Physics 12 Unit 2: Vector Dynamics
|
|
- Elijah Garrett
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Physics 12 Unit 2: Vector Dynamics In this unit you will extend your study of forces. In particular, we will examine force as a vector quantity; this will involve solving problems where forces must be added or subtracted using the methods learned in the previous unit. 2.A.1: What is a Force? In simplest terms, a force can be thought of as a push or pull. It is important to keep in mind is that force is a vector quantity; that is, force has magnitude and definite direction. 2.A.2: Classifying Forces Physicists have several schemes for classifying forces. One classification scheme divides forces into two categories: mechanical forces and field forces. Another classification scheme divides forces according to their fundamental source. 2.A.3: Mechanical and Field Forces Some forces require direct physical contact between objects. Such forces are called mechanical forces. Any force that you exert on an object to push, pull or lift it is a mechanical force. Field forces do not require direct physical contact between objects. The best example of this kind of force is the force of gravity. All objects near the Earth experience a force of gravity that pulls it toward the centre of the Earth. One model that explains how gravity works states that surrounding the Earth is a gravitational field, and it is this gravitational field that actually exerts the force of gravity on masses placed into the field. There are other types of force-fields. Electrically charged objects are said to be surrounded by and electric field. Because of this, electric charges can exert forces on electric charges without the charges being in physical contact. Similarly, magnets are said to have a magnetic force field around them that can exert forces without physical contact. 2.A.4: The Fundamental Forces of Nature In Physics 11, you examined forces that come from a variety of sources, leading one to conclude that there are many kinds of force. However, all forces may be categorized into one of the four fundamental forces. 2.A.4.1: The Gravitational Force
2 2 Any object that has mass exerts a gravitational force of attraction on objects around it. This force is due to the existence of a gravitational field that is present around all objects. As we will see later in this course, the strength of the gravitational field decreases as the distance from an object increases. Near the surface of the Earth, the strength of the Earth s gravitational field is equal to 9.80 N/kg and is directed toward the Earth s centre. Gravitational field strength is given the symbol g. We compute the force of gravity acting on an object of mass m placed in this gravitational field using the vector equation: When the mass m is in kg, the unit of F g is the Newton, N. The direction of F g is the same as that of g, toward the centre of the Earth. Note that the force of gravity acting on an object is sometimes referred to as the object s weight. This is a non-scientific term used in the textbook, and we will avoid its use. 2.A.4.2: The Electromagnetic Force This force is sometimes just called the electric force, as magnetism occurs because of the electrical nature of matter. We will look at electricity and magnetism later in this course. At this point we need to examine some common electric forces that you should have studied in Physics 11. These are the Force of Friction and the Normal Force. A. The Normal Force, F N : F g = mg When you stand on the ground, the force of gravity pushes downward on you. As a result, you exert a downward force on the ground beneath your feet. What other forces, if any, are acting on you? If no other forces were acting on you, the force of gravity on you would be unbalanced, and you would accelerate into the ground beneath you. We know this does not happen. The downward force you exert on the ground causes the ground to be compressed (though this may not be noticeable). This compression causes the ground to exert a reaction force on you (Third Law of Motion). This reaction force is upward (opposite to the downward force that you exert on the ground), and is exactly equal in magnitude to the amount of force you are exerting on the ground.
3 3 Normal Force, F N : the force exerted by a surface that is undergoing compression due to the presence of an object in contact with that surface. The magnitude of this force is exactly equal to the amount of force pushing the object and surface together. The direction of this force is always perpendicular to the surface (hence the term normal ), whether the surface is horizontal, vertical or inclined. Do not confuse the normal force, F N, with net force, F net. Many assume that the normal force exerted by a horizontal surface is equal in magnitude to the force of gravity acting on the object exerting the compressive force. This is sometimes true, but not always! B. The Force of Friction, F f : Between all real surfaces, a friction force exists. This force is due to the forces of electrical attraction between the adjacent atoms and molecules of the surfaces. In Physics 11, you should have learned that friction between objects that are in motion relative to one another produces heat energy (and reduces kinetic energy). While this is true, friction also exists between adjacent surfaces that are not moving! We will examine this case later. In all cases, it seems logical that the force of friction between two surfaces will increase if the amount of force pushing the forces together increases. The magnitude of this force is equal to the magnitude of the normal force, F N. Mathematically: F f F N This proportionality becomes an equality if we insert a constant of proportionality. This constant is called the coefficient of friction, Thus: F f = F N This not a vector equation, as the two forces do not have the same direction! The Two Kinds of Friction: 1. Kinetic Friction: As we know, friction exists between two touching surfaces moving relative to one another. This kind of friction is called kinetic friction, F fk. The coefficient of friction that relates friction to the normal force is called the coefficient of kinetic friction, k. Thus, F fk = k F N. 2. Static Friction: As mentioned above, friction exists between two touching surfaces that are not moving relative to one another.
4 4 If you place a brick on a horizontal wooden plank that has one end elevated, the brick may not slide down the incline. The force that holds it in place is called static friction, F fs. We cannot write an equation that relates F fs to F N as we did for kinetic friction, because the amount of static friction is not a constant value. As the end of the plank in our example is raised higher and higher, the force of static friction gets larger and larger. Eventually, the force of static friction reaches a maximum value, and can no longer hold the brick in place. Because the force of static friction may be less than its maximum value, the equation relating F fs to F N is usually written as: F fs s F N If you have ever tried to move a large stationary object, you may have noticed that once you get it moving, less force is required to keep it moving than to get it in motion. This is because the coefficient of static friction between two surfaces is usually always greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction! The Direction of the Force of Friction: For objects in motion, the direction of the force of kinetic friction is always directly opposite the direction of motion. The direction of the force of static friction is said to be in the direction of impending motion. For example, if you exert a force to try to push a stationary object to the left on a rough surface, but it does not move, it is because the force of static friction is directed to the right exactly opposite the direction that the object would move if no friction acted on it. 2.A.4.3: The Strong Nuclear Force In most atomic nuclei, there is a strong electrical force of repulsion between the protons. Balancing this force is the strong nuclear force. This force has a very short range, so when the protons in a nucleus are set into vibration, the distance between them make become so large that they are no longer held together. A nuclear explosion is the result. 2.A.4.4: The Weak Nuclear Force: This force is involved in nuclear transmutations (sometimes called nuclear decay). 2.B: The Effect of Forces: Newton s Laws The effect that forces have on objects is determined by whether or not the forces acting on an object are balanced or unbalanced. The magnitude and direction of the net force acting on the object determine whether the forces acting on an object are balanced or unbalanced.
5 5 2.B.1: The Meaning of Net Force, F net The net force on an object is equal to the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object. If a number of forces act on an object, F net = F 1 + F 2 + F We can represent this vector sum as follows: F net = F Where the symbol literally means sum of. 2.B.2: Motion with Balanced Forces: Newton s First Law of Motion When F net = 0, then we have a very special case. When all the forces on an object are balanced, the situation is the same as is there were no forces acting on the object at all. Isaac Newton described this situation this way: Newton s First Law of Motion: Every body continues in its state of rest or its state of motion with a uniform speed in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by an unbalanced force impressed upon it. In Newton s description, it is seen that every object has a tendency to maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion. Newton called this natural tendency Inertia. Because of this, Newton s First Law is often called The Law of Inertia. We see the effect of inertia all the time. If we are traveling with a high speed in a car that comes to a sudden stop, we feel as though we are being thrown forward. In fact, no force is throwing you forward. Rather, your inertia compels you to remain in your previous state of motion in a straight line. There is no equation to compute the amount of inertia possessed by an object, as it is actually a non-scientific quantity. Newton claimed that the greater an object s mass, the greater its inertia. Newton s First Law as stated above is actually somewhat inaccurate. To state that something is in a state of rest has no true meaning. As we learned in unit 1, all velocities are measured relative to some frame of reference that is assumed to be at rest. There is no true state of rest. In summary, Newton s First Law can be stated mathematically as: When F net = 0, v = a constant.
6 6 2.B.3: F net 0, Newton s Second Law of Motion From the above, it is easy to conclude that if the net force on an object is not zero, its velocity is not constant. This leads us assume that in this case, the object will accelerate. Newton s Second Law of Motion: When a quantity of unbalanced (or net ) force acts upon an object, it will accelerate in the direction of the unbalanced force at a rate that is directly proportional to the quantity of unbalanced force and inversely proportional to the object s mass. Mathematically, a F net m When modern metric units for mass (kg), acceleration (m/s 2 ), and force (N) are used, the above relationship becomes an equality: F net a or Fnet m a m This is a vector equation that implicitly tells us that acceleration is in the direction of the net force. The reason that the relationship between a, F net, and m becomes an equality when metric units are used is the direct result of how the metric unit of force is defined. 1 N of unbalanced force is defined to be the quantity of force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at a rate of 1 m/s 2. In fact the units of m/s 2 and N/kg are exactly identical. This explains why the gravitational field strength near the Earth s surface is numerically equal to the acceleration due to gravity near the Earth s surface. At this point you should study Unit 2 Sample Problems 1-5. Ensure you understand the solutions thoroughly. 2.B.4: Newton s Third Law: The Law of Action and Reaction When an object has a force exerted on it, that force must be applied by another object. This tells us that the exertion of forces involves an interaction between two or more objects. Newton s Third Law describes this interaction. Newton s Third Law of Motion: During the interaction of two objects, A and B, whenever object A exerts a force on object B, object B exerts an equal, but oppositely directed force on object A. Mathematically, this is stated: F AB = -F BA In this equation, F AB is the force that A exerts on B, F BA is the force that B exerts on A, and the negative sign tells us that the two vectors have opposite directions.
7 7 You can think of many examples of the Third Law. When you hit the head of a nail with a hammer, the hammer and the nail both undergo a change in their states of motion. This does not mean that both objects need to be in motion for the third law to apply. When you sit in a chair, gravity pushes down on you. As a result, you exert a downward force on the chair, which, in turn, exerts an upward force on you. Perhaps the most difficult dynamics problems to solve in Physics 11 involve the Third Law. Typically, these problems involve Atwood machines or a system of two or more objects accelerating together on a surface due to the application of an unbalanced force. At this point you should examine Sample Problems 6-9. Ensure you understand the solutions thoroughly. Assignment 1: Readings: Giancoli Second Edition, read Sections 3-1 to 3-8. Questions and Problems: Giancoli Second Edition pages 66-68, problems 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 15 and 16. Hand-in Assignment: Complete and submit Dynamics Assignment 1. 2.C: Solving Complex Vector Force Problems To be successful at solving dynamics problems, there are some very important things to keep in mind. 1. ALWAYS draw a free-body diagram showing all the forces involved. 2. Be aware of problems where all the forces are balanced. The clue to these is that the velocity of a moving object is constant. 3. In certain situations, it will be necessary to resolve all the forces into orthogonal components. The directions of the components will be determined by the situation as described below. 2.C.1: Motion on a Horizontal Surface When an object is moving along a horizontal surface, it is usually necessary to resolve all forces into horizontal (x) and vertical (y) components. This is necessary because there can be no unbalanced force acting vertically. This is evidenced by the fact that an object on a horizontal surface may only accelerate in the x-direction.
8 8 The diagram to the left shows a possible situation. An object is being pulled along a horizontal surface by an applied force F which is angled upward at some angle to the horizontal. Before the forces can be analyzed, F must be resolved into its x and y components, as shown in the diagram below. In this situation, the magnitudes of the components of F are given by: F F cos F x y F sin When F has been resolved, the vector diagram is changed as shown in the diagram to the right. Since there can be no net vertical force, F g must be balanced by F y and F N. The net force on the object (if any) will be the resultant of F f and F x. Notice in this example, the magnitude of F N is not equal to the magnitude of F g. Assignment 2: Problems: Giancoli pages 66-68, Problems 21-24, 31, C.2: Forces on a Simple Pendulum When a pendulum is first released from rest, it accelerates in the direction perpendicular to the string. It is usual to resolve all the forces acting on the pendulum bob into components that are perpendicular to the string (x) and parallel to the string (y). In this case, all components in the y-direction must balance. In the case of a simple pendulum (one in which the only forces acting on the bob are the force of gravity, Fg, and the force of tension, F T ), the only force that needs to be resolved is Fg. The magnitudes of its two components are given by: F F gx gy F sin g F cos g
9 9 Notice in this case that the magnitude of the x- component is not along the adjacent side of the known angle as it has been previously, and thus its magnitude is determined using the sine ratio and not the cosine ratio. Since the forces in the y-direction must balance, F T balances F gy. F gx is unbalanced and will accelerate the bob at right angles to the string. In cases other than that of a simple pendulum, it may be necessary to consider other forces acting on the bob, including the force of friction. 2.C.3: Motion on an Incline the x-direction. Being able to solve force problems involving objects on an inclined plane is a very important learning outcome in Physics 12. Since an object on an incline can only accelerate in the direction parallel to the incline, any unbalanced force must act in this direction. For this reason, all forces acting on an object on an incline are resolved into components which are parallel to the incline (x) and perpendicular to the incline (y). Like the cases above, all the y-components of the forces must balance. Any unbalanced force will be in The diagram above shows a possible case. The object is acted on by the force of gravity, F g, the normal force, F N, exerted by the surface, a friction force F f, and an applied horizontal force, F. Note the direction of the friction force. Clearly, its direction is the result of the fact that the object is moving up the incline. If the object were sliding down the incline, F f, would act up the incline. Analysis of the forces in this case requires that we resolve F g and F into its x and y components. The magnitudes of the components are given by: F F cos F F sin x gx g F F sin F F cos y gy g
10 10 Where is the angle that the incline makes with the horizontal. Again, notice the differences in the trigonometric ratios used to determine the magnitudes of the components. Since any unbalanced force must be directed parallel to the incline, F N must balance F y and F gy. Any unbalanced force will be given by the resultant of the vector sum of F x, F f, and F gx. During the review of Newton s Third Law, you were presented with problems involving Atwood s Machines and modified Atwood s machines. These are the problems that have two masses connected by a light string over a pulley. In this course, it is common to complicate Atwood s Machine problems even further by having one or both of the two objects accelerating up or down an incline. These types of problems are, perhaps, some of the most challenging in this unit. At this point, you should study Sample Problems Ensure you understand the solutions thoroughly. Assignment 3: Readings: Giancoli Second Edition, Section 3-9. Questions and Problems: Giancoli Second Edition pages 66-68, Problems 28, 37, 40 and 49. Hand-in Assignment: Complete Dynamics Assignment 2 and the Unit 2 Review Assignment and submit your solutions for marking. It is now time to write the Unit 2 Test.
Forces and Newton s Laws Reading Notes. Give an example of a force you have experienced continuously all your life.
Forces and Newton s Laws Reading Notes Name: Section 4-1: Force What is force? Give an example of a force you have experienced continuously all your life. Give an example of a situation where an object
More informationPS113 Chapter 4 Forces and Newton s laws of motion
PS113 Chapter 4 Forces and Newton s laws of motion 1 The concepts of force and mass A force is described as the push or pull between two objects There are two kinds of forces 1. Contact forces where two
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 5 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT Pearson Education, Inc.
PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 5 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT Chapter 5 Force and Motion IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about the connection between force and motion.
More informationChapter 5. The Laws of Motion
Chapter 5 The Laws of Motion The Laws of Motion The description of an object in There was no consideration of what might influence that motion. Two main factors need to be addressed to answer questions
More informationChapter 5 Force and Motion
Chapter 5 Force and Motion Chapter Goal: To establish a connection between force and motion. Slide 5-2 Chapter 5 Preview Slide 5-3 Chapter 5 Preview Slide 5-4 Chapter 5 Preview Slide 5-5 Chapter 5 Preview
More informationNewton s Laws and Free-Body Diagrams General Physics I
Newton s Laws and Free-Body Diagrams In the next few sections, we will be exploring some of the most fundamental laws of our universe, laws that govern the relationship actions and motion. These laws are
More informationQ2. A book whose mass is 2 kg rests on a table. Find the magnitude of the force exerted by the table on the book.
AP Physics 1- Dynamics Practice Problems FACT: Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in state of motion. A change in state of motion means a change in an object s velocity, therefore
More informationPhysics 101 Lecture 5 Newton`s Laws
Physics 101 Lecture 5 Newton`s Laws Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN EMU Physics Department The Laws of Motion q Newton s first law q Force q Mass q Newton s second law q Newton s third law qfrictional forces q Examples
More informationDynamics: Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion
Lecture 7 Chapter 5 Dynamics: Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion Course website: http://faculty.uml.edu/andriy_danylov/teaching/physicsi Today we are going to discuss: Chapter 5: Force, Mass: Section 5.1
More informationDynamics; Newton s Laws of Motion
Dynamics; Newton s Laws of Motion Force A force is any kind of push or pull on an object. An object at rest needs a force to get it moving; a moving object needs a force to change its velocity. The magnitude
More informationSection /07/2013. PHY131H1F University of Toronto Class 9 Preclass Video by Jason Harlow. Based on Knight 3 rd edition Ch. 5, pgs.
PHY131H1F University of Toronto Class 9 Preclass Video by Jason Harlow Based on Knight 3 rd edition Ch. 5, pgs. 116-133 Section 5.1 A force is a push or a pull What is a force? What is a force? A force
More informationChapter 5. The Laws of Motion
Chapter 5 The Laws of Motion The Laws of Motion The description of an object in motion included its position, velocity, and acceleration. There was no consideration of what might influence that motion.
More informationForce a push or a pull exerted on some object the cause of an acceleration, or the change in an objects velocity
Chapter 4 Physics Notes Changes in Motion Force a push or a pull exerted on some object the cause of an acceleration, or the change in an objects velocity Forces cause changes in velocity Causes a stationary
More informationForces and Newton s Laws Notes
Forces and Newton s Laws Notes Force An action exerted on an object which can change the motion of the object. The SI unit for force is the Newton (N) o N = (kg m)/s 2 o Pound is also a measure of force
More informationGeneral Physics I Spring Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion
General Physics I Spring 2011 Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion 1 Forces and Interactions The central concept in understanding why things move is force. If a tractor pushes or pulls a trailer, the tractor
More informationSection 1 Changes in Motion. Chapter 4. Preview. Objectives Force Force Diagrams
Section 1 Changes in Motion Preview Objectives Force Force Diagrams Section 1 Changes in Motion Objectives Describe how force affects the motion of an object. Interpret and construct free body diagrams.
More informationNewton s Laws. A force is simply a push or a pull. Forces are vectors; they have both size and direction.
Newton s Laws Newton s first law: An object will stay at rest or in a state of uniform motion with constant velocity, in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force. In other words, the bodies
More informationChapter 4 Force and Motion
Chapter 4 Force and Motion Units of Chapter 4 The Concepts of Force and Net Force Inertia and Newton s First Law of Motion Newton s Second Law of Motion Newton s Third Law of Motion More on Newton s Laws:
More informationPhysics for Scientists and Engineers. Chapter 5 Force and Motion
Physics for Scientists and Engineers Chapter 5 Force and Motion Spring, 2008 Ho Jung Paik Force Forces are what cause any change in the velocity of an object The net force is the vector sum of all the
More informationChapter 5. The Laws of Motion
Chapter 5 The Laws of Motion Sir Isaac Newton 1642 1727 Formulated basic laws of mechanics Discovered Law of Universal Gravitation Invented form of calculus Many observations dealing with light and optics
More informationWhat is a Force? Free-Body diagrams. Contact vs. At-a-Distance 11/28/2016. Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion
Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion What is a Force? In generic terms: a force is a push or a pull exerted on an object that could cause one of the following to occur: A linear acceleration of the object
More informationForces. Brought to you by:
Forces Brought to you by: Objects have force because of their mass and inertia Mass is a measure of the amount of matter/particles in a substance. Mass is traditionally measured with a balance. Inertia
More informationPreview of Period 5: Forces and Newton s Laws
Preview of Period 5: Forces and Newton s Laws 5.1 The Fundamental Forces of Nature What are the four fundamental forces of nature? How do we see their effects? 5.2 Forces and Newton s Laws What causes
More informationChapter 4. The Laws of Motion
Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion Classical Mechanics Describes the relationship between the motion of objects in our everyday world and the forces acting on them Conditions when Classical Mechanics does not
More informationThe Concept of Force. field forces d) The gravitational force of attraction between two objects. f) Force a bar magnet exerts on a piece of iron.
Lecture 3 The Laws of Motion OUTLINE 5.1 The Concept of Force 5.2 Newton s First Law and Inertial Frames 5.3 Mass 5.4 Newton s Second Law 5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight 5.6 Newton s Third Law 5.8
More informationPractice. Newton s 3 Laws of Motion. Recall. Forces a push or pull acting on an object; a vector quantity measured in Newtons (kg m/s²)
Practice A car starts from rest and travels upwards along a straight road inclined at an angle of 5 from the horizontal. The length of the road is 450 m and the mass of the car is 800 kg. The speed of
More informationDynamics Multiple Choice Homework
Dynamics Multiple Choice Homework PSI Physics Name 1. In the absence of a net force, a moving object will A. slow down and eventually stop B. stop immediately C. turn right D. move with constant velocity
More informationForces. Isaac Newton stated 3 laws that deal with forces and describe motion. Backbone of Physics
FORCES Forces Isaac Newton stated 3 laws that deal with forces and describe motion. Backbone of Physics Inertia Tendency of an object to remain in the same state of motion. Resists a change in motion.
More informationNewton s Laws.
Newton s Laws http://mathsforeurope.digibel.be/images Forces and Equilibrium If the net force on a body is zero, it is in equilibrium. dynamic equilibrium: moving relative to us static equilibrium: appears
More informationLecture 5. Dynamics. Forces: Newton s First and Second
Lecture 5 Dynamics. Forces: Newton s First and Second What is a force? It s a pull or a push: F F Force is a quantitative description of the interaction between two physical bodies that causes them to
More informationDynamics: Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion
Lecture 7 Chapter 5 Physics I Dynamics: Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion Course website: http://faculty.uml.edu/andriy_danylov/teaching/physicsi Today we are going to discuss: Chapter 5: Force, Mass:
More informationChapter 4: Newton s Second Law F = m a. F = m a (4.2)
Lecture 7: Newton s Laws and Their Applications 1 Chapter 4: Newton s Second Law F = m a First Law: The Law of Inertia An object at rest will remain at rest unless, until acted upon by an external force.
More informationChapter Four Holt Physics. Forces and the Laws of Motion
Chapter Four Holt Physics Forces and the Laws of Motion Physics Force and the study of dynamics 1.Forces - a. Force - a push or a pull. It can change the motion of an object; start or stop movement; and,
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 5 Lecture FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E RANDALL D. KNIGHT Pearson Education, Inc.
PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 5 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT Chapter 5 Force and Motion IN THIS CHAPTER, you will learn about the connection between force and motion.
More informationSolving two-body problems with Newton s Second Law. Example Static and Kinetic Friction. Section 5.1 Friction 10/15/13
Solving two-body problems with Newton s Second Law You ll get multiple equations from the x and y directions, these equations can be solved simultaneously to find unknowns 1. Draw a separate free body
More informationUnit 1: Equilibrium and Center of Mass
Unit 1: Equilibrium and Center of Mass FORCES What is a force? Forces are a result of the interaction between two objects. They push things, pull things, keep things together, pull things apart. It s really
More informationWelcome to Forces an anticipation guide A force is defined as a push or a pull When answering the following true or false statements, offer a
Welcome to Forces an anticipation guide A force is defined as a push or a pull When answering the following true or false statements, offer a real-life example that justifies your answer. You haven t answered
More informationChapter 5 Lecture. Pearson Physics. Newton's Laws of Motion. Prepared by Chris Chiaverina Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5 Lecture Pearson Physics Newton's Laws of Motion Prepared by Chris Chiaverina Chapter Contents Newton's Laws of Motion Applying Newton's Laws Friction Newton's Laws of Motion Two of the most important
More informationChapter 4. Table of Contents. Section 1 Changes in Motion. Section 2 Newton's First Law. Section 3 Newton's Second and Third Laws
Forces and the Laws of Motion Table of Contents Section 1 Changes in Motion Section 2 Newton's First Law Section 3 Newton's Second and Third Laws Section 4 Everyday Forces Section 1 Changes in Motion Objectives
More informationFour naturally occuring forces
Forces System vs Environment: system the object the force is applied to environment the world around the object that exerts the force Type Forces: Contact is applied by touching Long range exerted without
More informationChapter 3 The Laws of motion. The Laws of motion
Chapter 3 The Laws of motion The Laws of motion The Concept of Force. Newton s First Law. Newton s Second Law. Newton s Third Law. Some Applications of Newton s Laws. 1 5.1 The Concept of Force Force:
More informationReading Quiz. Chapter 5. Physics 111, Concordia College
Reading Quiz Chapter 5 1. The coefficient of static friction is A. smaller than the coefficient of kinetic friction. B. equal to the coefficient of kinetic friction. C. larger than the coefficient of kinetic
More informationCHAPTER 4 NEWTON S LAWS OF MOTION
62 CHAPTER 4 NEWTON S LAWS O MOTION CHAPTER 4 NEWTON S LAWS O MOTION 63 Up to now we have described the motion of particles using quantities like displacement, velocity and acceleration. These quantities
More informationLecture PowerPoints. Chapter 4 Physics: for Scientists & Engineers, with Modern Physics, 4th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoints Chapter 4 Physics: for Scientists & Engineers, with Modern Physics, 4th edition Giancoli 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided
More informationForce, Friction & Gravity Notes
Force, Friction & Gravity Notes Key Terms to Know Speed: The distance traveled by an object within a certain amount of time. Speed = distance/time Velocity: Speed in a given direction Acceleration: The
More informationUnit 1: Mechanical Equilibrium
Unit 1: Mechanical Equilibrium Chapter: Two Mechanical Equilibrium Big Idea / Key Concepts Student Outcomes 2.1: Force 2.2: Mechanical Equilibrium 2.3: Support Force 2.4: Equilibrium for Moving Objects
More informationChapter 4 Forces Newton s Laws of Motion
Chapter 4 Forces Newton s Laws of Motion Forces Force A vector quantity that changes the velocity vector of an object. When you hit a baseball, the velocity of the ball changes. Can be a push or a pull
More informationPhysics B Newton s Laws AP Review Packet
Force A force is a push or pull on an object. Forces cause an object to accelerate To speed up To slow down To change direction Unit: Newton (SI system) Newton s First Law The Law of Inertia. A body in
More informationIn this lecture we will discuss three topics: conservation of energy, friction, and uniform circular motion.
1 PHYS:100 LECTURE 9 MECHANICS (8) In this lecture we will discuss three topics: conservation of energy, friction, and uniform circular motion. 9 1. Conservation of Energy. Energy is one of the most fundamental
More information3/10/2019. What Is a Force? What Is a Force? Tactics: Drawing Force Vectors
What Is a Force? A force acts on an object. A force requires an agent, something that acts on the object. If you throw a ball, your hand is the agent or cause of the force exerted on the ball. A force
More informationPhysics Chapter 4 Newton s Laws of Motion
Physics Chapter 4 Newton s Classical Mechanics Classical Mechanics Describes the relationship between the motion of objects in our everyday world and the forces acting on them Conditions when Classical
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION FORCE
TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION FORCE WHAT IS FORCE? Force is anything that can change the state of motion of a body. In simpler terms, force is a push or a pull. For example, wind pushing on a flag is
More informationPhysics 111 Lecture 4 Newton`s Laws
Physics 111 Lecture 4 Newton`s Laws Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN EMU Physics Department www.aovgun.com he Laws of Motion q Newton s first law q Force q Mass q Newton s second law q Newton s third law q Examples Isaac
More informationIf there is nothing pushing on an object, it will not move. If there is nothing pushing on an object, it will not stop. The List:
If there is nothing pushing on an object, it will not move. If there is nothing pushing on an object, it will not stop. The List: No Push No Go No Push No Stop No Push No Speed Up No Push No Slow Down
More informationThe Concept of Force Newton s First Law and Inertial Frames Mass Newton s Second Law The Gravitational Force and Weight Newton s Third Law Analysis
The Laws of Motion The Concept of Force Newton s First Law and Inertial Frames Mass Newton s Second Law The Gravitational Force and Weight Newton s Third Law Analysis Models using Newton s Second Law Forces
More informationWhat Is a Force? Slide Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is a Force? A force acts on an object. A force requires an agent, something that acts on the object. If you throw a ball, your hand is the agent or cause of the force exerted on the ball. A force
More informationIn the last lecture the concept of kinetic energy was introduced. Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy that an object has by virtue of its motion
1 PHYS:100 LETUE 9 MEHANIS (8) I. onservation of Energy In the last lecture the concept of kinetic energy was introduced. Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy that an object has by virtue of its motion KINETI
More informationGalileo & Friction 2000 yrs prior to inertia idea, the popular belief was that all objects want to come to a rest. BUT 1600's: Galileo reasoned that
Galileo & Friction 2000 yrs prior to inertia idea, the popular belief was that all objects want to come to a rest. BUT 1600's: Galileo reasoned that moving objects eventually stop only because of a force
More informationGeneral Physics I Spring Applying Newton s Laws
General Physics I Spring 2011 Applying Newton s Laws 1 Equilibrium An object is in equilibrium if the net force acting on it is zero. According to Newton s first law, such an object will remain at rest
More informationForce. The cause of an acceleration or change in an object s motion. Any kind of a push or pull on an object.
Force The cause of an acceleration or change in an object s motion. Any kind of a push or pull on an object. Forces do not always give rise to motion. Forces can be equal and opposite. Force is a vector
More information1 In the absence of a net force, a moving object will. slow down and eventually stop stop immediately turn right move with constant velocity turn left
Slide 1 / 51 1 In the absence of a net force, a moving object will slow down and eventually stop stop immediately turn right move with constant velocity turn left Slide 2 / 51 2 When a cat sleeps on a
More informationTopic: Force PHYSICS 231
Topic: Force PHYSICS 231 Current Assignments Homework Set 2 due this Thursday, Jan 27, 11 pm Reading for next week: Chapters 10.1-6,10.10,8.3 2/1/11 Physics 231 Spring 2011 2 Key Concepts: Force Free body
More informationNewton s Laws of Motion
Newton s Laws of Motion Observation #1 An object at rest remains at rest, unless something makes it move. Observation #2 A object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity, unless something
More informationForces I. Newtons Laws
Forces I Newtons Laws Kinematics The study of how objects move Dynamics The study of why objects move Newton s Laws and Forces What is force? What are they? Force A push or a pull Symbol is F Unit is N
More information24/06/13 Forces ( F.Robilliard) 1
R Fr F W 24/06/13 Forces ( F.Robilliard) 1 Mass: So far, in our studies of mechanics, we have considered the motion of idealised particles moving geometrically through space. Why a particular particle
More informationHSC PHYSICS ONLINE B F BA. repulsion between two negatively charged objects. attraction between a negative charge and a positive charge
HSC PHYSICS ONLINE DYNAMICS TYPES O ORCES Electrostatic force (force mediated by a field - long range: action at a distance) the attractive or repulsion between two stationary charged objects. AB A B BA
More informationPhys101 Lecture 5 Dynamics: Newton s Laws of Motion
Phys101 Lecture 5 Dynamics: Newton s Laws of Motion Key points: Newton s second law is a vector equation Action and reaction are acting on different objects Free-Body Diagrams Ref: 4-1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Page
More informationDynamics Notes.notebook October 22, 2018
Dynamics 1 Kinematics Description of how objects move (what we just finished) Dynamics Description of why objects move Connection between force and motion Newton's Laws of Motion Force something capable
More informationNewton s First Law of Motion. Newton s Second Law of Motion. Weight 9/30/2015
Forces Newton s Three Laws of Motion Types of Forces Weight Friction Terminal Velocity Periodic Motion Forces Defined as a push or a pull Types of Forces 1) Gravitational - attractive force that exists
More informationIsaac Newton ( )
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) In the beginning of 1665 I found the rule for reducing any degree of binomial to a series. The same year in May I found the method of tangents and in November the method of fluxions
More informationMain points of today s lecture: Normal force Newton s 3 d Law Frictional forces: kinetic friction: static friction Examples. Physic 231 Lecture 9
Main points of today s lecture: Normal force Newton s 3 d Law Frictional forces: kinetic friction: static friction Examples. Physic 3 Lecture 9 f N k = µ k f N s < µ s Atwood s machine Consider the Atwood
More informationReview: Advanced Applications of Newton's Laws
Review: Advanced Applications of Newton's Laws 1. The free-body diagram of a wagon being pulled along a horizontal surface is best represented by a. A d. D b. B e. E c. C 2. The free-body diagram of a
More informationChapter 4. Forces in One Dimension
Chapter 4 Forces in One Dimension Chapter 4 Forces in One Dimension In this chapter you will: *VD Note Use Newton s laws to solve problems. Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force that causes
More informationAP Physics 1 - Test 05 - Force and Motion
P Physics 1 - Test 05 - Force and Motion Score: 1. brick slides on a horizontal surface. Which of the following will increase the magnitude of the frictional force on it? Putting a second brick on top
More informationChapter 6. Preview. Section 1 Gravity and Motion. Section 2 Newton s Laws of Motion. Section 3 Momentum. Forces and Motion.
Forces and Motion Preview Section 1 Gravity and Motion Section 2 Newton s Laws of Motion Section 3 Momentum Concept Mapping Section 1 Gravity and Motion Bellringer Answer the following question in your
More informationFrictional Force ( ): The force that occurs when two object rub against one another and always OPPOSES motion. It's not dependent on area of contact.
Force Push or pull Law Scientific theory that has been proven for many years (can be changed) Newton's 1 st Law (Law of Inertia): Object at rest stays at rest while an object in motion continues in motion
More informationNewton s First Law and IRFs
Goals: Physics 207, Lecture 6, Sept. 22 Recognize different types of forces and know how they act on an object in a particle representation Identify forces and draw a Free Body Diagram Solve 1D and 2D
More informationDynamic equilibrium: object moves with constant velocity in a straight line. = 0, a x = i
Dynamic equilibrium: object moves with constant velocity in a straight line. We note that F net a s are both vector quantities, so in terms of their components, (F net ) x = i (F i ) x = 0, a x = i (a
More informationChapter 2. Forces & Newton s Laws
Chapter 2 Forces & Newton s Laws 1st thing you need to know Everything from chapter 1 Speed formula Acceleration formula All their units There is only 1 main formula, but some equations will utilize previous
More informationChapter 4 Dynamics: Newton s Laws of Motion
Chapter 4 Dynamics: Newton s Laws of Motion Force Newton s First Law of Motion Mass Newton s Second Law of Motion Newton s Third Law of Motion Weight the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force Applications
More informationHow Do Objects Move? Describing Motion. Different Kinds of Motion
How Do Objects Move? Describing Motion Different Kinds of Motion Motion is everywhere. The planets are in motion around the Sun. Cars are in motion as they are driven down the street. There s even motion
More informationMake sure you know the three laws inside and out! You must know the vocabulary too!
Newton's Laws Study Guide Test March 9 th The best plan is to study every night for 15 to 20 minutes. Make sure you know the three laws inside and out! You must know the vocabulary too! Newton s First
More informationREVISING MECHANICS (LIVE) 30 JUNE 2015 Exam Questions
REVISING MECHANICS (LIVE) 30 JUNE 2015 Exam Questions Question 1 (Adapted from DBE November 2014, Question 2) Two blocks of masses 20 kg and 5 kg respectively are connected by a light inextensible string,
More informationMotion. Ifitis60milestoRichmondandyouaretravelingat30miles/hour, itwilltake2hourstogetthere. Tobecorrect,speedisrelative. Ifyou. time.
Motion Motion is all around us. How something moves is probably the first thing we notice about some process. Quantifying motion is the were we learn how objects fall and thus gravity. Even our understanding
More informationBe on time Switch off mobile phones. Put away laptops. Being present = Participating actively
A couple of house rules Be on time Switch off mobile phones Put away laptops Being present = Participating actively http://www.phys.tue.nl/nfcmr/natuur/collegenatuur.html Chapter 4 Newton s Laws of Motion
More informationSPS8. STUDENTS WILL DETERMINE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FORCE, MASS, AND MOTION.
MOTION & FORCES SPS8. STUDENTS WILL DETERMINE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG FORCE, MASS, AND MOTION. A. CALCULATE VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION. B. APPLY NEWTON S THREE LAWS TO EVERYDAY SITUATIONS BY EXPLAINING THE
More informationWS-CH-4 Motion and Force Show all your work and equations used. Isaac Newton ( )
AP PHYSICS 1 WS-CH-4 Motion and Force Show all your work and equations used. Isaac Newton (1643-1727) Isaac Newton was the greatest English mathematician of his generation. He laid the foundation for differential
More informationChapter 4 Dynamics: Newton s Laws of Motion
Chapter 4 Dynamics: Newton s Laws of Motion Units of Chapter 4 Force Newton s First Law of Motion Mass Newton s Second Law of Motion Newton s Third Law of Motion Weight the Force of Gravity; and the Normal
More informationIntroduction to Newton s Laws Newton s First Law. Oct 21 8:32 AM
Introduction to Newton s Laws Newton s First Law. Isaac Newton Arguably the greatest scientific genius ever. Came up with 3 Laws of Motion to explain the observations and analyses of Galileo and Johannes
More informationFORCE. Definition: Combining Forces (Resultant Force)
1 FORCE Definition: A force is either push or pull. A Force is a vector quantity that means it has magnitude and direction. Force is measured in a unit called Newtons (N). Some examples of forces are:
More informationTwo Hanging Masses. ) by considering just the forces that act on it. Use Newton's 2nd law while
Student View Summary View Diagnostics View Print View with Answers Edit Assignment Settings per Student Exam 2 - Forces [ Print ] Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, November 1, 2011 Note: To underst how points are
More informationDynamics Test K/U 28 T/I 16 C 26 A 30
Name: Dynamics Test K/U 28 T/I 16 C 26 A 30 A. True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. 1. The normal force that acts on an object is always equal in magnitude and opposite
More informationChapter 4. Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion. continued
Chapter 4 Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion continued Quiz 3 4.7 The Gravitational Force Newton s Law of Universal Gravitation Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on every other
More informationChapter 4. The Laws of Motion
Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion Classical Mechanics Describes the relationship between the motion of objects in our everyday world and the forces acting on them Conditions when Classical Mechanics does not
More informationProf. Dr. I. Nasser T171 Chapter5_I 12/10/2017
Prof. Dr. I. Nasser T171 Chapter5_I 1/10/017 Chapter 5 Force and Motion I 5-1 NEWTON S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS Newton s Three Laws Newton s 3 laws define some of the most fundamental things in physics including:
More informationfor any object. Note that we use letter, m g, meaning gravitational
Lecture 4. orces, Newton's Second Law Last time we have started our discussion of Newtonian Mechanics and formulated Newton s laws. Today we shall closely look at the statement of the second law and consider
More informationIsaac Newton. What is a force? Newton s Three Laws of Motion. What is the acceleration of the car?
Aim: What did Isaac Newton teach us about motion? Do Now: 1. A 2009 Ford Mustang convertible is travelling at constant velocity on Interstate 95 south from Philadelphia to Wilmington Delaware. It passes
More informationA N D. c h a p t e r 1 2 M O T I O N F O R C E S
F O R C E S A N D c h a p t e r 1 2 M O T I O N What is a FORCE? A FORCE is a push or pull that acts on an object. A force can cause a resting object to move OR Accelerate a moving object by: changing
More informationChapter 4. Forces and Mass. Classical Mechanics. Forces. Newton s First Law. Fundamental (Field) Forces. Contact and Field Forces
Chapter 4 Classical Mechanics Forces and Mass does not apply for very tiny objects (< atomic sizes) objects moving near the speed of light Newton s First Law Forces If the net force!f exerted on an object
More informationTest Corrections Use these concepts to explain corrected answers. Make sure you apply the concepts to the specific situation in each problem.
Test Corrections Use these concepts to explain corrected answers. Make sure you apply the concepts to the specific situation in each problem. Circular Motion Concepts When an object moves in a circle,
More information