Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions. Lecturer: Ryan Tibshirani Convex Optimization /36-725
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1 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions Lecturer: Ryan Tibshirani Convex Optimization /
2 Given a minimization problem Last time: duality min x subject to f(x) h i (x) 0, i = 1,... m l j (x) = 0, j = 1,... r we defined the Lagrangian: L(x, u, v) = f(x) + and Lagrange dual function: m u i h i (x) + g(u, v) = min x L(x, u, v) r v j l j (x) j=1 2
3 The subsequent dual problem is: Important properties: max u,v g(u, v) subject to u 0 Dual problem is always convex, i.e., g is always concave (even if primal problem is not convex) The primal and dual optimal values, f and g, always satisfy weak duality: f g Slater s condition: for convex primal, if there is an x such that h 1 (x) < 0,... h m (x) < 0 and l 1 (x) = 0,... l r (x) = 0 then strong duality holds: f = g. Can be further refined to strict inequalities over the nonaffine h i, i = 1,... m 3
4 Outline Today: KKT conditions Examples Constrained and Lagrange forms Uniqueness with l 1 penalties 4
5 Given general problem Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions min x subject to f(x) h i (x) 0, i = 1,... m l j (x) = 0, j = 1,... r The Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions or KKT conditions are: ( m r ) 0 f(x) + u i h i (x) + v j l j (x) (stationarity) u i h i (x) = 0 for all i j=1 h i (x) 0, l j (x) = 0 for all i, j u i 0 for all i (complementary slackness) (primal feasibility) (dual feasibility) 5
6 Necessity Let x and u, v be primal and dual solutions with zero duality gap (strong duality holds, e.g., under Slater s condition). Then f(x ) = g(u, v ) = min x f(x) + f(x ) + f(x ) m u i h i (x) + m u i h i (x ) + r vj l j (x) j=1 r vj l j (x ) j=1 In other words, all these inequalities are actually equalities 6
7 Two things to learn from this: The point x minimizes L(x, u, v ) over x R n. Hence the subdifferential of L(x, u, v ) must contain 0 at x = x this is exactly the stationarity condition We must have m u i h i(x ) = 0, and since each term here is 0, this implies u i h i(x ) = 0 for every i this is exactly complementary slackness Primal and dual feasibility hold by virtue of optimality. Therefore: If x and u, v are primal and dual solutions, with zero duality gap, then x, u, v satisfy the KKT conditions (Note that this statement assumes nothing a priori about convexity of our problem, i.e., of f, h i, l j ) 7
8 Sufficiency If there exists x, u, v that satisfy the KKT conditions, then g(u, v ) = f(x ) + = f(x ) m u i h i (x ) + r vj l j (x ) j=1 where the first equality holds from stationarity, and the second holds from complementary slackness Therefore the duality gap is zero (and x and u, v are primal and dual feasible) so x and u, v are primal and dual optimal. Hence, we ve shown: If x and u, v satisfy the KKT conditions, then x and u, v are primal and dual solutions 8
9 Putting it together In summary, KKT conditions: always sufficient necessary under strong duality Putting it together: For a problem with strong duality (e.g., assume Slater s condition: convex problem and there exists x strictly satisfying nonaffine inequality contraints), x and u, v are primal and dual solutions x and u, v satisfy the KKT conditions (Warning, concerning the stationarity condition: for a differentiable function f, we cannot use f(x) = { f(x)} unless f is convex!) 9
10 10 What s in a name? Older folks will know these as the KT (Kuhn-Tucker) conditions: First appeared in publication by Kuhn and Tucker in 1951 Later people found out that Karush had the conditions in his unpublished master s thesis of 1939 For unconstrained problems, the KKT conditions are nothing more than the subgradient optimality condition For general convex problems, the KKT conditions could have been derived entirely from studying optimality via subgradients 0 f(x ) + m N {hi 0}(x ) + r N {lj =0}(x ) j=1 where recall N C (x) is the normal cone of C at x
11 11 Example: quadratic with equality constraints Consider for Q 0, min 2 xt Qx + c T x subject to Ax = 0 x 1 E.g., as we will see, this corresponds to Newton step for equalityconstrained problem min x f(x) subject to Ax = b Convex problem, no inequality constraints, so by KKT conditions: x is a solution if and only if [ ] ] Q A T A 0 ] [ x u = [ c 0 for some u. Linear system combines stationarity, primal feasibility (complementary slackness and dual feasibility are vacuous)
12 12 Example: water-filling Example from B & V page 245: consider problem min x n log(α i + x i ) subject to x 0, 1 T x = 1 Information theory: think of log(α i + x i ) as communication rate of ith channel. KKT conditions: 1/(α i + x i ) u i + v = 0, i = 1,... n Eliminate u: u i x i = 0, i = 1,... n, x 0, 1 T x = 1, u 0 1/(α i + x i ) v, i = 1,... n x i (v 1/(α i + x i )) = 0, i = 1,... n, x 0, 1 T x = 1
13 13 Can argue directly stationarity and complementary slackness imply { 1/v α i if v < 1/α i x i = = max{0, 1/v α i }, i = 1,... n 0 if v 1/α i Still need x to be feasible, i.e., 1 T x = 1, and this gives n max{0, 1/v α i } = 1 Univariate equation, piecewise linear in 1/v and not hard to solve This reduced problem is called water-filling (From B & V page 246) 1/ν x i α i i
14 14 Example: support vector machines Given y { 1, 1} n, and X R n p, the support vector machine problem is: min β,β 0,ξ subject to 1 2 β C n ξ i ξ i 0, i = 1,... n y i (x T i β + β 0 ) 1 ξ i, i = 1,... n Introduce dual variables v, w 0. KKT stationarity condition: n 0 = w i y i, β = Complementary slackness: n w i y i x i, w = C1 v v i ξ i = 0, w i ( 1 ξi y i (x T i β + β 0 ) ) = 0, i = 1,... n
15 15 Hence at optimality we have β = n w iy i x i, and w i is nonzero only if y i (x T i β + β 0) = 1 ξ i. Such points i are called the support points For support point i, if ξ i = 0, then x i lies on edge of margin, and w i (0, C]; For support point i, if ξ i 0, then x i lies on wrong side of margin, and w i = C x T β + β 0 =0 ξ 4 ξ5 ξ ξ 3 1 ξ 2 M = 1 β M = 1 β margin KKT conditions do not really give us a way to find solution, but gives a better understanding In fact, we can use this to screen away non-support points before performing optimization
16 16 Constrained and Lagrange forms Often in statistics and machine learning we ll switch back and forth between constrained form, where t R is a tuning parameter, min x f(x) subject to h(x) t (C) and Lagrange form, where λ 0 is a tuning parameter, min x f(x) + λ h(x) (L) and claim these are equivalent. Is this true (assuming convex f, h)? (C) to (L): if problem (C) is strictly feasible, then strong duality holds, and there exists some λ 0 (dual solution) such that any solution x in (C) minimizes so x is also a solution in (L) f(x) + λ (h(x) t)
17 17 (L) to (C): if x is a solution in (L), then the KKT conditions for (C) are satisfied by taking t = h(x ), so x is a solution in (C) Conclusion: {solutions in (L)} λ 0 λ 0 {solutions in (L)} {solutions in (C)} t {solutions in (C)} t such that (C) is strictly feasible This is nearly a perfect equivalence. Note: when the only value of t that leads to a feasible but not strictly feasible constraint set is t = 0, then we do get perfect equivalence So, e.g., if h 0, and (C), (L) are feasible for all t, λ 0, then we do get perfect equivalence
18 Uniqueness in l 1 penalized problems Using the KKT conditions and simple probability arguments, we have the following (perhaps surprising) result: Theorem: Let f be differentiable and strictly convex, let X R n p, λ > 0. Consider min β f(xβ) + λ β 1 If the entries of X are drawn from a continuous probability distribution (on R np ), then w.p. 1 there is a unique solution and it has at most min{n, p} nonzero components Remark: here f must be strictly convex, but no restrictions on the dimensions of X (we could have p n) Proof: the KKT conditions are { X T {sign(β i )} if β i 0 f(xβ) = λs, s i [ 1, 1] if β i = 0, i = 1,... n 18
19 19 Note that Xβ, s are unique. Define S = {j : Xj T f(xβ) = λ}, also unique, and note that any solution satisfies β i = 0 for all i / S First assume that rank(x S ) < S (here X R n S, submatrix of X corresponding to columns in S). Then for some i S, X i = for constants c j R, so that s i X i = j S\{i} j S\{i} c j X j s j c j λ(s j X j ) Hence taking an inner product with f(xβ), λ = j S\{i} (s i s j c j )λ, i.e., j S\{i} s i s j c j = 1
20 20 In other words, we ve proved that rank(x S ) < S implies s i X i is in the affine span of s j X j, j S \ {i} (subspace of dimension < n) We say that the matrix X has columns in general position if any affine subspace L of dimension k < n does not contain more than k + 1 elements; of {±X 1,... ± X p } (excluding antipodal pairs) It is straightforward to show that, if the entries of X have a density over R np, then X is in general position with probability 1 X 3 X 4 X 2 X 1
21 21 Therefore, if entries of X are drawn from continuous probability distribution, any solution must satisfy rank(x S ) = S Recalling the KKT conditions, this means the number of nonzero components in any solution at most S min{n, p}. Further, we can reduce our optimization problem (by partially solving) to min β S R S f(x S β S ) + λ β S 1 Finally, strict convexity implies uniqueness of the solution in this problem, and hence in our original problem
22 22 Back to duality One of the most important uses of duality is that, under strong duality, we can characterize primal solutions from dual solutions Recall that under strong duality, the KKT conditions are necessary for optimality. Given dual solutions u, v, any primal solution x satisfies the stationarity condition 0 f(x ) + m u i h i (x ) + In other words, x solves min x L(x, u, v ) r vi l j (x ) j=1 Generally, this reveals a characterization of primal solutions In particular, if this is satisfied uniquely (i.e., above problem has a unique minimizer), then the corresponding point must be the primal solution
23 23 References S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe (2004), Convex optimization, Chapter 5 R. T. Rockafellar (1970), Convex analysis, Chapters 28 30
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