Square-wave oscillations in edge-emitting diode lasers with polarization-rotated optical feedback
|
|
- Brian Foster
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Square-wave oscillations in edge-emitting diode lasers with polarization-rotated optical feedback A. Gavrielides a,t.erneux b,d.w.sukow c, G. Burner c,t.mclachlan c, J. Miller c, and J. Amonette c a Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate AFRL/DELO, 3550 Aberdeen Ave. SE, Kirtland AFB, NM USA b Université Libre de Bruxelles, Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique, Campus Plaine, Code Postal 231, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium c Department of Physics and Engineering, Washington and Lee University, 204 W. Washington St., Lexington, VA USA ABSTRACT The square-wave response of edge-emitting diode lasers subject to a delayed polarization-rotated optical feedback is studied experimentally and theoretically. Square-wave self-modulated polarization intensities of a period close to twice the delay τ of the feedback gradually appear through a sequence of bifurcations starting with a Hopf bifurcation (Gavrielides et al, Proc. SPIE 6115, to appear, 2006). In Gavrielides et al (submitted, 2006), squarewave solutions were determined analytically from the laser equations in the limit of large τ. A condition on the laser parameters was derived explaining why square-wave oscillations are preferentially observed for sufficiently large feedback strength. In this paper, we concentrate on the relaxation oscillations that always appear at each intensity jump between the plateaus of the square-wave. We show analytically that if the feedback strength is progressively decreased, a bifurcation to sustained relaxation oscillations is possible for one of the two plateaus. 1. INTRODUCTION Using the high sensitivity of diode lasers with respect to weak optical feedback is a well known technique for applications such as sensing and imaging distant objects. The response of the laser depen on many factors, such as the laser architecture and operating conditions, the external cavity length and configuration, and the strength of the feedback. Recently, polarization rotated optical feedback (PROF) has raised considerable attention because the laser system is simpler than the laser subject to conventional optical feedback and is still purely optical. In a PROF set-up, the polarization state of the optical feedback is made to be orthogonal to the laser s natural operating mode. Such systems are of interest from a variety of standpoints. First, their dynamical properties can be investigated in more detail than for conventional optical feedback 1-11 and they also apply for purely optoelectronic feedback systems where the laser field is coupled directly to the carriers via electrical means 11, 12. Second, the effect of optical feedback on Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) has been examined in several laboratories. The feedback typically gives rise to switching between the dominant polarization mode and the orthogonal mode that is nearly degenerate due to the cylindrical symmetry of such devices Polarization self-modulation has a variety of useful applications stemming from the production of optical pulses at multi-ghz repetition rates without the need for high-speed electronics. But edge-emitting lasers can also be made to exhibit pulse trains generated by polarization self-modulation, even though the losses in the orthogonal mode are typically higher than in VCSELs A quarter-wave plate was used as the polarization-rotating element, which allows mutual coupling between the polarization modes as well as multiple cavity round-trips due to reflections from the laser s front facet. In our PROF system, we avoid the multiple round-trip reflections by using a Faraday rotator that only allows the coupling between the natural horizontal polarization mode and the unsupported orthogonal mode. The experimental set-up is described in detail elsewhere 22. Square-wave self-modulated polarization intensities Please send correspondence to A.G. or T.E. A.G.: athanasios.gavrielides@kirtland.af.mil, T.E.: terneux@ulb.ab.be
2 Figure 1. Experimental times series of the square-wave self-modulated oscillations. Figures top and bottom show the horizontal and vertical mode intensities, respectively. Figures (a) + (b) and (c) + (d) correspond to τ =2.60 ns and τ =6.92 ns, respectively. oscillating in antiphase were observed experimentally (see Figure 1). The oscillations exhibit a period close to twice the round-trip time in the external cavity typical. We also note fast damped relaxation oscillations (RO) at each jump between the plateaus of the square-wave. Compared to the laser subject to conventional optical feedback, the analysis of the PROF configuration is simpler because the orthogonal mode, even when activated by feedback, cannot influence the natural mode directly via optical injection. In other wor, there is unidirectional coupling from the natural polarization to the orthogonal one. Recent studies of the fundamental dynamics of this system 21, 22, as well as its chaos synchronization properties 23, demonstrate the need for considering the intensities of both polarization modes as independent variables. Rate equations with the two intensities have been successfully used and they reproduce the experimental observations 22. Recently, we examined the laser equations in the limit of large round-trip times. 24 We found that the square-wave regimes are possible provided the feedback strength is sufficiently large. In this paper, we concentrate on the RO and show that they may be sustained if the feedback strength is progressively decreased from a large value. Theplanofthepaperisasfollows. InSection2, weformulate the dimensionless laser equations. In Section 3, we determine the non-zero intensity plateaus of the square-wave and then investigate their stability with respect to the fast RO oscillations. We obtain two stability boundaries for the pure square-wave regimes and the square-wave regimes exhibiting sustained RO. All our predictions are verified by solving numerically the laser rate equations. In Section 4, we summarize and discuss the main result. 2. FORMULATION In order to simulate the square-wave oscillations observed experimentally, we consider rate equations similar to the one used by Heil et al 21. In dimensionless form, these equations are the following three equations for the horizontal and vertical (complex) polarization fiel, E 1 and E 2, respectively, and the carrier density N 22 de 1 dt de 2 dt T dn dt = (1+iα)NE 1, (1) = (1+iα)k(N β)e 2 + ηe 1 (t τ), (2) = P N (1 + 2N)( E E 2 2 ). (3) Eq. (1) describes the horizontal polarization that lases naturally since it has the lowest losses. Eq. (2) describes the vertical polarization with k and β > 0 definedastheratiooftheverticalandhorizontalgaincoefficients and the differential losses, respectively. The last term in Eq. (2) models the reinjection of the delayed and rotated
3 horizontal polarization from the external cavity. We shall consider k fixed and use β as the parameter that controls the different losses for the two modes. Finally, Eq. (3) describes the evolution of the carrier density which depen on the intensities of both polarization fiel. All parameters are dimensionless. In addition to k and β, the laser parameters include the linewidth enhancement factor α, the ratio T of the carriers lifetime to the cavity lifetime, and the pump parameter above threshold P. The feedback is controlled by its strength η and its delay τ. The range of parameters leading to square-wave regimes appears to be fairly broad and only requires small values of β. The values of the laser parameters representative of a SDL semiconductor laser 4 are T =150, α =2, and P =0.5. These equations have been studied systematically 22 for different values of k =0.3 1, β =3 9, η =0.1, and τ = By gradually increasing η, the non-zero intensity steady state transfers its stability to sustained relaxation oscillations that are progressively modulated by a 2τ periodic square-wave. Above a critical value of η, the square wave oscillations dominate and only exhibit decaying relation oscillations at the beginning of each square wave. In all our simulations, a small amount of noise of amplitude 10 6 has been introduced in the right hand sides of Eqs. (1) and (2). Without noise, square-wave oscillations with more than two plateaus and with period larger than 2τ are possible but they have never been seen experimentally. 3. LARGE DELAY ANALYSIS After introducing E j = A j exp(iφ j )(j =1, 2) and the new time s t/τ into Eqs. (1)-(3), we obtain: τ 1 da 1 τ 1 da 2 τ 1 dφ = NA 1 (4) = k(n β)a 2 + ηa 1 (s 1) cos(φ) (5) = αk(n(s 1) N + β) η A 1(s 1) A 2 sin(φ) (6) τ 1 T dn = P N (1 + 2N)(A A 2 2) (7) where Φ(s) =φ 1 (s 1) φ 2 (s). The delay τ is typically large in the experiments (τ 10 3 ) which motivates to eliminate all the τ 1 terms in the left hand sides. The resulting algebraic equations are given by NA 1 = 0, (8) k(n β)a 2 + ηa 1 (s 1) cos(φ) = 0, (9) α [N(s 1) k(n β)] A 2 ηa 1 (s 1) sin(φ) = 0, (10) P N (1 + 2N)(A A 2 2) = 0. (11) These equations relate the values of the dependent variables at time s to their values at time s 1. Eq. (8)is satisfied if either N =0or A 1 =0. We anticipate that the square-wave solution exhibits two successive stages characterized by one of these two conditions. From Eqs. (8)-(11), we find (1) N =0,A 1 (s 1) = 0, A 2 =0and A 1 = P (12) for Stage (1) and (2) A 1 =0,N(s 1) = 0, A 1 (s 1) = P (13) for Stage (2). The values of Φ, Nand A 2 for Stage (2) satisfy the following equations tan(φ) = α, (14) P k(n β)a 2 + η 1+α 2 = 0, (15) A 2 2 P N = 0. (16) 1+2N
4 β no SW η c 5 η H stable SW unst. SW η Figure 2. The stabily diagram of the square-wave (SW) oscillations for large delay. The straight line η = η c (β) separate theregionwherestage(2)oftheswadmitsanegativen. The line η = η H (β) correspon to Hopf bifurcation points obtained numerically from Eqs. (18)-(20). The three black squares denote the values of (η, β) used for our numerical simulations of the full laser equations. Eqs. (15) and (16) lead to a condition for the square-wave regime. The non-zero intensity plateau for A 1 always equal P but the non-zero intensity plateau for A 2 depen on the value of η and is larger than P. The constant N is always negative allowing A 1 =0tobestable during this stage (from Eq. (4), we have A 1 A 1 (0) exp(ns) 0 because N<0). There is a critical feedback rate where A 2 equals P and N =0 given by η = η c βk (1 + α 2 ). (17) Below this critical value, N may become positive and the stability of A 1 =0cannot be guaranteed. We observe numerically complex fast oscillating regimes. Because the delay is large, the fast relaxation oscillations have the time to decay for each plateau. We wonder, however, if this is always the case. We examine the stability of each stage of the square wave. For Stage (1), we find the single mode laser rate equations which always admit damped RO. But for Stage (2), the equations are more complicated. From Eqs. (4)-(7) with (13), we need to solve τ 1 da 2 1 dφ τ τ 1 T dn = k(n β)a 2 + η P cos(φ), (18) = P αk( N + β) η sin(φ), A 2 (19) = P N (1 + 2N)(A A 2 2). (20) These equations are ordinary differential equations which admit a non-zero A 2 solution of Eqs. (15) and (16). An analysis of these equations indicates a change of stability as the feedback strength is below a critical value η = η H. It correspon to a Hopf bifurcation to sustained oscillations. We have found numerically that this Hopf bifurcation is always supercritical for the values of P =0.5, k =1/3, α =2,T=150and 0 < β < 6 (the value of τ is not relevant since it can be eliminated in Eqs. (18)-(20) by redefining the time variable). Figure 2 summarizes the different stability regions for the square wave solutions. In Figure 3 and Figure 4, we show the numerical solution for the amplitude of the fiel obtained from the laser equations (4)-(7) for a case of unstable and a case of stable square-wave, respectively. Figure 5 illustrates the case where a square-wave regime is no more possible (η < η c ) and where fast highly pulsating oscillations are observed.
5 E 1 E t/τ Figure 3. Long time numerical simulation of Eqs. (4)-(7). The values of the parameters are P =0.5, α =2,T=150, k =1/3, τ = 4000, η =4, and β =3. Sustained relaxation oscillations for amplitude of the vertical polarization field is observed. E 1 E t/τ Figure 4. Long time numerical simulation of Eqs. (4)-(7). The values of the parameters are the same as in Figure 3 except that η =6 is larger. The square-wave solution is stable and only exhibit damped relaxation oscillations.
6 E t/τ Figure 5. Long time numerical simulation of Eqs. (4)-(7). The values of the parameters are the same as in Figure 3 except that β =6 is larger. A stable square-wave solution is no more possible and the laser exhibits strongly pulsating oscillations. 4. DISCUSSION In summary, we have found that square-wave self-modulated oscillations of a period close to twice the round-trip time naturally appear for edge-emitting diode lasers subject to PROF. The main condition is that the feedback strength is sufficiently large to compensate the effect of the differential losses. We also found that the RO that appear after each jump between plateaus of the square-wave may be sustained but only during the time interval where the vertical polarization admits a non-zero plateau. All our analytical predictions have been verified by numerical simulations of the laser rate equations. In our numerical simulations, we took a large value of τ and two values of the feedback strength that are not close to the Hopf bifurcation point η = η H in order to clearly differentiate sustained and damped RO. If η is close to η H, transient RO are too long for the time interval of the plateau (0 <t<τ) and the actual bifurcation point could be at a larger value of the feedback strength than the value estimated in the limit of large delays. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under CAREER Grant No T.E. acknowledges the support of the Fon National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS, Belgium) and the InterUniversity Attraction Pole program of the Belgian government. REFERENCES 1. K. Otsuka and J.-K. Chern, Opt. Lett. 16, 1759 (1991). 2. D.W.Sukow,A.Gavrielides,T.Erneux,M.J.Baracco,Z.A.Parmenter,andK.L.Blackburn,Phys.Rev. A 72, (2005);D.W.Sukow,A.Gavrielides,T.Erneux,M.J.Baracco,Z.A.Parmenter,andK.L. Blackburn, Proc. PIE 5722, 256 (2005). 3. T. Heil, A. Uchida, P. Davis, and T. Aida, Phys. Rev. A 68, (2003). 4. T. B. Simpson, and J. M. Liu, J. App. Phys. 73, 2587 (1993); J. M. Liu, and T. B. Simpson, IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 30, 957 (1994). 5. C. L. Tang, J. Opt. B: Quant. Semiclass. Opt. 10, R51 (1998). 6. W. H. Loh, Y. Ozeki, and C. L. Tang, App. Phys. lett. 56, 2613 (1990). 7. W. H. Loh, A. T. Schremer, and C. L. Tang, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 2, 467 (1990).K. Otsuka and J.-K. Chern, Opt. Lett. 16, 1759 (1991) 8. T. C. Yen, J. W. Chang, J. M. Lin, and R. J. Chen, Opt. Commun. 150, 159 (1998) 9. J. Houlihan, G. Huyet, and J. G. McInerney, Opt. Commun. 199, 175 (2001)
7 10. F. Rogister, A. Locquet, D. Pieroux, M. Sciamanna, O. Deparis, P. Megret, and M. Blondel, Opt. Lett. 26, 1486 (2001); F. Rogister, D. Pieroux, M. Sciamanna, P. Megret, and M. Blondel, Opt. Commun. 207, 295 (2002). 11. J.M. Saucedo Solorio, D.W. Sukow, D.R. Hicks, and A. Gavrielides, Opt. Commun. 214, 327 (2002) 12. P. Saboureau, J.-P. Foing, and P. Schanne IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 33, 1582 (1997) 13. H. Li, A. Hohl, A. Gavrielides, H. Hou, and K. Choquette, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 2355 (1998) 14. F. Robert, P. Besnard, M.L. Charles, and G.M. Stephan, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 2231 (1997) 15. J. Martin-Regalado, F. Prati, M. San Miguel, and N. B. Abraham, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 765 (1997) 16. G.Ropars,P.Langot,M.Brunel,M.Vallet,F.Bretenaker,A.LeFloch,andK.D.Choquette,App.Phys. Lett. 70, 2661 (1997) 17. M. Giudici, S. Balle, T. Ackemann, S. Barland, J.R. Tredicce, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 2114 (1999) 18. M. Sciamanna, F. Rogister, O. Deparis, P. Megret, M. Blondel, and T. Erneux, Opt. Lett. 27, 261 (2002); M. Sciamanna, T. Erneux, F. Rogister, O. Deparis, P. Megret, and M. Blondel, Phys. Rev. A 65, (R) (2002) 19. C. L. Tang, J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 10, R51 (1998) 20. W.H.Loh,Y.Ozeki,andC.L.Tang,App.Phys.Lett.56, 2613 (1990); W. H. Loh and C. L. Tang, Opt. Comm. 85, 283(1991); W. H. Loh, C. L. Tang, andl. Chung, IEEEJ. QuantumElectron. 27, 389 (1991); W. H. Loh, A. T. Schremer, and C. L. Tang, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 2, 467 (1990) 21. T. Heil, A. Uchida, P. Davis, and T. Aida, Phys. Rev. A68, (2003). 22. A. Gavrielides, T. Erneux, D.W. Sukow, G. Burner, T. McLachlan, J. Miller, and J. Amonette, Proc. SPIE 6115, to appear (2006) 23. D.W.Sukow,A.Gavrielides,T.Erneux,M.J.Baracco,Z.A.Parmenter,andK.L.Blackburn,Phys.Rev. A 72, (2005) 24. A. Gavrielides, T. Erneux, D.W. Sukow, G. Burner, T. McLachlan, J. Miller, and J. Amonette, submitted (2006)
Polarization dynamics in semiconductor lasers with incoherent optical feedback
Polarization dynamics in semiconductor lasers with incoherent optical feedback David W. Sukow a, Athanasios Gavrielides b, Thomas Erneux c, Michael J. Baracco a, Zachary A. Parmenter a, and Karen L. Blackburn
More informationCoupled TE TM mode dynamics in a semiconductor laser subject to optical feedback: the underdog s triumph scenario
2042 Vol. 32, No. 10 / October 2015 / Journal of the Optical Society of America B Research Article Coupled TE TM mode dynamics in a semiconductor laser subject to optical feedback: the underdog s triumph
More informationAnticipating Synchronization Based on Optical Injection-Locking in Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 39, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2003 1531 Anticipating Synchronization Based on Optical Injection-Locking in Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers Kenji Kusumoto and Junji Ohtsubo,
More informationAntiphase dynamics in a multimode Fabry Perot semiconductor laser with external feedback
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Physica A 327 (2003) 129 134 www.elsevier.com/locate/physa Antiphase dynamics in a multimode Fabry Perot semiconductor laser with external feedback Paul Mandel
More informationCoexisting periodic attractors in injection-locked diode lasers
Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 9 (1997) 785 796. Printed in the UK PII: S1355-5111(97)81696-X Coexisting periodic attractors in injection-locked diode lasers A Gavrielides, V Kovanis, P M Varangis, T Erneux and
More informationUniversity of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research. Early version, also known as pre-print
Erzgraber, H, Krauskopf, B, & Lenstra, D (2004) Compound laser modes of mutually delay-coupled lasers : bifurcation analysis of the locking region Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication
More informationOptics Communications
Optics Communications 284 (2) 45 4 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Optics Communications journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom dynamics in vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor
More informationUniversity of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research. Early version, also known as pre-print
Erneux, T., Gavrielides, A., Green, K., & Krauskopf, B. (004). Analytical theory of external cavity modes of a semiconductor laser with phase conjugate feedback. Early version, also known as pre-print
More informationPolarization properties of localized structures in VCSELs
Polarization properties of localized structures in VCSELs Etienne Averlant a,b, Mustapha Tlidi a, Thorsten Ackemann c, Hugo Thienpont b, and Krassimir Panajotov b,d a Faculté des Sciences, Université libre
More informationNumerical statistics of power dropouts based on the Lang-Kobayashi model
PHYSICAL REVIEW E VOLUME 59, NUMBER 5 MAY 1999 Numerical statistics of power dropouts based on the Lang-Kobayashi model Josep Mulet 1 and Claudio R. Mirasso 2 1 Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados,
More informationUC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Scaling of resonance frequency for strong injection-locked lasers Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03d3z9bn Journal Optics Letters, 3(3)
More informationDynamics of semiconductor lasers with bidirectional optoelectronic coupling: Stability, route to chaos, and entrainment
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 70, 046216 (2004) Dynamics of semiconductor lasers with bidirectional optoelectronic coupling: Stability, route to chaos, and entrainment Raúl Vicente, 1,2 Shuo Tang, 2 Josep Mulet, 1
More informationKrauskopf, B., Erzgraber, H., & Lenstra, D. (2006). Dynamics of semiconductor lasers with filtered optical feedback.
Krauskopf, B, Erzgraber, H, & Lenstra, D (26) Dynamics of semiconductor lasers with filtered optical feedback Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research
More informationDelay dynamics of semiconductor lasers with short external cavities: Bifurcation scenarios and mechanisms
Delay dynamics of semiconductor lasers with short external cavities: Bifurcation scenarios and mechanisms T. Heil, I. Fischer, and W. Elsäßer Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt,
More informationarxiv:physics/ v1 [physics.optics] 20 Apr 2001
Synchronization and multi-mode dynamics of mutually coupled semiconductor lasers Claudio R. Mirasso 1,2, Miroslav Kolesik 1,3, Marcelo Matus 1, J.K. White 4, and Jerome V. Moloney 1 1 Arizona Center for
More informationCavity solitons in a medium-size VCSEL
Cavity solitons in a medium-size VCSEL Etienne Averlant 1,2, Krassimir Panajotov 2, Thorsten Ackemann 3, and Mustapha Tlidi 1, 1 Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), CP
More informationOpen- Versus Closed-Loop Performance of Synchronized Chaotic External-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 38, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2002 1197 Open- Versus Closed-Loop Performance of Synchronized Chaotic External-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers Raúl Vicente, Student Member,
More informationImpact of the carrier relaxation paths on two-state operation in quantum dot lasers
Impact of the carrier relaxation paths on two-state operation in quantum dot lasers G. S. Sokolovskii a, V. V. Dudelev a, E. D. Kolykhalova b, K.K.Soboleva c, A.G.Deryagin a, I.I. Novikov a, M.V. Maximov
More informationANALYSIS OF AN INJECTION-LOCKED BISTABLE SEMICONDUCTOR LASER WITH THE FREQUENCY CHIRPING
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 8, 121 133, 2009 ANALYSIS OF AN INJECTION-LOCKED BISTABLE SEMICONDUCTOR LASER WITH THE FREQUENCY CHIRPING M. Aleshams Department of Electrical and Computer
More informationintensity (arb. units) time (ns) 8 INVERTED MM intensity (arb. units) ACTIVATION DELAY time (ns)
Dynamics of power distribution in multimode semiconductor lasers with optical feedback J.M. Buldú a, F. Rogister b, J. Trull a,c.serrat a, M.C. Torrent a, Claudio R. Mirasso c and J. Garc a-ojalvo a a
More informationMutual optical injection in coupled DBR laser pairs
Mutual optical injection in coupled DBR laser pairs M.P. Vaughan 1, I. Henning 1,*, M.J. Adams 1, L.J. Rivers 2, P. Cannard 2 and I.F. Lealman 2 1 School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
More informationStability and dynamical properties of the coexisting attractors of an external-cavity semiconductor laser
PHYSICAL REVIEW A VOLUME 57, NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 1998 Stability and dynamical properties of the coexisting attractors of an external-cavity semiconductor laser C. Masoller 1 and N. B. Abraham 2 1 Instituto
More informationTANDEM BLUE-VIOLET QUANTUM WELL InGaN LASERS WITH HIGH-FREQUENCY SELF-PULSATIONS. I. Antohi, S. Rusu, and V. Z. Tronciu
TANDEM BLUE-VIOLET QUANTUM WELL InGaN LASERS WITH HIGH-FREQUENCY SELF-PULSATIONS I. Antohi, S. Rusu, and V. Z. Tronciu Department of Physics, Technical University of Moldova, Chisinau, MD2004 Republic
More informationVERTICAL-CAVITY surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL s)
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, APRIL 1997 353 Effects of Optical Feedback on Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers Joanne
More informationOptical Self-Organization in Semiconductor Lasers Spatio-temporal Dynamics for All-Optical Processing
Optical Self-Organization in Semiconductor Lasers Spatio-temporal Dynamics for All-Optical Processing Self-Organization for all-optical processing What is at stake? Cavity solitons have a double concern
More informationMultilongitudinal-mode dynamics in a semiconductor laser subject to optical injection
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Articles 1998 Multilongitudinal-mode dynamics in a semiconductor laser subject to optical injection J.K. White Jerome Moloney Athanasios Gavrielides
More information2. THE RATE EQUATION MODEL 2.1 Laser Rate Equations The laser rate equations can be stated as follows. [23] dn dt
VOL. 4, NO., December 4 ISSN 5-77 -4. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Quantum Noise in Semiconductor Lasers Operating in Single Mode Bijoya Paul, Rumana Ahmed Chayti, 3 Sazzad M.S. Imran,, 3 Department
More informationLFFs in Vertical Cavity Lasers
LFFs in Vertical Cavity Lasers A. Torcini, G. Giacomelli, F. Marin torcini@inoa.it, S. Barland ISC - CNR - Firenze (I) Physics Dept - Firenze (I) INLN - Nice (F) FNOES - Nice, 14.9.5 p.1/21 Plan of the
More informationSynchronization properties of coupled semiconductor lasers subject to filtered optical feedback
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 78, 18 8 Synchronization properties of coupled semiconductor lasers subject to filtered optical feedback Miguel C. Soriano, 1 Flavio Ruiz-Oliveras, 1, Pere Colet, 1 and Claudio R. Mirasso
More informationPicosecond intensity statistics of semiconductor lasers operating in the low-frequency fluctuation regime
PHYSICAL REVIEW A VOLUME 60, NUMBER 1 JULY 1999 Picosecond intensity statistics of semiconductor lasers operating in the low-frequency fluctuation regime D. W. Sukow, 1 T. Heil, 2 I. Fischer, 2 A. Gavrielides,
More informationCavity Solitons positioning and drift in presence of a phase gradient
Cavity Solitons positioning and drift in presence of a phase gradient F. Pedaci, S. Barland, E. Caboche, P. Genevet, M. Giudici, J. Tredicce Institut non linéaire de Nice Acknowledge: FunFACS CEE project
More informationIntrinsic gain switching in optically injected quantum dot laser lasing simultaneously from the ground and excited state
416 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B/ Vol. 7, No. 11/ November 010 Olejniczak et al. Intrinsic gain switching in optically injected quantum dot laser lasing simultaneously from the ground and excited state Lukasz Olejniczak,
More informationB 2 P 2, which implies that g B should be
Enhanced Summary of G.P. Agrawal Nonlinear Fiber Optics (3rd ed) Chapter 9 on SBS Stimulated Brillouin scattering is a nonlinear three-wave interaction between a forward-going laser pump beam P, a forward-going
More informationROLE OF HYSTERESIS ON THE MODE-SHIFT CHARACTERISTICS OF INJECTION LOCKING A LASER DIODE
Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials Vol. 17, No. 1 (28) 15 22 c World Scientific Publishing Company ROLE OF HYSTERESIS ON THE MODE-SHIFT CHARACTERISTICS OF INJECTION LOCKING A LASER DIODE
More informationCOMPLEX nonlinear dynamics and chaotic behavior in
1490 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 45, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009 Experimental Observation of Chaotic Dynamics in Two Coupled Diode Lasers Through Lateral Mode Locking Rui Santos and Horacio Lamela,
More informationRate Equation Model for Semiconductor Lasers
Rate Equation Model for Semiconductor Lasers Prof. Sebastian Wieczorek, Applied Mathematics, University College Cork October 21, 2015 1 Introduction Let s consider a laser which consist of an optical resonator
More informationTheory of Dynamics In-Phase Locking and Quasi-Period Synchronization in Two Mutually Coupled Multi-Quantum-Well Lasers
Commun. Theor. Phys. 55 (2011) 481 488 Vol. 55, No. 3, March 15, 2011 Theory of Dynamics In-Phase Locking and Quasi-Period Synchronization in Two Mutually Coupled Multi-Quantum-Well Lasers YAN Sen-Lin
More informationMODELING OF ABOVE-THRESHOLD SINGLE-MODE OPERATION OF EDGE- EMITTING DIODE LASERS
MODELING OF ABOVE-THRESHOLD SINGLE-MODE OPERATION OF EDGE- EMITTING DIODE LASERS A. P. Napartovich, N. N. Elkin, A. G. Sukharev, V. N. Troshchieva, and D. V. Vysotsky Troitsk Institute for Innovation and
More informationPaper Review. Special Topics in Optical Engineering II (15/1) Minkyu Kim. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Feb 1985
Paper Review IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Feb 1985 Contents Semiconductor laser review High speed semiconductor laser Parasitic elements limitations Intermodulation products Intensity noise Large
More informationSynchronization of Mutually Versus Unidirectionally Coupled Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers
Synchronization of Mutually Versus Unidirectionally Coupled Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers Noam Gross, Wolfgang Kinzel 2, Ido Kanter, Michael Rosenbluh, Lev Khaykovich Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University,
More informationQ-switching instability in a mode-locked semiconductor laser
Rachinskii et al. Vol. 23, No. 4/April 2006/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 663 Q-switching instability in a mode-locked semiconductor laser Dmitrii Rachinskii Department of Applied Mathematics, University College
More informationSupplementary information for: Unveiling the complex organization of recurrent patterns in spiking dynamical systems
Supplementary information for: Unveiling the complex organization of recurrent patterns in spiking dynamical systems January 24, 214 Andrés Aragoneses 1, Sandro Perrone 1, Taciano Sorrentino 1,2, M. C.
More informationQuantum Dot Lasers. Jose Mayen ECE 355
Quantum Dot Lasers Jose Mayen ECE 355 Overview of Presentation Quantum Dots Operation Principles Fabrication of Q-dot lasers Advantages over other lasers Characteristics of Q-dot laser Types of Q-dot lasers
More informationNonlinear dynamics in a single mode three-level laser without inversion
PHYSICAL REVIEW E VOLUME 57, NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 1998 Nonlinear dynamics in a single mode three-level laser without inversion A. G. Vladimirov and Paul Mandel Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique, Université Libre
More informationFIBER OPTICS. Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture: 14.
FIBER OPTICS Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture: 14 Optical Sources Fiber Optics, Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar, Dept. of Electrical Engineering,
More informationSynchronization and Communication Using Semiconductor Lasers With Optoelectronic Feedback
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 37, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2001 1301 Synchronization Communication Using Semiconductor Lasers With Optoelectronic Feedback Henry D. I. Abarbanel, Matthew B. Kennel, Lucas
More informationPolarization-resolved time-delay signatures of chaos induced by FBG-feedback in VCSEL
Polarization-resolved time-delay signatures of chaos induced by FBG-feedback in VCSEL Zhu-Qiang Zhong, Song-Sui Li, Sze-Chun Chan,,3 Guang-Qiong Xia, and Zheng-Mao Wu,* School of Physical Science and Technology,
More informationLaser Systems and Applications
MSc in Photonics & Europhotonics Laser Systems and Applications Cristina Masoller Research group on Dynamics, onlinear Optics and Lasers (DOLL) Departament de Física i Enginyeria uclear Universitat Politècnica
More informationNoise in voltage-biased scaled semiconductor laser diodes
Noise in voltage-biased scaled semiconductor laser diodes S. M. K. Thiyagarajan and A. F. J. Levi Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089-1111
More information150 Zhang Sheng-Hai et al Vol. 12 doped fibre, and the two rings are coupled with each other by a coupler C 0. I pa and I pb are the pump intensities
Vol 12 No 2, February 2003 cfl 2003 Chin. Phys. Soc. 1009-1963/2003/12(02)/0149-05 Chinese Physics and IOP Publishing Ltd Controlling hyperchaos in erbium-doped fibre laser Zhang Sheng-Hai(ΞΛ ) y and Shen
More informationVer Chap Lecture 15- ECE 240a. Q-Switching. Mode Locking. ECE 240a Lasers - Fall 2017 Lecture Q-Switch Discussion
ing Ver Chap. 9.3 Lasers - Fall 2017 Lecture 15 1 ing ing (Cavity Dumping) 1 Turn-off cavity - prevent lasing 2 Pump lots of energy into upper state - use pulsed pump 3 Turn cavity back on - all the energy
More informationWP4: Neural Inspired Information Processing. C. Masoller, A. Pons, M.C. Torrent, J. García Ojalvo UPC, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
WP4: Neural Inspired Information Processing C. Masoller, A. Pons, M.C. Torrent, J. García Ojalvo UPC, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain NETT Fellows Induction Nottingham, UK, April 2013 Two fellows in WP4: ESR
More informationStochastic and nonlinear effects in semiconductor lasers
AFRL-AFOSR-UK-TR-2012-0060 Stochastic and nonlinear effects in semiconductor lasers Professor Christina Masoller Universidad Politecnica de Cataluna Department of Fisica e Ingenieria Nuclear Calle de Colom
More informationBrazilian Journal of Physics ISSN: Sociedade Brasileira de Física Brasil
Brazilian Journal of Physics ISSN: 0103-9733 luizno.bjp@gmail.com Sociedade Brasileira de Física Brasil Jafari, A.; Mabhouti, KH.; Heydari Heydarabad, M. Effect of the External Mirror Feedback Strength
More informationMutually delay-coupled semiconductor lasers: Mode bifurcation scenarios
Optics Communications 255 (2005) 286 296 www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom Mutually delay-coupled semiconductor lasers: Mode bifurcation scenarios H. Erzgräber a,b, *, D. Lenstra a,c, B. Krauskopf b,a, E.
More informationDynamical origin of low frequency fluctuations in external cavity semiconductor lasers
27 March 2000 Physics Letters A 267 2000 350 356 www.elsevier.nlrlocaterphysleta Dynamical origin of low frequency fluctuations in external cavity semiconductor lasers Ruslan L. Davidchack a, Ying-Cheng
More informationBound-soliton fiber laser
PHYSICAL REVIEW A, 66, 033806 2002 Bound-soliton fiber laser D. Y. Tang, B. Zhao, D. Y. Shen, and C. Lu School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore W. S.
More informationControl of bistability in a directly modulated semiconductor laser using delayed optoelectronic feedback
Physica D 213 (2006) 113 120 www.elsevier.com/locate/physd Control of bistability in a directly modulated semiconductor laser using delayed optoelectronic feedback S. Rajesh, V.M. Nandakumaran International
More informationS. Blair February 15,
S Blair February 15, 2012 66 32 Laser Diodes A semiconductor laser diode is basically an LED structure with mirrors for optical feedback This feedback causes photons to retrace their path back through
More informationSelf-organized light bullets in type-i intracavity second harmonic generation
Self-organized light bullets in type-i intracavity second harmonic generation S. Blaha 1, E. Averlant 1,2, K. Panajotov 2,3, and M. Tlidi 1 1 Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique(ONT), Université Libre de Bruxelles
More informationas Hopf Bifurcations in Time-Delay Systems with Band-limited Feedback
as Hopf Bifurcations in Time-Delay Systems with Band-limited Feedback Lucas Illing and Daniel J. Gauthier Department of Physics Center for Nonlinear and Complex Systems Duke University, North Carolina
More informationarxiv: v2 [physics.optics] 15 Dec 2016
Bifurcation analysis of the Yamada model for a pulsing semiconductor laser with saturable absorber and delayed optical feedback Abstract Soizic Terrien 1, Bernd Krauskopf 1, Neil G.R. Broderick 2 arxiv:1610.06794v2
More informationNoise Correlations in Dual Frequency VECSEL
Noise Correlations in Dual Frequency VECSEL S. De, A. El Amili, F. Bretenaker Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Orsay, France V. Pal, R. Ghosh Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India M. Alouini Institut
More informationExperimental and numerical study of the symbolic dynamics of a modulated external-cavity semiconductor laser
Experimental and numerical study of the symbolic dynamics of a modulated external-cavity semiconductor laser Andrés Aragoneses, 1, Taciano Sorrentino, 1, Sandro Perrone, 1 Daniel J. Gauthier, 3 M. C. Torrent,
More informationNonlinear dynamic behaviors of an optically injected vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 27 (2006) 1387 1394 www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos Nonlinear dynamic behaviors of an optically injected vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser Xiaofeng Li *, Wei Pan, Bin Luo,
More informationStabilization of feedback-induced instabilities in semiconductor lasers
J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 2 (2000) 413 420. Printed in the UK PII: S1464-4266(00)09621-X Stabilization of feedback-induced instabilities in semiconductor lasers T Heil, I Fischer and W Elsäßer
More informationThermal crosstalk in densely packed high power VCSEL arrays
26 Annual report 1998, Dept. of Optoelectronics, University of Ulm Thermal crosstalk in densely packed high power VCSEL arrays M. Grabherr, M. Miller, H.J. Unold We present detailed investigations on the
More informationγ c = rl = lt R ~ e (g l)t/t R Intensität 0 e γ c t Zeit, ns
There is however one main difference in this chapter compared to many other chapters. All loss and gain coefficients are given for the intensity and not the amplitude and are therefore a factor of 2 larger!
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 20 Jul 2016
Correlations in Electrically Coupled Chaotic Lasers E. J. Rosero 1, W. A. S. Barbosa 1, J. F. Martinez Avila 1,, A. Z. Khoury 1,3, J. R. Rios Leite 1 1- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de
More informationHARMONICALLY mode-locked lasers are attractive as
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 43, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2007 1109 Relaxation Oscillations and Pulse Stability in Harmonically Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers Farhan Rana and Paul George Abstract
More informationVertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with liquid crystal external cavity Yi Xie, 1,2,* Jeroen Beeckman, 1,2 Krassimir Panajotov 3 and Kristiaan Neyt
To be published in Optics Letters: Title: Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with liquid crystal external cavity Authors: Yi Xie, Jeroen Beeckman, Krassimir Panajotov, and Kristiaan Neyts Accepted:
More informationGain Compression Effect on the Modulation Dynamics of an Optically Injection-Locked Semiconductor Laser using Gain Lever
Gain Compression Effect on the Modulation Dynamics of an Optically Injection-Locked Semiconductor Laser using Gain Lever J.-M. Sarraute a,b*,k.schires a,s.larochelle b,andf.grillot a,c a CNRS LTCI, Télécom
More informationNumerical investigation of noise-induced resonance in a semiconductor laser with optical feedback
Physica D 168 169 (2002) 171 176 Numerical investigation of noise-induced resonance in a semiconductor laser with optical feedback C. Masoller Instituto de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de
More informationLASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion)
L- LASERS Representative applications: Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) Oscillators: Blasting: Energy States: Hydrogen atom Frequency/distance reference, local oscillators,
More informationSquare Wave Optimization in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers Subjected to Polarization-Rotated Optical Feedback
Square Wave Optimization in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers Subjected to Polarization-Rotated Optical Feedback by Taylor Wade Gilfillan An Honors Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department
More informationComputer Modelling and Numerical Simulation of the Solid State Diode Pumped Nd 3+ :YAG Laser with Intracavity Saturable Absorber
Copyright 2009 by YASHKIR CONSULTING LTD Computer Modelling and Numerical Simulation of the Solid State Diode Pumped Nd 3+ :YAG Laser with Intracavity Saturable Absorber Yuri Yashkir 1 Introduction The
More informationTHEORETICAL STUDY OF QD SEMICONDUCTOR LASER DYNAMICS UNDER OPTICAL FEEDBACK
IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Engineering & Thnology (IMPACT: IJRET) ISSN(E): 31-8843; ISSN(P): 347-4599 Vol. 3, Issue 4, Apr 015, 1-8 Impact Journals THEORETICAL STUDY OF QD SEMICONDUCTOR
More informationTheory of a multimode semiconductor laser with optical feedback
PHYSICAL REVIEW A, VOLUME 63, 033817 Theory of a multimode semiconductor laser with optical feedback T. W. Carr, 1, D. Pieroux, 1 and Paul Mandel 1 1 Optique onlinéaire Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles,
More informationThe Generation of Ultrashort Laser Pulses
The Generation of Ultrashort Laser Pulses The importance of bandwidth More than just a light bulb Two, three, and four levels rate equations Gain and saturation But first: the progress has been amazing!
More informationNonlinear Stability of a Delayed Feedback Controlled Container Crane
Nonlinear Stability of a Delayed Feedback Controlled Container Crane THOMAS ERNEUX Université Libre de Bruxelles Optique Nonlinéaire Théorique Campus Plaine, C.P. 231 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium (terneux@ulb.ac.be)
More informationTIME delay systems are widely used as generators of
1 High Speed Chaos in Optical Feedback System with Flexible Timescales J. N. Blakely, Lucas Illing and Daniel J. Gauthier arxiv:nlin/31144v1 [nlin.cd] 2 Nov 23 Abstract We describe a new opto-electronic
More informationUsing chaos for remote sensing of laser radiation
Using chaos for remote sensing of laser radiation Weng W. Chow 1,2 and Sebastian Wieczorek 3 1 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1086, USA 2 Physics Dept. and Institute of Quantum
More informationWhat Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 26 Nov 2018
Localized chaos of elliptically polarized cavity solitons in broad-area VCSEL with saturable absorber arxiv:8.35v [physics.optics] 26 Nov 28 K. Panajotov, 2 and M. Tlidi 3 Department of Applied Physics
More informationSQUARE WAVE EXCITABILITY IN QUANTUM DOT LASERS UNDER OPTICAL
SQUARE WAVE EXCITABILITY IN QUANTUM DOT LASERS UNDER OPTICAL INJECTION A PREPRINT M. Dillane 1,2, B. Tykalewicz 2,3, D. Goulding 2,3,4, B. Garbin 5,6, S. Barland 6, and B. Kelleher 1,2 1 Department of
More informationDefense Technical Information Center Compilation Part Notice
UNCLASSIFIED Defense Technical Information Center Compilation Part Notice ADP012825 TITLE: Dual Modulation of Laser Diode Emission Polarization DISTRIBUTION: Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
More informationComplexity in pulsed nonlinear laser systems interrogated by permutation entropy
Complexity in pulsed nonlinear laser systems interrogated by permutation entropy Joshua P. Toomey, 1,* Deborah M. Kane, 1 and Thorsten Ackemann 2 1 MQ Photonics Research Centre, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy,
More informationMultimode semiconductor laser: quantum versus classical behavior
Multimode semiconductor laser: quantum versus classical behavior M. Lebedev 1,2a), A. Demenev 1, A. Parakhonsky 1 and O. Misochko 1,2 1 Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
More informationCharacteristics of ARROW VCSELs under External Optical Feedback
Characteristics of ARROW VCSELs under External Optical Feedback S.F. Yu and N.S. Chen School of EEE Nanyang Technological University August Contents Introduction Simulation Models Simulation Result New
More informationSemiconductor laser under resonant feedback from a Fabry-Perot resonator: Stability of continuous-wave operation
Semiconductor laser under resonant feedback from a Fabry-Perot resonator: Stability of continuous-wave operation V. Z. Tronciu Department of Physics, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare av.
More informationIN DIFFERENTIATING the coherence displayed by optical
IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 41, NO. 6, JUNE 2005 767 Model for High-Gain Fiber Laser Arrays Jeffrey L. Rogers, Slaven Peleš, and Kurt Wiesenfeld Abstract Recent experiments have shown that
More informationLaser instabilities Lorenz-Haken equations Self-pulsing Chaos. xxxxxxxx
1-0 The Lorenz model for single-mode homogeneously broadened laser: analytical determination of the unpredictible zone arxiv:1307.79v1 [physics.optics] 30 Jul 013 Samia Ayadi 1, Olivier Haeberlé 1 Faculté
More informationTHE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL OF CARRIER INJECTION IN QUANTUM DOT LASER SYSTEM
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL OF CARRIER INJECTION IN QUANTUM DOT LASER SYSTEM Norbaizura Nordin 1 and Shahidan Radiman 2 1 Centre for Diploma Studies Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia 1,2 School
More informationMulti-pulse oscillation and instabilities in microchip self-q-switched transverse-mode laser
Multi-pulse oscillation and instabilities in microchip self-q-switched transverse-mode laser Jun Dong 1,2*, Ken-ichi Ueda 2, Peizhi Yang 3 1 Department of Electronics Engineering, School of Information
More informationDirectional power distribution and mode selection in micro ring lasers by controlling the phase and strength of filtered optical feedback
Vol. 26, No. 11 28 May 218 OPTICS EXPRESS 14315 Directional power distribution and mode selection in micro ring lasers by controlling the phase and strength of filtered optical feedback G UY V ERSCHAFFELT
More informationDynamic behaviors of a broad-area diode laser with lateral-mode-selected external feedback
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Mar 16, 2019 Dynamic behaviors of a broad-area diode laser with lateral-mode-selected external feedback Chi, Mingjun; Petersen, Paul Michael Published in: Proceedings of
More informationStochastic effects in coupled semiconductor and solid-state lasers with coexisting attractors
Stochastic effects in coupled semiconductor and solid-state lasers with coexisting attractors By: Alfredo Campos Mejía Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in
More informationVector dark domain wall solitons in a fiber ring laser
Vector dark domain wall solitons in a fiber ring laser H. Zhang, D. Y. Tang*, L. M. Zhao and R. J. Knize 1 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
More informationExploring experimental optical complexity with big data nonlinear analysis tools. Cristina Masoller
Exploring experimental optical complexity with big data nonlinear analysis tools Cristina Masoller Cristina.masoller@upc.edu www.fisica.edu.uy/~cris 4 th International Conference on Complex Dynamical Systems
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More information