Large-eddy simulations of the internal boundary layer and wake flow within large wind farms
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1 Large-eddy simulations of the internal boundary layer and wake flow within large wind farms Björn Witha G. Steinfeld, D. Heinemann ForWind Center for Wind Energy Research Research Group Energy Meteorology Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany Contact:
2 Motivation Meerwind Süd/Ost wind farm Björn Witha
3 Motivation Horns Rev wind farm Christian Steiness
4 The LES-Model PALM A PArallelized Large-Eddy-Simulation-Model for atmospheric and oceanic flows, developed since 1997 at IMUK, Leibniz University Hannover (Raasch & Schröter, 2001, Meteorol. Z., 10, ) palm.muk.uni-hannover.de Input Wind profile, temperature profile (stability), surface roughness, surface fluxes or nudging Output All relevant atmospheric variables: mean and turbulent fluctuations, turbulent fluxes Computational parameters Typical domain size 10 km x 5 km x 2 km Grid resolution 1 10 m Time step s Grid point number Simulation time up to 400,000 CPU hours
5 Wind turbine parameterization Enhanced actuator disk model (with BEM) F L b, r C L V rel N b c 2 r F D b, r C D V rel N b c 2 r considers rotation and local forces almost identical results compared to actuator line model but much faster
6 Simulation of large finite and infinite wind farms Infinite wind farm realized by periodic horizontal boundary conditions Finite wind farm requires non-periodic boundary conditions in mean flow direction: Precursor run with periodic boundary conditions to generate atmospheric turbulence Main run initialized with results of the precursor run, non-periodic boundary conditions and turbulence recycling
7 (1) Comparison of finite and infinite wind farm simulations Is it appropriate to simulate very large wind farms as infinite? (2) Effect of atmospheric stability on wake flow in infinite wind farms Is stability important or is it acceptable to neglect it?
8 (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms wind speed FINITE 1: 20 turbines / row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 600 m (4.8 D) FINITE 2: 20 turbines /row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 2400 m (17 D) 34 km 2.4 km u/u inflow FINITE 3: 10 turbines / row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 600 m (4.8 D)
9 (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms wind speed u/u inflow
10 INFINITE (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms wind speed D x = 1200 m, D y = 600 m u/u inflow
11 FINITE 1: 20 turbines / row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 600 m (4.8 D) (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms wind speed FINITE 2: 20 turbines /row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 2400 m (17 D) FINITE 3: 10 turbines / row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 600 m (4.8 D) u/u inflow
12 INFINITE (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms wind speed D x = 1200 m, D y = 600 m u/u inflow
13 (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms turbulence intensity FINITE 1: 20 turbines / row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 600 m (4.8 D) FINITE 2: 20 turbines /row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 2400 m (17 D) FINITE 3: 10 turbines / row D x = 1200 m (9.5 D) D y = 600 m (4.8 D) TI uv in %
14 (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms turbulence intensity INFINITE D x = 1200 m, D y = 600 m TI uv in %
15 (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms - profiles u v w TKE TI uv Total shear stress
16 (1) Finite vs. infinite wind farms power output finite: 10 D x 5 D (case 1) 10 D x 5 D (case 3) infinite: 10 D x 10 D 10 D x 5 D 5 D x 5 D
17 (2) Infinite wind farms variation of stability u v convective neutral stable Total shear stress TKE TI uv
18 Conclusions An internal wind farm boundary layer is developing in large wind farms growing up to several times the turbine height Both atmospheric stability and turbine spacing affect the internal wind farm boundary layer significantly (as do other parameters as wind speed and surface roughness) Infinite wind farms are easy to simulate but not representative of typical large wind farms only of VERY large wind farms (e.g. 50 x 50 turbines)
19 Acknowledgements The presented work has been funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy in the project: Parallelrechner-Cluster für CFD- und WEA- Modellierung (FKZ: ) The required computational resources have been partly provided by the HLRN (North German Supercomputing Alliance).
20 Large-eddy simulations of the internal boundary layer and wake flow within large wind farms Björn Witha G. Steinfeld, D. Heinemann ForWind Center for Wind Energy Research Research Group Energy Meteorology Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany Contact:
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