Support Idealizations
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1 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 1/12 nalysis of Statically Determinate Structures nalysis of Statically Determinate Structures The most common type of structure an engineer will analyze lies in a plane subject to a force system in the same plane. pin connection confines deflection; allows rotation fixed connection confines deflection and rotation However, in reality, a pin connection has some resistance against rotation due to friction, therefore, a torsional spring connection may be more appropriate. If the stiffness k = 0 the joint is a pin, if k =, the joint is fixed. nalysis of Statically Determinate Structures pin connection confines deflection; allows rotation Pin support Roller support fixed connection confines deflection and rotation Fixed support nalysis of Statically Determinate Structures In general, it is not possible to perform an exact analyze of a structure. pproximations for structure geometry, material parameters, and loading type and magnitude must be made. However, in reality, a pin connection has some resistance against rotation due to friction, therefore, a torsional spring connection may be more appropriate. If the stiffness k = 0 the joint is a pin, if k =, the joint is fixed. Torsional spring support Support connections - Structural members may be joined in a variety of methods, the most common are pin and fixed joints
2 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 2/12 Pin support Fixed support Pin support Fixed support Pin support Fixed support
3 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 3/12 Weightless link or light cable Smooth pin Rollers and rockers Smooth contacting surface New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge Smooth pin or hinge Sliders and collar New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge Fixed support
4 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 4/12 New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge Smooth hinge New friction pendulum bearings on the I-40 bridge Smooth hinge Smooth pin Smooth hinge
5 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 5/12 Roller support Fixed support Roller support complex structure may be idealized as a line drawing where orientation of members and type of connections are assumed. In many cases, loadings are transmitted to a structure under analysis by a secondary structure. In a line drawing, a pin support is represented by lines that do not touch and a fixed support by connecting lines Fixed support P L/2 L/2
6 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 6/12 F
7 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 7/12 Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations 250 lb/ft 10 ft 1,250 lb 1,250 lb 500 lb/ft The dead load on the roof is 72lb/ft ft D 2.5 ft 10 ft D E F 2,500 lb 2,500 lb Loading Idealizations Loading Idealizations Tributary Loadings - When frames or other structural members are analyzes, it is necessary to determine how walls, floors, or roofs transmit load to the element under consideration. 1,250 lb 2,500 lb 5 ft 5 ft 1,250 lb E one-way system is typically a slab or plate structure supported along two opposite edges Examples, a slab of reinforced concrete with steel in one direction or a with steel in both directions with a span ratio L 2 /L 1 >2 two-way system is typically defined by a span ratio L 2 /L 1 < 2 or if the all edges are supported 2.5 ft D 2.5 ft 2,500 lb 2,500 lb E F
8 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 8/12 Loading Idealizations Equations of Equilibrium From statics the equations of equilibrium are: F 0 F 0 F 0 x y z M 0 M 0 M 0 x y z However, since are dealing with co planar structures the equations reduce to F 0 F 0 M 0 x y z Loading Idealizations Equations of Equilibrium 10 ft In order to apply these equations, we first must draw a free body diagram (FD) of the structure or its members. 500 lb/ft D If the body is isolated from its supports, all forces and moments acting on the body are included. 5 ft 5 ft Principle of Superposition Equations of Equilibrium asis for the theory of linear elastic structural analysis: The total displacement or stress at a point in a structure subjected to several loadings can be determined by adding together the displacements or stresses caused by each load acting separately. There are two exceptions to these rule: If the material does not behave in a linear elastic manner If the geometry of the structure changes significantly under loading (example, a column subjected to a bucking load) If internal loadings are desired, the method of sections is used. FD of the cut section is used to isolate internal loadings. In general, internal loadings consist of an axial force, a shear force V, and the bending moment M. M V
9 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 9/12 Determinacy - provide both necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium. When all the forces in structure an be determined from the equations of equilibrium then the structure is considered statically determinate. If there are more unknowns than equations, the structure is statically indeterminate. r = 6 n = 2 r=3n determinate For co-planar structures, there are three equations of equilibrium for each FD, so that for n bodies and r reactions: r = 4 n = 1 r>3n indeterminate r = 3n statically determinate r > 3n statically indeterminate r = 6 n = 2 r=3n determinate r = 9 n = 3 r=3n determinate r = 3 n = 1 r=3n determinate r = 10 n = 3 r>3n indeterminate
10 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 10/12 Unstable - Partial onstraints (1) (2) yy y y (3) (4) y Stability - Structures must be properly held or constrained by their supports Unstable - Improper onstraints Partial onstraints - a structure or one of its member with fewer reactive forces then equations of equilibrium Improper onstraints - the number of reactions equals the number of equations of equilibrium, however, all the reactions are concurrent. In this case, the moment equations is satisfied and only two valid equations of equilibrium remain. y nother case is when all the reactions are parallel In general, a structure is geometrically unstable if there are fewer reactive forces then equations of equilibrium. n unstable structure must be avoided in practice regardless of determinacy. r < 3n r 3n unstable unstable if members reactions are concurrent or parallel or contains a collapsible mechanism Stable Reactions are nonconcurrent and nonparallel
11 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 11/12 pplication of the Equations of Equilibrium Free ody Diagram - disassemble the structure and draw a free body diagram of each member. Equations of Equilibrium - The total number of unknowns should be equal to the number of equilibrium equations Unstable The three reactions are concurrent pplication of the Equations of Equilibrium Unstable The three reactions are parallel Free ody Diagram Disassemble the structure and draw a free body diagram of each member. It may be necessary to supplement a member freebody diagram with a free-body diagram of the entire structure. Remember that reactive forces common on two members act with equal magnitudes but opposite direction on their respective free bodies. Identify any two-force members pplication of the Equations of Equilibrium D r = 7 n = 3 r < 3n Equations of Equilibrium heck is the structure is determinate and stable ttempt to apply the moment equation M=0 at a point that lies at the intersection of the lines of action of as many forces as possible Unstable r < 3n and member D is free to move horizontally When applying F x =0 and F y =0, orient the x and y axes along lines that will provide the simplest reduction of forces into their x and y components If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative value for an unknown, it indicates that the direction is opposite of that assumed
12 IVL 3121 nalysis of Statically Determinant Structures 12/12 pplication of the Equations of Equilibrium Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for the following structures nalysis of Statically Determinate Structures ny Questions? pplication of the Equations of Equilibrium Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for the following structures pplication of the Equations of Equilibrium Draw the free-body diagram and determine the reactions for the following structures
If the number of unknown reaction components are equal to the number of equations, the structure is known as statically determinate.
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