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1 Test 1 Result: Section 1 Column Statistics for: test1 Count: 108 Average: 33.3 Median: 33.0 Maximum: 49.0 Minimum: 12.0 Standard Deviation:

2 Test 1 Result: Section 2 Column Statistics for: Test1 Count: 117 Average: 35.0 Median: 36.0 Maximum: 49.0 Minimum: 12.0 Standard Deviation:

3 AST 103 Ch.4 Making Sense of the Universe: Motion & Gravity Prof. Ken Nagamine UNLV 3

4 Sec 4.1: Describing Motion Our goals for learning: How do we describe motion? How is mass different from weight? 4

5 How do we describe motion? Precise definitions to describe motion: Speed: Rate at which object moves example: speed of 10 m/s Velocity: Speed and direction example: 10 m/s, due east Acceleration: Any change in velocity units of speed/time (m/s 2 ) 5

6 Momentum and Force momentum = mass velocity applying a force ==> acceleration (change in velocity) ==> change in momentum 6

7 Angular Momentum Rotational momentum of a spinning or orbiting object is known as angular momentum angular momentum = mass x velocity x radius R V M 7

8 Why do objects fall? 8

9 Quiz Which object will hit the ground first? A. the piece of paper B. the eraser C. Both will hit at the same time. D.We can t predict which will hit first. 9

10 The Acceleration of Gravity (g) Galileo showed that g is the same for all falling objects, regardless of their mass. Apollo 15 demonstration (search by Galileo experiment on moon) 10

11 Acceleration due to Gravity All falling objects accelerate at the same rate on Earth (not counting friction of air resistance). On Earth, acceleration g~10 m/s 2 : speed increases 10 m/s with each second of falling. 11

12 Quiz Is there a difference between mass and weight? A. Yes, there is a difference. B. No, they are the same thing. 12

13 How is mass different from weight? Mass the amount of matter in an object Weight the force that acts upon an object 13

14 `Gedanken Experiment of Einstein?????? 14

15 How is mass different from weight????? 15

16 How is mass different from weight??? 16

17 How is mass different from weight? 17

18 Einstein realized that acceleration is equivalent to gravity. Weight can change according to the environment, but mass cannot. 18

19 Another good example: Why are astronauts weightless in space? There is gravity in space Weightlessness is due to a constant state of free-fall 19

20 Quiz On the Moon, A. My weight is the same, my mass is less. B. My weight is less, my mass is the same. C. My weight is more, my mass is the same. D. My weight is more, my mass is less. 20

21 What have we learned? How do we describe motion? Speed = distance / time Speed & direction => velocity Change in velocity => acceleration Momentum = mass x velocity Force causes change in momentum, producing acceleration 21

22 What have we learned? How is mass different from weight? Mass = quantity of matter Weight = force acting on mass Objects are weightless in free-fall 22

23 S. 4.2: Newton s Laws of Motion How did Newton change our view of the universe? What are Newton s three laws of motion? 23

24 How did Newton change our view of the universe? Sir Isaac Newton ( ) Realized the same physical laws that operate on Earth also operate in the heavens one universe Discovered laws of motion and gravity Much more: experiments with light; first reflecting telescope, calculus,... 24

25 Newton s first law of motion An object moves at constant velocity unless a net force acts to change its speed or direction. In layman s terms... a scooter will coast with a same speed until you brake or kick! 25

26 Newton s second law of motion Force = mass acceleration The bigger the force, the greater the resulting acceleration on a given mass. 26

27 Newton s third law of motion: For every force, there is always an equal and opposite reaction force. 27

28 Newton s law of universal gravitation The force of gravitational attraction exerted by one object on another depends on the mass of the first object (M) the mass of the second object (m) the distance between the objects (r) or, in math terms, F = GMm r 2 28

29 What determines the strength of gravity? The Universal Law of Gravitation: 1. Every mass attracts every other mass. 2. Attraction is directly proportional to the product of their masses. 3. Attraction is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 29

30 Quiz Is the force Earth exerts on you larger, smaller, or the same as the force you exert on Earth? A. Earth exerts a larger force on me. B. I exert a larger force on Earth. C. Earth and I exert the same amount of force on each other. 30

31 m M 31

32 moon m m M M Earth 32

33 Lecture-Tutorial (LT): Newton s Laws and Gravity (p.29-31) Work with a partner! Read the instructions and questions carefully. Discuss the concepts and your answers with one another. Come to a consensus answer you both agree on. If you get stuck or are not sure of your answer, ask another group. If you get really stuck or don t understand what the LT is asking, ask for a help. 33

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