Scintillation Detectors
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1 Scintillation Detectors Introduction Components Scintillator Light Guides Photomultiplier Tubes Formalism/Electronics Timing Resolution Elton Smith JLab 2006 Detector/Computer Summer Lecture Series
2 Experiment basics B field ~ 5/3 T p = 0.3 B R = 1.5 GeV/c β π = p/ p 2 +m π2 = L = ½ π R = 4.71 m β Κ = p/ p 2 +m Κ2 = R = 3m t π = L/β π c = ns t Κ = L/β Κ c = ns t πk = 0.76 ns Particle Identification by time-of-flight (TOF) requires Measurements with accuracies of ~ 0.1 ns
3 Measure the Flight Time between two Scintillators 450 ns Particle Trajectory Stop Start Disc Disc TDC 20 cm 300 cm 400 cm 100 cm
4 Measure the Flight Time between two Scintillators 450 ns Particle Trajectory Stop Start Disc Disc TDC 20 cm 300 cm 400 cm 100 cm
5 Propagation velocities c = 30 cm/ns v scint = c/n = 20 cm/ns v eff = 16 cm/ns t ~ 0.1 ns x ~ 3 cm v pmt = 0.6 cm/ns v cable = 20 cm/ns
6 TOF scintillators stacked for shipment
7 CLAS detector open for repairs
8 CLAS detector with FC pulled apart
9 Start counter assembly
10 Scintillator types Organic Inorganic Liquid Economical messy Solid Fast decay time long attenuation length Emission spectra Anthracene Unused standard NaI, CsI Excellent γ resolution Slow decay time BGO High density, compact
11 Photocathode spectral response
12 Scintillator thickness Minimizing material vs. signal/background CLAS TOF: 5 cm thick Penetrating particles (e.g. pions) loose 10 MeV Start counter: 0.3 cm thick Penetrating particles loose 0.6 MeV Photons, e + e backgrounds ~ 1MeV contribute substantially to count rate Thresholds may eliminate these in TOF
13 Light guides Goals Match (rectangular) scintillator to (circular) pmt Optimize light collection for applications Types Plastic Air None Winston shapes
14 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 acrylic PMT glass n = 1.5
15 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 Air with reflective boundary PMT glass n = 1.5 R air = 1 1+ n n 2 4 5% (reflectance at normal incidence)
16 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 air PMT glass n = 1.5
17 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 acrylic PMT glass n = 1.5 Large-angle ray lost Acceptance of incident rays at fixed angle depends on position at the exit face of the scintillator
18 Winston Cones - geometry
19 Winston Cone - acceptance
20 Photomultiplier tube, sensitive light meter Gain ~ Electrodes Anode γ e Photocathode Dynodes 56 AVP pmt
21 Window Transmittance
22 Voltage dividers Equal voltage steps Maximum gain Progressive, higher voltage near anode Excellent linearity, limited gain Time optimized, higher voltage at cathode Good gain, fast response Zeners Stabilize voltages independent of gain Decoupling capacitors reservoirs of charge during pulsed operation
23 Voltage Dividers k g Equal Steps Max Gain d 1 d 2 d 3 d N-2 d N-1 d N a HV Progressive HV R L R L Timing 44 Intermediate Linearity R L 21
24 Voltage Divider Capacitors for increased linearity in pulsed applications Active components to minimize changes to timing and rate capability with HV
25 High voltage Positive (cathode at ground) low noise, capacitative coupling Negative Anode at ground (no HV on signal) No (high) voltage Cockcroft-Walton bases
26 Effect of magnetic field on pmt
27 Housing
28 Compact UNH divider design
29 Electrostatics near cathode at HV Stable performance with negative high voltage is achieved by Eliminating potential gradients in the vicinity of the photocathode. The electrostatic shielding and the can of the crystal are both Maintained at cathode potential by this arrangement.
30 Dark counts Solid : Sea level Dashed: 30 m underground After-pulsing and Glass radioactivity Thermal Noise Cosmic rays
31 Signal for passing tracks
32 Single photoelectron signal
33 Pulse distortion in cable
34 Electronics anode dynode trigger Measure pulse height Measure time
35 Time-walk corrections
36 Formalism: Measure time and position P L P R L T L T R X= L/2 X=0 X X=+L/2 = TL 0 + x veff T R = TR 0 x / veff T / L 0 R T = ( T + T ) = ( T + T ) Mean is independent of x! ave x = v eff 2 L R [ ] 0 0 eff ( T T ) ( T T ) ( T T ) L R L R v 2 L R
37 From single-photoelectron timing to counter resolution The uncertainty in determining the passage of a particle through a scintillator has a statistical component, depending on the number of photoelectrons N pe that create the pulse. σ TOF ( ns) 2 2 σ1 + ( σ P L / 2) = σ 0 + N 1000 N exp( L / 2λ) pe pe 2 σ 0 = ns Single } σ 1 = 2.1 ns Photoelectron Response σ P = ns / cm λ = 134cm L (15cm counters) λ = 430cm (22cm counters) Intrinsic timing of electronic circuits Combined scintillator and pmt response Average path length variations in scintillator Note: Parameters for CLAS
38 Average time resolution CLAS in Hall B
39 Formalism: Measure energy loss P L P R T L X= L/2 X=0 X T R X=+L/2 P L = P 0 x / λ L e P = R P 0 x / λ R e Energy = P L P R = P 0 L P 0 R Geometric mean is independent of x!
40 Energy deposited in scintillator
41 Uncertainties Timing Assume that one pmt measures a time with uncertainty δt Mass Resolution 2 ~ t t t t R L ave δ δ δ δ + = 2 ~ ) 2 1 ( 2 2 t v t t v x eff R L eff δ δ δ δ + = γ E m = ) 1 ( p E m = = β β β = p p m m δ β δβ γ δ
42 Integral magnetic shield
43 Example: Kaon mass resolution by TOF P K = 1 GeV/ c E K = = GeV P E K β K = = K γ K = = EK mk 500 cm For a flight path of d = 500 cm, t = = 18. 6ns cm/ ns Assume δm m Note: 2 δ p p δt = 0. 15ns = = ( 0.01) = δm δβ 2 for fixed γ m β 2 δm K ~ 21MeV
44 Velocity vs. momentum π + K + p
45 Summary Scintillator counters have a few simple components Systems are built out of these counters Fast response allows for accurate timing The time resolution required for particle identification is the result of the time response of individual components scaled by N pe
46 Magnetic fields
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