Common Core Coach. Mathematics. First Edition

Transcription

1 Common Core Coach Mathematics 8 First Edition

2 Contents Domain 1 The Number System...4 Lesson 1 Understanding Rational and Irrational Numbers...6 Lesson 2 Estimating the Value of Irrational Expressions Common Core State Standards 8.NS.1 8.NS.2 Domain 1 Review Domain 2 Expressions and Equations...20 Lesson Applying Properties of Exponents...22 Lesson 4 Understanding Square and Cube Roots...26 Lesson 5 Scientific Notation...0 Lesson 6 Using Scientific Notation EE.1 8.EE.2 8.EE. 8.EE.4 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Representing and Interpreting Proportional Relationships...40 Relating Slope and y-intercept to Linear Equations EE.5 8.EE.6 Lesson 9 Solving Linear Equations in One Variable EE.7.a, 8.EE.7.b Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Solving Systems of Two Linear Equations Graphically...56 Solving Systems of Two Linear Equations Algebraically EE.8.a 8.EE.8.b Lesson 12 Problem Solving: Using Systems of Equations EE.8.c Domain 2 Review...72 Domain Functions...76 Lesson 1 Introducing Functions F.1 Lesson 14 Comparing Functions Represented in Different Ways...82 Lesson 15 Linear and Nonlinear Functions Lesson 16 Using Functions to Model Relationships Lesson 17 Describing Functional Relationships from Graphs Domain Review F.2 8.F. 8.F.4 8.F.5 2 Problem Solving Performance Task

3 Common Core State Standards Domain 4 Geometry Lesson 18 Lesson 19 Properties of Rotations, Reflections, and Translations Understanding Congruence of Two-Dimensional Figures (Using Rigid Motions) G.1.a, 8.G.1.b, 8.G.1.c 8.G.2 Lesson 20 Rigid Motion on the Coordinate Plane Lesson 21 Dilations on the Coordinate Plane G. 8.G. Lesson 22 Understanding Similarity of Two-Dimensional Figures (Using Transformations) G.4 Lesson 2 Extending Understanding of Angle Relationships Lesson 24 Angles in Triangles...12 Lesson 25 Explaining the Pythagorean Theorem G.5 8.G.5 8.G.6 Lesson 26 Lesson 27 Applying the Pythagorean Theorem in Two and Three Dimensions Applying the Pythagorean Theorem on the Coordinate Plane G.7 8.G.8 Lesson 28 Problem Solving: Volume G.9 Domain 4 Review Domain 5 Statistics and Probability Lesson 29 Constructing and Interpreting Scatter Plots SP.1 Lesson 0 Modeling Relationships in Scatter Plots with Straight Lines SP.2 Lesson 1 Using Linear Models to Interpret Data SP. Lesson 2 Investigating Patterns of Association in Categorical Data Domain 5 Review Glossary Math Tools SP.4

4 1 LESSON Understanding Rational and Irrational Numbers UNDERSTAND All numbers can be written with a For example, you can rewrite 2 and 5 with decimal points without changing their values or 2.00 or 2.000, and so on or 5.00 or 5.000, and so on You can expand the decimal places of a number that already has digits to the right of the or 2.200, and so on 5. _ _ 1 or 5.11 _ 1, and so on Each of the numbers above has a decimal expansion that ends either in zeros or in a repeating digit. Any number with a decimal expansion that ends in 0s or in repeating decimal digits is a rational number. UNDERSTAND Some numbers, like the ones below, do not end in 0s or in repeating decimal digits. The three dots, called an ellipsis, mean that digits continue, but not in a repeating pattern Any number with a decimal expansion that does not end in 0s or in repeating decimal digits is an irrational number. You have previously worked with a very important number, pi, which is represented by the symbol The decimal expansion of does not end in 0s or in repeating decimal digits. It is an irrational number. Every real number belongs either to the set of rational numbers or to the set of irrational numbers. Set of all Real Numbers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers Domain 1: The Number System

5 Connect Is 0.07 rational or irrational? Examine the digits to the right of the or , and so on 0.07 is rational because its decimal expansion ends in 0s. Is. 45 rational or irrational? Examine the digits to the right of the or , and so on. 45 is rational because its decimal expansion repeats. Is rational or irrational? Examine the digits to the right of the is irrational because its decimal expansion does not end in 0s or in repeating decimal digits. Is 8 rational or irrational? Use a calculator to find the decimal form Examine the digits to the right of the 8 is irrational because its decimal expansion does not end in 0s or in repeating decimal digits. DISCUSS How could you show that is a rational number using methods shown above? Lesson 1: Understanding Rational and Irrational Numbers 7

6 EXAMPLE A Write each of the following rational numbers in fraction form., 0.9,.0 1 Express each number as a fraction of the form a b where a and b are integers and b 0. Use the place value of the rightmost digit to determine the value of the denominator. The rightmost digit in is in the ones place, so 1. The rightmost digit in 0.9 is in the tenths place, so The rightmost digit in.0 is in the hundredths place, so EXAMPLE B Convert the rational number 0. to a fraction. 1 Use algebra. Set the number, 0., equal to n. n 0. There is one repeating digit, so multiply n by the first power of 10, or n. 2 Subtract the number, n, from 10n. 10n. n 0. 9n Solve the equation and simplify the result. 9n 9 9 n CHECK How can you work backward from 1 to check the answer? 8 Domain 1: The Number System

7 1 EXAMPLE C Convert to a fraction. Use algebra. Set the number, 0. 45, equal to n. n There are two repeating digits, so multiply n by the second power of 10, or n Subtract the number, n, from 100n. 100n n n 45 Solve the equation and simplify the result. 99n n DISCUSS What steps could you use to express the decimal 0.8 as a fraction? Lesson 1: Understanding Rational and Irrational Numbers 9

8 Practice Identify whether the number is rational or irrational. Then explain why it is rational or irrational HINT If a square root has an integer value, is it rational? Write three equivalent decimal forms for each number _ 1 REMEMBER Adding zeros to the end of a decimal does not change its value. 10 Domain 1: The Number System

9 Complete each sentence is rational because is irrational because is rational because is irrational because. Convert the repeating decimal to a fraction _ Choose the best answer. 2. Which is an irrational number? A.. 4 B. 1 C. 20 D Which number is not equivalent to 1.02? A B C D Solve. 25. WRITE MATH Convert.1 6 to a fraction. Explain your strategy or show the steps you used to convert the number. 26. DESCRIBE Describe two real-life applications of irrational numbers. Lesson 1: Understanding Rational and Irrational Numbers 11