Fundamentals of Airplane Flight Mechanics

Transcription

1 David G. Hull Fundamentals of Airplane Flight Mechanics With 125 Figures and 25 Tables y Springer

2 Introduction to Airplane Flight Mechanics Airframe Anatomy Engine Anatomy Equations of Motion Trajectory Analysis Stability and Control Aircraft Sizing Simulation 14 3DOF Equations of Motion Assumptions and Coordinate Systems Kinematic Equations Dynamic Equations Weight Equation Discussion of 3DOF Equations Quasi-Steady Flight Three-Dimensional Flight Flight over a Spherical Earth Flight in a Moving Atmosphere 32 Atmosphere, Aerodynamics, and Propulsion Standard Atmosphere Exponential Atmosphere Aerodynamics: Functional Relations Aerodynamics: Prediction Angle of Attack Airfoils Wings and horizontal tails Airplanes Drag Coefficient Friction drag coefficient., Wave drag coefficient Induced drag coefficient Drag polar Parabolic Drag Polar 64

3 3.8 Propulsion: Thrust and SFC Functional relations Approximate formulas Ideal Subsonic Airplane 75 Cruise and Climb of an Arbitrary Airplane Special Flight Speeds Flight Limitations Trajectory Optimization Calculations Flight Envelope Quasi-steady Cruise Distance and Time Cruise Point Performance for the SBJ Optimal Cruise Trajectories Maximum distance cruise Maximum time cruise Constant Velocity Cruise Quasi-steady Climb Climb Point Performance for the SBJ Optimal Climb Trajectories Minimum distance climb Minimum time climb Minimum fuel climb Constant Equivalent Airspeed Climb Descending Flight 106 Cruise and Climb of an Ideal Subsonic Airplane Ideal Subsonic Airplane (ISA) Flight Envelope Ill 5.3 Quasi-steady Cruise Optimal Cruise Trajectories Maximum distance cruise Maximum time cruise Remarks Constant Velocity Cruise Quasi-steady Climb Optimal Climb Trajectories 119

4 ix Minimum distance climb Minimum time climb Minimum fuel climb Climb at Constant Equivalent Airspeed Descending Flight 123 Take-off and Landing Take-off and Landing Definitions High-lift Devices Aerodynamics of High-Lift Devices AC LF, AC DF, and C Lmax Ground Run Take-off ground run distance Landing ground run distance Transition Take-off transition distance Landing transition distance Sample Calculations for the SBJ Flap aerodynamics: no slats, single-slotted flaps Take-off aerodynamics: 5 F = 20 deg Take-off distance at sea level: 5p = 20 deg Landing aerodynamics: 5 F = 40 deg Landing distance at sea level: 5p = 40 deg 148 P s and Turns Accelerated Climb Energy Climb The P s Plot Energy Maneuverability Nonsteady, Constant Altitude Turns Quasi-Steady Turns: Arbitrary Airplane Flight Limitations Quasi-steady Turns: Ideal Subsonic Airplane 178 6DOF Model: Wind Axes Equations of Motion Aerodynamics and Propulsion Airfoils 190

5 xii Table of Contents 8.4 Wings and Horizontal Tails Downwash Angle at the Horizontal Tail Control Surfaces Airplane Lift Airplane Pitching Moment Aerodynamic pitching moment Thrust pitching moment Airplane pitching moment Q Terms a Terms Airplane Drag Trimmed Drag Polar Static Stability and Control Longitudinal Stability and Control Trim Conditions for Steady Flight Static Stability Control Force and Handling Qualities Trim Tabs Trim Conditions for a Pull-up Lateral-Directional Stability and Control DOF Model: Body Axes Equations of Motion: Body Axes Translational kinematic equations Translational dynamic equations Rotational kinematic and dynamic equations Mass equations Summary Equations of Motion: Stability Axes Flight in a Moving Atmosphere Dynamic Stability and Control Equations of Motion Linearized Equations of Motion Longitudinal Stability and Control Response to an Elevator Step Input Approximate short-period mode 252

6 xiii Approximate phugoid mode Response to a Gust CG Effects Dynamic Lateral-Directional S&C 257 A SBJ Data and Calculations 262 A.I Geometry 264 A.2 Flight Conditions for Aerodynamic and S&C Calculations A.3 Aerodynamics 267 A.4 Static Longitudinal S&C, Trim Conditions 269 A.5 Dynamic Longitudinal S&C 270 B Reference Conditions and Stability Derivatives 271 C Elements of Linear System Theory 278 C.I Laplace Transforms 278 C.2 First-Order System 279 C.3 Second-Order System 282 References 290 Index 292