARDESTANI arxiv:202.2047v2 [math.nt] 4 Jun 204 Abstract. A monogenic olynomial f is a monic irreducible olynomial with integer coefficients
More informationTOTALLY RAMIFIED PRIMES AND EISENSTEIN POLYNOMIALS. 1. Introduction
TOTALLY RAMIFIED PRIMES AND EISENSTEIN POLYNOMIALS KEITH CONRAD A (monic) polynomial in Z[T ], 1. Introduction f(t ) = T n + c n 1 T n 1 + + c 1 T + c 0, is Eisenstein at a prime p when each coefficient
More informationTOTALLY RAMIFIED PRIMES AND EISENSTEIN POLYNOMIALS. 1. Introduction
TOTALLY RAMIFIED PRIMES AND EISENSTEIN POLYNOMIALS KEITH CONRAD A (monic) polynomial in Z[T ], 1. Introduction f(t ) = T n + c n 1 T n 1 + + c 1 T + c 0, is Eisenstein at a prime p when each coefficient
More informationRATIONAL RECIPROCITY LAWS
RATIONAL RECIPROCITY LAWS MARK BUDDEN 1 10/7/05 The urose of this note is to rovide an overview of Rational Recirocity and in articular, of Scholz s recirocity law for the non-number theorist. In the first
More informationAlgebraic number theory LTCC Solutions to Problem Sheet 2
Algebraic number theory LTCC 008 Solutions to Problem Sheet ) Let m be a square-free integer and K = Q m). The embeddings K C are given by σ a + b m) = a + b m and σ a + b m) = a b m. If m mod 4) then
More informationFrobenius Elements, the Chebotarev Density Theorem, and Reciprocity
Frobenius Elements, the Chebotarev Density Theorem, and Recirocity Dylan Yott July 30, 204 Motivation Recall Dirichlet s theorem from elementary number theory. Theorem.. For a, m) =, there are infinitely
More informationClass Numbers and Iwasawa Invariants of Certain Totally Real Number Fields
Journal of Number Theory 79, 249257 (1999) Article ID jnth.1999.2433, available online at htt:www.idealibrary.com on Class Numbers and Iwasawa Invariants of Certain Totally Real Number Fields Dongho Byeon
More informationTHE THEORY OF NUMBERS IN DEDEKIND RINGS
THE THEORY OF NUMBERS IN DEDEKIND RINGS JOHN KOPPER Abstract. This aer exlores some foundational results of algebraic number theory. We focus on Dedekind rings and unique factorization of rime ideals,
More informationA CONCRETE EXAMPLE OF PRIME BEHAVIOR IN QUADRATIC FIELDS. 1. Abstract
A CONCRETE EXAMPLE OF PRIME BEHAVIOR IN QUADRATIC FIELDS CASEY BRUCK 1. Abstract The goal of this aer is to rovide a concise way for undergraduate mathematics students to learn about how rime numbers behave
More informationMath 4400/6400 Homework #8 solutions. 1. Let P be an odd integer (not necessarily prime). Show that modulo 2,
MATH 4400 roblems. Math 4400/6400 Homework # solutions 1. Let P be an odd integer not necessarily rime. Show that modulo, { P 1 0 if P 1, 7 mod, 1 if P 3, mod. Proof. Suose that P 1 mod. Then we can write
More informationTHE SPLITTING FIELD OF X 3 7 OVER Q
THE SPLITTING FIELD OF X 3 7 OVER Q KEITH CONRAD In this note, we calculate all the basic invariants of the number field K = Q( 3 7, ω), where ω = ( 1 + 3)/2 is a primitive cube root of unity. Here is
More informationMath 261 Exam 2. November 7, The use of notes and books is NOT allowed.
Math 261 Eam 2 ovember 7, 2018 The use of notes and books is OT allowed Eercise 1: Polynomials mod 691 (30 ts In this eercise, you may freely use the fact that 691 is rime Consider the olynomials f( 4
More informationMA3H1 TOPICS IN NUMBER THEORY PART III
MA3H1 TOPICS IN NUMBER THEORY PART III SAMIR SIKSEK 1. Congruences Modulo m In quadratic recirocity we studied congruences of the form x 2 a (mod ). We now turn our attention to situations where is relaced
More informationMATH 361: NUMBER THEORY ELEVENTH LECTURE
MATH 361: NUMBER THEORY ELEVENTH LECTURE The subjects of this lecture are characters, Gauss sums, Jacobi sums, and counting formulas for olynomial equations over finite fields. 1. Definitions, Basic Proerties
More informationJacobi symbols and application to primality
Jacobi symbols and alication to rimality Setember 19, 018 1 The grou Z/Z We review the structure of the abelian grou Z/Z. Using Chinese remainder theorem, we can restrict to the case when = k is a rime
More informationMATH 361: NUMBER THEORY EIGHTH LECTURE
MATH 361: NUMBER THEORY EIGHTH LECTURE 1. Quadratic Recirocity: Introduction Quadratic recirocity is the first result of modern number theory. Lagrange conjectured it in the late 1700 s, but it was first
More informationx 2 a mod m. has a solution. Theorem 13.2 (Euler s Criterion). Let p be an odd prime. The congruence x 2 1 mod p,
13. Quadratic Residues We now turn to the question of when a quadratic equation has a solution modulo m. The general quadratic equation looks like ax + bx + c 0 mod m. Assuming that m is odd or that b
More informationf(r) = a d n) d + + a0 = 0
Math 400-00/Foundations of Algebra/Fall 07 Polynomials at the Foundations: Roots Next, we turn to the notion of a root of a olynomial in Q[x]. Definition 8.. r Q is a rational root of fx) Q[x] if fr) 0.
More information3 Properties of Dedekind domains
18.785 Number theory I Fall 2016 Lecture #3 09/15/2016 3 Proerties of Dedekind domains In the revious lecture we defined a Dedekind domain as a noetherian domain A that satisfies either of the following
More informationRepresenting Integers as the Sum of Two Squares in the Ring Z n
1 2 3 47 6 23 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 17 (2014), Article 14.7.4 Reresenting Integers as the Sum of Two Squares in the Ring Z n Joshua Harrington, Lenny Jones, and Alicia Lamarche Deartment
More informationClass number in non Galois quartic and non abelian Galois octic function fields over finite fields
Class number in non Galois quartic and non abelian Galois octic function fields over finite fields Yves Aubry G. R. I. M. Université du Sud Toulon-Var 83 957 La Garde Cedex France yaubry@univ-tln.fr Abstract
More informationGALOIS GROUPS AS PERMUTATION GROUPS
GALOIS GROUPS AS PERMUTATION GROUPS KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction A Galois group is a group of field automorphisms under composition. By looking at the effect of a Galois group on field generators we can
More informationA review of the foundations of perfectoid spaces
A review of the foundations of erfectoid saces (Notes for some talks in the Fargues Fontaine curve study grou at Harvard, Oct./Nov. 2017) Matthew Morrow Abstract We give a reasonably detailed overview
More information(Workshop on Harmonic Analysis on symmetric spaces I.S.I. Bangalore : 9th July 2004) B.Sury
Is e π 163 odd or even? (Worksho on Harmonic Analysis on symmetric saces I.S.I. Bangalore : 9th July 004) B.Sury e π 163 = 653741640768743.999999999999.... The object of this talk is to exlain this amazing
More informationGeneralizing Gauss s Gem
For n = 2, 3, all airs of nilotent matrices satisfy 1, but not all nilotent matrices of size 2 commute, eg, [ ] [ ] 0 1 1 1 A =, and B = 0 0 1 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We than the referees for their useful remars
More informationThe Hasse Minkowski Theorem Lee Dicker University of Minnesota, REU Summer 2001
The Hasse Minkowski Theorem Lee Dicker University of Minnesota, REU Summer 2001 The Hasse-Minkowski Theorem rovides a characterization of the rational quadratic forms. What follows is a roof of the Hasse-Minkowski
More informationMATH 371 Class notes/outline October 15, 2013
MATH 371 Class notes/outline October 15, 2013 More on olynomials We now consider olynomials with coefficients in rings (not just fields) other than R and C. (Our rings continue to be commutative and have
More informationarxiv: v2 [math.nt] 9 Oct 2018
ON AN EXTENSION OF ZOLOTAREV S LEMMA AND SOME PERMUTATIONS LI-YUAN WANG AND HAI-LIANG WU arxiv:1810.03006v [math.nt] 9 Oct 018 Abstract. Let be an odd rime, for each integer a with a, the famous Zolotarev
More informationMATH 3240Q Introduction to Number Theory Homework 7
As long as algebra and geometry have been searated, their rogress have been slow and their uses limited; but when these two sciences have been united, they have lent each mutual forces, and have marched
More informationQUADRATIC RESIDUES AND DIFFERENCE SETS
QUADRATIC RESIDUES AND DIFFERENCE SETS VSEVOLOD F. LEV AND JACK SONN Abstract. It has been conjectured by Sárközy that with finitely many excetions, the set of quadratic residues modulo a rime cannot be
More informationKUMMER S LEMMA KEITH CONRAD
KUMMER S LEMMA KEITH CONRAD Let p be an odd prime and ζ ζ p be a primitive pth root of unity In the ring Z[ζ], the pth power of every element is congruent to a rational integer mod p, since (c 0 + c 1
More informationMATH342 Practice Exam
MATH342 Practice Exam This exam is intended to be in a similar style to the examination in May/June 2012. It is not imlied that all questions on the real examination will follow the content of the ractice
More informationIntroduction to Arithmetic Geometry Fall 2013 Lecture #10 10/8/2013
18.782 Introduction to Arithmetic Geometry Fall 2013 Lecture #10 10/8/2013 In this lecture we lay the groundwork needed to rove the Hasse-Minkowski theorem for Q, which states that a quadratic form over
More informationA generalization of Scholz s reciprocity law
Journal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 19 007, 583 59 A generalization of Scholz s recirocity law ar Mark BUDDEN, Jeremiah EISENMENGER et Jonathan KISH Résumé. Nous donnons une généralisation de la
More informationAn Overview of Witt Vectors
An Overview of Witt Vectors Daniel Finkel December 7, 2007 Abstract This aer offers a brief overview of the basics of Witt vectors. As an alication, we summarize work of Bartolo and Falcone to rove that
More informationCERIAS Tech Report The period of the Bell numbers modulo a prime by Peter Montgomery, Sangil Nahm, Samuel Wagstaff Jr Center for Education
CERIAS Tech Reort 2010-01 The eriod of the Bell numbers modulo a rime by Peter Montgomery, Sangil Nahm, Samuel Wagstaff Jr Center for Education and Research Information Assurance and Security Purdue University,
More informationThus, the integral closure A i of A in F i is a finitely generated (and torsion-free) A-module. It is not a priori clear if the A i s are locally
Math 248A. Discriminants and étale algebras Let A be a noetherian domain with fraction field F. Let B be an A-algebra that is finitely generated and torsion-free as an A-module with B also locally free
More informationQUADRATIC RECIPROCITY
QUADRATIC RECIPROCITY JORDAN SCHETTLER Abstract. The goals of this roject are to have the reader(s) gain an areciation for the usefulness of Legendre symbols and ultimately recreate Eisenstein s slick
More informationMATH 242: Algebraic number theory
MATH 4: Algebraic number theory Matthew Morrow (mmorrow@math.uchicago.edu) Contents 1 A review of some algebra Quadratic residues and quadratic recirocity 4 3 Algebraic numbers and algebraic integers 1
More informationMULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTIONS DICTATED BY ARTIN SYMBOLS ROBERT J. LEMKE OLIVER
MULTIPLICATIVE FUNCTIONS DICTATED BY ARTIN SYMBOLS ROBERT J. LEMKE OLIVER Abstract. Granville and Soundararajan have recently suggested that a general study of multilicative functions could form the basis
More information192 VOLUME 55, NUMBER 5
ON THE -CLASS GROUP OF Q F WHERE F IS A PRIME FIBONACCI NUMBER MOHAMMED TAOUS Abstract Let F be a rime Fibonacci number where > Put k Q F and let k 1 be its Hilbert -class field Denote by k the Hilbert
More informationQUADRATIC RECIPROCITY
QUADRATIC RECIPROCITY JORDAN SCHETTLER Abstract. The goals of this roject are to have the reader(s) gain an areciation for the usefulness of Legendre symbols and ultimately recreate Eisenstein s slick
More informationSolvability and Number of Roots of Bi-Quadratic Equations over p adic Fields
Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences 10(S February: 15-35 (016 Secial Issue: The 3 rd International Conference on Mathematical Alications in Engineering 014 (ICMAE 14 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL
More informationANALYTIC NUMBER THEORY AND DIRICHLET S THEOREM
ANALYTIC NUMBER THEORY AND DIRICHLET S THEOREM JOHN BINDER Abstract. In this aer, we rove Dirichlet s theorem that, given any air h, k with h, k) =, there are infinitely many rime numbers congruent to
More informationAlgebraic Number Theory
Algebraic Number Theory Joseh R. Mileti May 11, 2012 2 Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Sums of Squares........................................... 5 1.2 Pythagorean Triles.........................................
More informationDIRICHLET S THEOREM ON PRIMES IN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS. 1. Introduction
DIRICHLET S THEOREM ON PRIMES IN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS INNA ZAKHAREVICH. Introduction It is a well-known fact that there are infinitely many rimes. However, it is less clear how the rimes are distributed
More informationOn the Diophantine Equation x 2 = 4q n 4q m + 9
JKAU: Sci., Vol. 1 No. 1, : 135-141 (009 A.D. / 1430 A.H.) On the Diohantine Equation x = 4q n 4q m + 9 Riyadh University for Girls, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia abumuriefah@yahoo.com Abstract. In this aer, we
More informationFIELD THEORY. Contents
FIELD THEORY MATH 552 Contents 1. Algebraic Extensions 1 1.1. Finite and Algebraic Extensions 1 1.2. Algebraic Closure 5 1.3. Splitting Fields 7 1.4. Separable Extensions 8 1.5. Inseparable Extensions
More informationTHE DIFFERENT IDEAL. Then R n = V V, V = V, and V 1 V 2 V KEITH CONRAD 2 V
THE DIFFERENT IDEAL KEITH CONRAD. Introduction The discriminant of a number field K tells us which primes p in Z ramify in O K : the prime factors of the discriminant. However, the way we have seen how
More informationMAT4250 fall 2018: Algebraic number theory (with a view toward arithmetic geometry)
MAT450 fall 018: Algebraic number theory (with a view toward arithmetic geometry) Håkon Kolderu Welcome to MAT450, a course on algebraic number theory. This fall we aim to cover the basic concets and results
More informationORAL QUALIFYING EXAM QUESTIONS. 1. Algebra
ORAL QUALIFYING EXAM QUESTIONS JOHN VOIGHT Below are some questions that I have asked on oral qualifying exams (starting in fall 2015). 1.1. Core questions. 1. Algebra (1) Let R be a noetherian (commutative)
More informationARITHMETIC IN PURE CUBIC FIELDS AFTER DEDEKIND.
ARITHMETIC IN PURE CUBIC FIELDS AFTER DEDEKIND. IAN KIMING We will study the rings of integers and the decomposition of primes in cubic number fields K of type K = Q( 3 d) where d Z. Cubic number fields
More informationPractice Final Solutions
Practice Final Solutions 1. True or false: (a) If a is a sum of three squares, and b is a sum of three squares, then so is ab. False: Consider a 14, b 2. (b) No number of the form 4 m (8n + 7) can be written
More informationSQUAREFREE VALUES OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS COURSE NOTES, 2015
SQUAREFREE VALUES OF QUADRATIC POLYNOMIALS COURSE NOTES, 2015 1. Squarefree values of olynomials: History In this section we study the roblem of reresenting square-free integers by integer olynomials.
More informationCONGRUENCE PROPERTIES OF TAYLOR COEFFICIENTS OF MODULAR FORMS
CONGRUENCE PROPERTIES OF TAYLOR COEFFICIENTS OF MODULAR FORMS HANNAH LARSON AND GEOFFREY SMITH Abstract. In their work, Serre and Swinnerton-Dyer study the congruence roerties of the Fourier coefficients
More informationp-adic Properties of Lengyel s Numbers
1 3 47 6 3 11 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 17 (014), Article 14.7.3 -adic Proerties of Lengyel s Numbers D. Barsky 7 rue La Condamine 75017 Paris France barsky.daniel@orange.fr J.-P. Bézivin 1, Allée
More informationWeil s Conjecture on Tamagawa Numbers (Lecture 1)
Weil s Conjecture on Tamagawa Numbers (Lecture ) January 30, 204 Let R be a commutative ring and let V be an R-module. A quadratic form on V is a ma q : V R satisfying the following conditions: (a) The
More informationp-adic Measures and Bernoulli Numbers
-Adic Measures and Bernoulli Numbers Adam Bowers Introduction The constants B k in the Taylor series exansion t e t = t k B k k! k=0 are known as the Bernoulli numbers. The first few are,, 6, 0, 30, 0,
More informationRAMIFICATION IN ALGEBRAIC NUMBER THEORY AND DYNAMICS
RAMIFICATION IN ALGEBRAIC NUMBER THEORY AND DYNAMICS KENZ KALLAL Abstract. In these notes, we introduce the theory of (nonarchimedian) valued fields and its alications to the local study of extensions
More informationQUADRATIC RECIPROCITY
QUADRATIC RECIPROCIT POOJA PATEL Abstract. This aer is an self-contained exosition of the law of uadratic recirocity. We will give two roofs of the Chinese remainder theorem and a roof of uadratic recirocity.
More informationDIVISIBILITY CRITERIA FOR CLASS NUMBERS OF IMAGINARY QUADRATIC FIELDS
IVISIBILITY CRITERIA FOR CLASS NUMBERS OF IMAGINARY QUARATIC FIELS PAUL JENKINS AN KEN ONO Abstract. In a recent aer, Guerzhoy obtained formulas for certain class numbers as -adic limits of traces of singular
More informationSome sophisticated congruences involving Fibonacci numbers
A tal given at the National Center for Theoretical Sciences (Hsinchu, Taiwan; July 20, 2011 and Shanghai Jiaotong University (Nov. 4, 2011 Some sohisticated congruences involving Fibonacci numbers Zhi-Wei
More informationGENERALIZED FACTORIZATION
GENERALIZED FACTORIZATION GRANT LARSEN Abstract. Familiarly, in Z, we have unique factorization. We investigate the general ring and what conditions we can imose on it to necessitate analogs of unique
More informationAsymptotically exact heuristics for prime divisors of the sequence {a k +b k } k=1
arxiv:math/03483v [math.nt] 26 Nov 2003 Asymtotically exact heuristics for rime divisors of the sequence {a k +b k } k= Pieter Moree Abstract Let N (x count the number of rimes x with dividing a k + b
More informationSOME SUMS OVER IRREDUCIBLE POLYNOMIALS
SOME SUMS OVER IRREDUCIBLE POLYNOMIALS DAVID E SPEYER Abstract We rove a number of conjectures due to Dinesh Thakur concerning sums of the form P hp ) where the sum is over monic irreducible olynomials
More informationWe collect some results that might be covered in a first course in algebraic number theory.
1 Aendices We collect some results that might be covered in a first course in algebraic number theory. A. uadratic Recirocity Via Gauss Sums A1. Introduction In this aendix, is an odd rime unless otherwise
More informationSuper Congruences. Master s Thesis Mathematical Sciences
Suer Congruences Master s Thesis Mathematical Sciences Deartment of Mathematics Author: Thomas Attema Suervisor: Prof. Dr. Frits Beukers Second Reader: Prof. Dr. Gunther L.M. Cornelissen Abstract In 011
More informationOn the Rank of the Elliptic Curve y 2 = x(x p)(x 2)
On the Rank of the Ellitic Curve y = x(x )(x ) Jeffrey Hatley Aril 9, 009 Abstract An ellitic curve E defined over Q is an algebraic variety which forms a finitely generated abelian grou, and the structure
More informationThe Fekete Szegő theorem with splitting conditions: Part I
ACTA ARITHMETICA XCIII.2 (2000) The Fekete Szegő theorem with slitting conditions: Part I by Robert Rumely (Athens, GA) A classical theorem of Fekete and Szegő [4] says that if E is a comact set in the
More information#A45 INTEGERS 12 (2012) SUPERCONGRUENCES FOR A TRUNCATED HYPERGEOMETRIC SERIES
#A45 INTEGERS 2 (202) SUPERCONGRUENCES FOR A TRUNCATED HYPERGEOMETRIC SERIES Roberto Tauraso Diartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy tauraso@mat.uniroma2.it Received: /7/, Acceted:
More informationA BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL FIELDS
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO LOCAL FIELDS TOM WESTON The purpose of these notes is to give a survey of the basic Galois theory of local fields and number fields. We cover much of the same material as [2, Chapters
More informationElementary Analysis in Q p
Elementary Analysis in Q Hannah Hutter, May Szedlák, Phili Wirth November 17, 2011 This reort follows very closely the book of Svetlana Katok 1. 1 Sequences and Series In this section we will see some
More informationELLIPTIC CURVES, MODULAR FORMS, AND SUMS OF HURWITZ CLASS NUMBERS (APPEARED IN JOURNAL OF NUMBER THEORY )
ELLIPTIC CURVES, MODULAR FORMS, AND SUMS OF HURWITZ CLASS NUMBERS (APPEARED IN JOURNAL OF NUMBER THEORY BRITTANY BROWN, NEIL J. CALKIN, TIMOTHY B. FLOWERS, KEVIN JAMES, ETHAN SMITH, AND AMY STOUT Abstract.
More informationGALOIS THEORY AT WORK: CONCRETE EXAMPLES
GALOIS THEORY AT WORK: CONCRETE EXAMPLES KEITH CONRAD 1. Examples Example 1.1. The field extension Q(, 3)/Q is Galois of degree 4, so its Galois group has order 4. The elements of the Galois group are
More informationGalois Theory TCU Graduate Student Seminar George Gilbert October 2015
Galois Theory TCU Graduate Student Seminar George Gilbert October 201 The coefficients of a polynomial are symmetric functions of the roots {α i }: fx) = x n s 1 x n 1 + s 2 x n 2 + + 1) n s n, where s
More informationMAT 311 Solutions to Final Exam Practice
MAT 311 Solutions to Final Exam Practice Remark. If you are comfortable with all of the following roblems, you will be very well reared for the midterm. Some of the roblems below are more difficult than
More informationδ(xy) = φ(x)δ(y) + y p δ(x). (1)
LECTURE II: δ-rings Fix a rime. In this lecture, we discuss some asects of the theory of δ-rings. This theory rovides a good language to talk about rings with a lift of Frobenius modulo. Some of the material
More informationCYCLOTOMIC EXTENSIONS
CYCLOTOMIC EXTENSIONS KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction For a positive integer n, an nth root of unity in a field is a solution to z n = 1, or equivalently is a root of T n 1. There are at most n different
More information2 Asymptotic density and Dirichlet density
8.785: Analytic Number Theory, MIT, sring 2007 (K.S. Kedlaya) Primes in arithmetic rogressions In this unit, we first rove Dirichlet s theorem on rimes in arithmetic rogressions. We then rove the rime
More informationSome local (at p) properties of residual Galois representations
Some local (at ) roerties of residual Galois reresentations Johnson Jia, Krzysztof Klosin March 5, 2006 1 Preliminary results In this talk we are going to discuss some local roerties of (mod ) Galois reresentations
More informationSection 0.10: Complex Numbers from Precalculus Prerequisites a.k.a. Chapter 0 by Carl Stitz, PhD, and Jeff Zeager, PhD, is available under a Creative
Section 0.0: Comlex Numbers from Precalculus Prerequisites a.k.a. Chater 0 by Carl Stitz, PhD, and Jeff Zeager, PhD, is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike.0 license.
More informationMATH 248A. THE CHARACTER GROUP OF Q. 1. Introduction
MATH 248A. THE CHARACTER GROUP OF Q KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction The characters of a finite abelian grou G are the homomorhisms from G to the unit circle S 1 = {z C : z = 1}. Two characters can be multilied
More informationFactorability in the ring Z[ 5]
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research Paers in Mathematics Mathematics, Deartment of 4-2004 Factorability in the ring
More informationSOLVING SOLVABLE QUINTICS. D. S. Dummit
D. S. Dummit Abstract. Let f(x) = x 5 + px 3 + qx + rx + s be an irreducible polynomial of degree 5 with rational coefficients. An explicit resolvent sextic is constructed which has a rational root if
More informationBlock-transitive algebraic geometry codes attaining the Tsfasman-Vladut-Zink bound
Block-transitive algebraic geometry codes attaining the Tsfasman-Vladut-Zink bound María Chara*, Ricardo Podestá**, Ricardo Toledano* * IMAL (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional del Litoral ** CIEM (CONICET)
More informationAlmost 4000 years ago, Babylonians had discovered the following approximation to. x 2 dy 2 =1, (5.0.2)
Chater 5 Pell s Equation One of the earliest issues graled with in number theory is the fact that geometric quantities are often not rational. For instance, if we take a right triangle with two side lengths
More informationA CRITERION FOR POLYNOMIALS TO BE CONGRUENT TO THE PRODUCT OF LINEAR POLYNOMIALS (mod p) ZHI-HONG SUN
A CRITERION FOR POLYNOMIALS TO BE CONGRUENT TO THE PRODUCT OF LINEAR POLYNOMIALS (mod ) ZHI-HONG SUN Deartment of Mathematics, Huaiyin Teachers College, Huaian 223001, Jiangsu, P. R. China e-mail: hyzhsun@ublic.hy.js.cn
More informationGalois theory (Part II)( ) Example Sheet 1
Galois theory (Part II)(2015 2016) Example Sheet 1 c.birkar@dpmms.cam.ac.uk (1) Find the minimal polynomial of 2 + 3 over Q. (2) Let K L be a finite field extension such that [L : K] is prime. Show that
More informationPOINTS ON CONICS MODULO p
POINTS ON CONICS MODULO TEAM 2: JONGMIN BAEK, ANAND DEOPURKAR, AND KATHERINE REDFIELD Abstract. We comute the number of integer oints on conics modulo, where is an odd rime. We extend our results to conics
More informationLemma 1.1. The field K embeds as a subfield of Q(ζ D ).
Math 248A. Quadratic characters associated to quadratic fields The aim of this handout is to describe the quadratic Dirichlet character naturally associated to a quadratic field, and to express it in terms
More informationQuadratic Reciprocity
Quadratic Recirocity 5-7-011 Quadratic recirocity relates solutions to x = (mod to solutions to x = (mod, where and are distinct odd rimes. The euations are oth solvale or oth unsolvale if either or has
More informationTHE CHARACTER GROUP OF Q
THE CHARACTER GROUP OF Q KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction The characters of a finite abelian grou G are the homomorhisms from G to the unit circle S 1 = {z C : z = 1}. Two characters can be multilied ointwise
More informationON THE LEAST SIGNIFICANT p ADIC DIGITS OF CERTAIN LUCAS NUMBERS
#A13 INTEGERS 14 (014) ON THE LEAST SIGNIFICANT ADIC DIGITS OF CERTAIN LUCAS NUMBERS Tamás Lengyel Deartment of Mathematics, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California lengyel@oxy.edu Received: 6/13/13,
More informationHASSE INVARIANTS FOR THE CLAUSEN ELLIPTIC CURVES
HASSE INVARIANTS FOR THE CLAUSEN ELLIPTIC CURVES AHMAD EL-GUINDY AND KEN ONO Astract. Gauss s F x hyergeometric function gives eriods of ellitic curves in Legendre normal form. Certain truncations of this
More informationMATH 210A, FALL 2017 HW 5 SOLUTIONS WRITTEN BY DAN DORE
MATH 20A, FALL 207 HW 5 SOLUTIONS WRITTEN BY DAN DORE (If you find any errors, lease email ddore@stanford.edu) Question. Let R = Z[t]/(t 2 ). Regard Z as an R-module by letting t act by the identity. Comute
More information