Chap 2. Combinational Logic Circuits
|
|
- Alisha Franklin
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Overview 2 Chap 2. Combinational Logic Circuits Spring 24 Part Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Binary Logic and Gates Boolean Algebra Standard Forms Part 2 Circuit Optimization Two-Level Optimization Map Manipulation Multi-Level Circuit Optimization Part 3 Additional Gates and Circuits Other Gate Types Exclusive-OR Operator and Gates High-Impedance Outputs Overview 3 2. Binary Logic and Gates 4 Part Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Binary Logic and Gates Boolean Algebra Standard Forms Part 2 Circuit Optimization Two-Level Optimization Map Manipulation Multi-Level Circuit Optimization Part 3 Additional Gates and Circuits Other Gate Types Exclusive-OR Operator and Gates High-Impedance Outputs Digital circuits hardware components that manipulate binary information implemented using transistors and interconnections in IC each basic circuit is called logic gate performs a specific logical operation Boolean Algebra mathematical notation to specify the operation of each gate used to analyze and design circuits Combinational Logic 5 2. Binary Logic and Gates 6 logic gate and, or, not, nand, nor, xor, xnor, logic gate, gate n 2 n 3) NOT Z = X' (Z is equal to NOT X) (state). -- complement operation ( => & => ) adder, subtracter, multiplier, comparator, code converter, encoder, decoder, multiplexer, demultiplexer Binary Logic take on two discrete values & with the operations of mathematical logic three logical operations ) AND Z = X Y (Z is equal to X and Y) 2) OR Z = X + Y (Z is equal to X or Y) AND/OR is similar to multiplication/addition
2 2. Binary Logic and Gates 7 2. Binary Logic and Gates 8 logical OR logical AND logical NOT + = = ' = + = = ' = + = = + = = Logic Gates electronic circuits that operate on one or more input signals to produce an output signal voltage operated circuits: logic & logic intermediate region is crossed during state transition Boolean Algebra Multi-input input Gates Boolean function deals with binary variables and logic operation symbols with three basic logic operations AND, OR, NOT express logical relationship between binary variables F = X + Y' Z Consider F = X + Y' Z represented in a truth table transformed from an algebraic expression into a circuit diagram composed of logic gates (Fig 2.3) 2.2 Boolean Algebra 2.2 Boolean Algebra 2 Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra AB + C + = (by identity 3) most basic identities of Boolean algebra commutative laws -- the order doesn't affect the result dual - obtained by interchanging OR and AND, and replacing 's by 's and 's by 's X + Y = Y + X, X Y = Y X associative laws -- parentheses can be removed altogether X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z = X + Y + Z X (Y Z) = (X Y) Z = X Y Z distributive laws (dual) X + Y Z = (X + Y) (X + Z) (A + B) (A + CD) =? DeMorgan's theorem -- obtain complement of an expression (X + Y)' = X' Y' (X Y)' = X' + Y (Table 2.4) can be extended to three or more variables Table 2-3. Basic Identities of Boolean Algebra (A + B + C +... )' = A' B' C'...
3 2.2 Boolean Algebra Boolean Algebra 4 Algebraic Manipulation Boolean algebra is a useful tool for simplifying digital circuits F = X'YZ + X'YZ' + XZ = X'Y (Z+Z') + XZ = X'Y + XZ = X'Y + XZ compare two implementations in Fig 2.4 use truth table to verify two expressions (Table 2.5) manipulate Boolean algebra lower terms, literals obtain a simpler circuit popular tools. X + XY = X ( + Y) = X 2. XY + XY' = X (Y + Y') = X 3. X + X'Y = (X + X') (X + Y) = X + Y 4. X (X + Y) = X + X Y = X ( + Y) = X 5. (X + Y)(X + Y') = X + YY' = X 6. X (X' + Y) = XX' + XY = XY consensus theorem XY + X'Z + YZ = XY + X'Z (prove it!) dual (X+Y)(X'+Z)(Y+Z) = (X+Y)(X'+Z) (Ex) (A+B)(A'+C) = AA' + AC + A'B + BC = AC + A'B + BC = AC + A'B 2.2 Boolean Algebra Standard Forms 6 Complement of a Function obtained from an interchange of 's to 's and 's to 's derived algebraically by applying DeMorgan's theorem (Ex 2.) Find the complement of F = X'YZ' + X'Y'Z F' = (X'YZ' + X'Y'Z)' = (X'YZ')' (X'Y'Z)' = (X + Y' + Z) (X + Y + Z') facilitate the simplification procedures for Boolean expression contain product terms (XY'Z) and sum terms (X+Y+Z') Minterms & Maxterms minterm (a product term) & maxterm (a sum term) all the variables appear exactly once show exactly one combination of the binary variables in a truth table 2 n distinct terms for n variables (Ex 2.2) Find the complement of F = X'YZ' + X'Y'Z by taking dual and complementing each literal (Ex) 4 minterms for 2 variables X & Y X'Y', X'Y, XY', & XY dual of F (X' + Y + Z') (X' + Y' + Z) comp of each literal (X + Y' + Z) (X + Y + Z') 2.3 Standard Forms Standard Forms 8 m j (minterm) -- complemented if the bit is uncomplemented if the bit is M j (maxterm) -- complemented if the bit is uncomplemented if the bit is j denotes the binary number of the term Table 2-6. Minterms for 3 Variables minterm: having the minimum No of 's in its truth table maxterm: having the maximum No of 's in its truth table a minterm and maxterm with the same subscript are complements of each other (M j = m j ') (Ex) (m 3 )' = ( X' Y Z )' = X + Y' + Z' = M 3 Table 2-7. Maxterms for 3 Variables
4 2.3 Standard Forms Standard Forms 2 a Boolean function can be expressed by a sum of minterms (Ex) Table 2-8(a) F = X'Y'Z'+X'YZ'+XY'Z+XYZ = m+m2+m5+m7 F(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(,2,5,7) (Σ = logical sum, Boolean OR) F' = X'Y'Z+X'YZ+XY'Z'+XYZ' = m+m3+m4+m6 F(X,Y,Z)' = Σ m(,3,4,6) F = (m+m3+m4+m6)' = m m3' m4' m6' = M M3 M4 M6 = (X+Y+Z') (X+Y'+Z') (X'+Y+Z) (X'+Y'+Z) F(X,Y,Z) = Π M(,3,4,6) (Π: logical product, Boolean AND) summary of minterms (p44) a function can be converted to the sum of minterms form by means of a truth table X Y Z F (Ex) E = Y' + X'Z from the truth table, E(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(,,2,4,5) E(X,Y,Z)' = Σ m(3,6,7) (the total number of minterms in E and E' is 8) G(X,Y) = Σm(,,2,3) = 2.3 Standard Forms Standard Forms 22 Sum of Products a standard algebraic expression obtained directly from a truth table (sum of minterms) & simplify the expression to sum-of-products form (Ex) F = AB + C(D+E) (three-level) => AB + CD + DE (two-level) two-level implementation is preferred for its delay time (Ex) F = Y' + X'YZ' + XY three product terms -- two AND gates, one OR gate two-level implementation 2.3 Standard Forms 23 Overview Product of Sums another standard algebraic expression obtained by forming a logical product of sum terms (Ex) F = X(Y'+Z)(X+Y+Z') needs 2 OR gates and one AND gates Part Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Binary Logic and Gates Boolean Algebra Standard Forms Part 2 Circuit Optimization Two-Level Optimization Map Manipulation Multi-Level Circuit Optimization Part 3 Additional Gates and Circuits Other Gate Types Exclusive-OR Operator and Gates High-Impedance Outputs
5 Circuit Optimization Goal: To obtain the simplest implementation for a given function Optimization is a more formal approach to simplification that is performed using a specific procedure or algorithm Optimization requires a cost criterion to measure the simplicity of a circuit Two distinct cost criteria we will use: Literal cost (L) Gate input cost (G) Gate input cost with NOTs (GN) Literal Cost Literal a variable or it complement Literal cost the number of literal appearances in a Boolean expression corresponding to the logic circuit diagram Examples: F = BD + A BC + A CD L = 8 F = BD + A BC + A B D+ AB C L = F = (A + B)(A + D)(B + C + D)( B + C + D) L = Which solution is best? Gate Input Cost Gate input costs - the number of inputs to the gates in the implementation corresponding exactly to the given equation or equations. (G - inverters not counted, GN - inverters counted) For SOP and POS equations, it can be found from the equation(s) by finding the sum of: all literal appearances the number of terms excluding terms consisting only of a single literal,(g) and optionally, the number of distinct complemented single literals (GN). Example: F = BD + A BC + A C D G = 8, GN = F = BD + A BC + A B D + AB C G =, GN = F = (A + B)(A + D)(B + C + D)( B + C + D) G =, GN = Which solution is best? Cost Criteria (continued) Example : GN F = A + B C + B C L = = 5 G + 2 = 9 G = L + 2 = 7 B C A F L (literal count) counts the AND inputs and the single literal OR input. G (gate input count) adds the remaining OR gate inputs GN(gate input count with NOTs) adds the inverter inputs Cost Criteria (continued) level 2 Circuit Optimization 3 Example 2: A B F = A B C + ABC C L = 6 G = 8 GN = F = (A + C)( B + C)( A + B) L = 6 G = 9 GN = 2 Same function and same A literal cost B But first circuit has better C gate input count and better gate input count with NOTs Select it! F F Karnaugh map (K-map) to simplify Boolean functions of up to 4 variables (5 or 6 variables can be drawn, but cumbersome to use) a diagram of squares, each representing one minterm simplified expressions are in sum-of-products or product-of-sums two-level implementations Example 2-level SOP 2-level POS
6 2.4 Map Simplification Map Simplification 32 Two-Variable Map Three-variable Map four minterms for a Boolean function with 2 variables 8 minterms for 3 variables (Ex) Ex2.3 F(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(2,3,4,5) m+m2+m3 = X'Y+XY'+XY = X+Y (by algebra) => X'Y+X(Y'+Y) = X'Y+X = X+Y (from K-map) F = X'Y + XY' 2.4 Map Simplification Map Simplification 34 (Ex) Ex2.4 F(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(3,4,6,7) F2(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(,2,4,5,6) (Ex) (Ex) (Ex) F2(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(,3,4,5,6) = X'Z + XZ' + XY' or = X'Z + XZ' + Y'Z m+m2+m4+m6 = Z' m+m+m2+m3+m6+m7 = X' + Y 2.4 Map Simplification Map Simplification 36 Four-variable Map 6 minterms for 4 variables Ex2.5 F(W,X,Y,Z) = Σ m(,,2,4,5,6,8,9,2,3,4) F = Y' + W'Z' + XZ' Ex2.6 F = A'B'C' + B'CD' + A'BCD' + AB'C' F = B'D' + B'C' + A'CD'
7 2.5 Map Manipulation 37 Implicant 38 Combining squares ensure that all minterms of the functions are included necessary to minimize the number of terms Essential Prime Implicants implicant A product term is an implicant of a function F if that product term=, then the function F= if the function has the value for all minterms of the product term Ex) F=AB+BC+AB C implicant. AB, BC, AB C are implicants of F ABC, ABC, A BC (minterms) are also implicants of F AC (product term, nonminterm) is also implicant of F : product term AC= (A,B,C) (,,) (,,) F=., F(,,)=, F(,,)=. AC implicant. 2: product term AC minterm ABC AB C minterm F=. AC implicant. Therefore, the total numer of implicants of F are 7. Prime implicant 39 Essential prime implicant 4 prime implicant if the removal of any literal from an implicant results in a product term that is not an implicant of F a product term obtained by combining the maximum possible number of adjacent squares in the map Ex) F=AB+BC+AB C prime implicant. AB, BC, AB C, A BC, ABC, ABC, AC are implicants AB is prime implicant of F prime implicant 2 m (m=,,2,.,n) essential prime implicant If a minterm of a function F is included in only one prime implicant, that prime implicant is said to be essential prime implicant. Ex) F=AB+BC+AB C essential prime implicant. delete B A minterm of A=(,,) But, F(,,)= A is not an implicant of F. Thus AB is prime implicant of F. AB C is not prime implicant of F delete B AC AC= F=, AC=implicant AC is prime implicant of F delete A C (,,) But, F(,,)= How about BC, A BC, ABC, ABC? Prime Implicant Groups() 4 Prime Implicant Groups(2) 42 (a) (b) (c) (d) Prime Implicant Groups that involve (a) one, (b) two Prime Implicant Groups that involve (c) four, (d) eight
8 Example 43 Essential Prime Implicants 44 F2(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(,3,4,5,6) = X'Z + XZ' + XY' or = X'Z + XZ' + Y'Z (a) (b) (a) Prime Implicant Groups, (b) Essential Prime Implicant Groups Essential Prime Implicants Map Manipulation 46 To find the simplified expression from the map, ) first determine all prime implicant 2) simplified expression all the essential prime implicant + other prime implicant (Ex) Fig 2.2 (a) (b) (a) Prime Implicant Groups, (b) Essential Prime Implicant Groups A'D and BD': essential prime implicants A'B: not essential Map Manipulation 48 (Ex) Fig 2.22 A'B'C'D', BC'D, ABC', AB'C: essential prime implicants ACD or ABD: not essential F = A'B'C'D' + BC'D + ABC' + AB'C + ACD or ABD
9 Map Manipulation 5 Nonessential Prime Implicant Selection Rule minimize the overlap among prime implicant as much as possible Ex2.7 F(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(,,2,4,5,,,3,5) F' = A'C' + ABD + AB'C + A'B'D' 2.5 Map Manipulation 5 Ex Product-of-Sums Simplification F(A,B,C,D)= m(,,2,4,5,,,3,5) from sum-of-products to product-of-sums complement the function (taking a dual) ) Combine the squares marked with 's 2) change the function, which is expressed in product of sums to sum of products Ex2.8 F(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(,,2,5,8,9,) F' = AB + CD + BD' F = (A'+B')(C'+D')(B'+D) Ex Map Manipulation 54 F(A,B,C,D)= m(,,2,5,8,9,) Ex) F = (A'+B'+C) (B + D) ) plot the map by taking its complement i) combining the s results in SOP form. ii) combining the s and complementing it gives POS form. F (SOP) F (POS) F' = ABC' + B'D' 2) marking 's in the squares to represent F' remaining squares are marked with 's 3) combine the s (SOP) or 4) combine the 's and then complement the function (POS) Ex) F=(A +B +D )(A+B +C )(A +B+D )(B+C +D ) ) SOP a) F b) marking s with product terms, others are s. c) combine s to get F directly 2) POS combine s and complement F to get F
10 2.5 Map Manipulation Map Manipulation 56 Don't Care Conditions unspecified minterms of a function ex) 4-bit binary code for the decimal digits marked with cross (X) provide the further simplification of the function Ex) F(A,B,C,D) = Σ m(,3,7,,5) d(a,b,c,d) = Σ m(,2,5) obtain a simplified product-of-sums F = CD + A'B' = CD + A'D F' = Z' + WY' F = Z(W' + Y) 2-6 Multiple-Level Optimization Multiple-Level Circuit Example Multiple-level circuits - circuits that are not two-level (with or without input and/or output inverters) Multiple-level circuits can have reduced gate input cost compared to two-level (SOP and POS) circuits Multiple-level optimization is performed by applying transformations to circuits represented by equations while evaluating cost Transformations Factoring - finding a factored form from SOP or POS expression Algebraic - No use of axioms specific to Boolean algebra such as complements or idempotence Boolean - Uses axioms unique to Boolean algebra Decomposition - expression of a function as a set of new functions Transformations (continued) Substitution of G into F - expression function F as a function of G and some or all of its original variables Elimination - Inverse of substitution Extraction - decomposition applied to multiple functions simultaneously
11 Transformation Examples Algebraic Factoring F = A C D + A B C + ABC + AC D G = 6 Factoring: F = A ( C D + B C) + A (BC + C D ) G = 6 Factoring again: F = A C( B + D ) + AC (B + D ) G = 2 Factoring again: F = ( AC + AC) (B + D) G = Transformation Examples Decomposition The terms B + Dand AC + AC can be defined as new functions E and H respectively, decomposing F: F = E H, E = B + D, and H = AC + AC G = This series of transformations has reduced G from 6 to, a substantial savings. The resulting circuit has three levels plus input inverters. Transformation Examples Substitution of E into F Returning to F just before the final factoring step: F = A C( B + D) + AC (B + D) G = 2 Defining E = B + D, and substituting in F: F = A C E + ACE G = This substitution has resulted in the same cost as the decomposition Transformation Examples Elimination Beginning with a new set of functions: X = B + C Y = A + B Z = AX + C Y G = Eliminating X and Y from Z: Z = A(B + C) + C (A + B) G = Flattening (Converting to SOP expression): Z = A B + A C + AC + BC G = 2 This has increased the cost, but has provided an new SOP expression for two-level optimization. Transformation Examples Two-level Optimization The result of 2-level optimization is: Z = A B + C G = 4 This example illustrates that: Optimization can begin with any set of equations, not just with minterms or a truth table Increasing gate input count G temporarily during a series of transformations can result in a final solution with a smaller G Transformation Examples Extraction Beginning with two functions: E = A BD + ABD H = B C D + BCD G = 6 Finding a common factor and defining it as a function: F = BD + BD We perform extraction by expressing E and H as the three functions: F = BD + BD, E = AF, H = CF G = The reduced cost G results from the sharing of logic between the two output functions
12 Overview 2.7 NAND and NOR Gates 68 Part Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Binary Logic and Gates Boolean Algebra Standard Forms Part 2 Circuit Optimization Two-Level Optimization Map Manipulation Multi-Level Circuit Optimization Part 3 Additional Gates and Circuits Other Gate Types Exclusive-OR Operator and Gates High-Impedance Outputs Boolean functions are expressed in terms of AND, OR, NOT straight forward to implement the function with these gates Other useful logic gates 2.6 NAND and NOR Gates NAND and NOR Gates 7 NAND gate a universal gate because any digital system can be implemented with it Two-Level Implementation easy to implement with NAND gates, if the function is in sum of products form (Ex) F = AB + CD Implementation of NOT (inverter), AND, OR 2 graphic symbols: AND-invert & invert-or F = ( (AB)' (CD)' )' = AB + CD 2.6 NAND and NOR Gates NAND and NOR Gates 72 Ex2.9) F(X,Y,Z) = Σ m(,2,3,4,5,7) Multilevel NAND Circuits with three or more levels ) convert all AND gates to NAND gates w/ AND-invert 2) convert all OR gates to NAND gates w/ invert-or 3) convert rest small circles to inverters Ex) F = A (CD + B) + BC'
13 NAND and NOR Gates 74 NOR gate dual of the NAND operation another universal gate implementation of NOT (inverter), AND, OR two graphic symbol for NOR gate 2.6 NAND and NOR Gates Exclusive-OR Gate 76 Two-Level Implementation easy to implement with NOR gates, if the function is in product of sums form (Ex) F = (A + B) (C + D) E exclusive-or (XOR) gate X Y = X Y' + X' Y if only one variable is equal to, but not both exclusive-nor gate ( X Y )' = X Y + X' Y' if both are equal to or both are equal to (Ex) F = (AB' + A'B) E (C + D') they are to be the complement of each other 2.7 Exclusive-OR Gate 77 Odd Function 78 properties F=X Y Z X = X X = X' = (XY +X Y)Z +(XY+X Y )Z X X = X X' = = XY Z +X YZ +X Y Z+XYZ X Y' = (X Y)' X' Y = (X Y)' A B = B A (A B) C = A (B C) = A B C implementation with NAND gates
14 Odd Function 79 Parity Generation and Checking 8 Parity Generation and Checking Integrated Circuits 82 Integrated Circuits (IC) small silicon semiconductor crystal, called a chip contains electronic components for the digital gates Levels of Integration SSI (small scale integration), < gates MSI, ~ gates LSI, ~ s VLSI, > s 2.8 Integrated Circuits 83 Delay 84 Digital Logic Families RTL, DTL - earliest logic families TTL - widespread, considered as standard ECL - high speed operation MOS - high component density CMOS - low power consumption BiCMOS - CMOS + TTL, used selectively Positive and Negative Logic Normal Convention: Positive Logic/Active High Low Voltage = ; High Voltage = Alternative Convention sometimes used: Negative Logic/Active Low Low Voltage = ; High Voltage = propagation delay( ): t pd transport delay(td): - inertial delay(id): - rejection time
15 Transport Delay, Inertial Delay 85 Positive and Negative Logic 86 inputs: (V), +V(V) positive logic( Active High Logic) +V(V): logic (True), (V): logic (False) negative logic (Active Low Logic) +V(V): logic (False), (V): logic (True) 2.8 Integrated Circuits 87 Transmission Gate 88 - Electronic Switch between two points (f) polarity indicator: small triangles in I/O XOR gate using Transmission Gates 89
Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits Part 2 Circuit Optimization Goal: To obtain the simplest implementation for a given function Optimization is a more formal
More informationEC-121 Digital Logic Design
EC-121 Digital Logic Design Lecture 2 [Updated on 02-04-18] Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates Dr Hashim Ali Spring 2018 Department of Computer Science and Engineering HITEC University Taxila!1 Overview What
More informationMC9211 Computer Organization
MC92 Computer Organization Unit : Digital Fundamentals Lesson2 : Boolean Algebra and Simplification (KSB) (MCA) (29-2/ODD) (29 - / A&B) Coverage Lesson2 Introduces the basic postulates of Boolean Algebra
More informationChapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits Part 1 Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Chapter 2 - Part 1 2 Chapter 2 - Part 1 3 Chapter 2 - Part 1 4 Chapter 2 - Part
More informationChapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits Part 1 Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. (Hyperlinks are active
More informationChapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits Part 2 Circuit Optimization Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Terms of Use (Hyperlinks are active
More informationChapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
Chapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates The most common postulates used to formulate various algebraic structures are: 1. Closure. N={1,2,3,4 }, for any a,b N we obtain a unique c N by the operation
More informationChapter 2: Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
Chapter 2: Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates Mathematical methods that simplify binary logics or circuits rely primarily on Boolean algebra. Boolean algebra: a set of elements, a set of operators, and a
More informationE&CE 223 Digital Circuits & Systems. Lecture Transparencies (Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates) M. Sachdev
E&CE 223 Digital Circuits & Systems Lecture Transparencies (Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates) M. Sachdev 4 of 92 Section 2: Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates Major topics Boolean algebra NAND & NOR gates Boolean
More informationENG2410 Digital Design Combinational Logic Circuits
ENG240 Digital Design Combinational Logic Circuits Fall 207 S. Areibi School of Engineering University of Guelph Binary variables Binary Logic Can be 0 or (T or F, low or high) Variables named with single
More informationCHAPTER III BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
CHAPTER III- CHAPTER III CHAPTER III R.M. Dansereau; v.. CHAPTER III-2 BOOLEAN VALUES INTRODUCTION BOOLEAN VALUES Boolean algebra is a form of algebra that deals with single digit binary values and variables.
More informationChapter 2. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
Chapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates Basic Definitions A binary operator defined on a set S of elements is a rule that assigns, to each pair of elements from S, a unique element from S. The most common
More informationCHAPTER III BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
CHAPTER III- CHAPTER III CHAPTER III R.M. Dansereau; v.. CHAPTER III-2 BOOLEAN VALUES INTRODUCTION BOOLEAN VALUES Boolean algebra is a form of algebra that deals with single digit binary values and variables.
More informationChapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
Ch1: Digital Systems and Binary Numbers Ch2: Ch3: Gate-Level Minimization Ch4: Combinational Logic Ch5: Synchronous Sequential Logic Ch6: Registers and Counters Switching Theory & Logic Design Prof. Adnan
More informationDigital Logic Design. Combinational Logic
Digital Logic Design Combinational Logic Minterms A product term is a term where literals are ANDed. Example: x y, xz, xyz, A minterm is a product term in which all variables appear exactly once, in normal
More informationNumber System conversions
Number System conversions Number Systems The system used to count discrete units is called number system. There are four systems of arithmetic which are often used in digital electronics. Decimal Number
More informationGate-Level Minimization
Gate-Level Minimization Dr. Bassem A. Abdullah Computer and Systems Department Lectures Prepared by Dr.Mona Safar, Edited and Lectured by Dr.Bassem A. Abdullah Outline 1. The Map Method 2. Four-variable
More informationLogic Design. Chapter 2: Introduction to Logic Circuits
Logic Design Chapter 2: Introduction to Logic Circuits Introduction Logic circuits perform operation on digital signal Digital signal: signal values are restricted to a few discrete values Binary logic
More informationCHAPTER1: Digital Logic Circuits Combination Circuits
CS224: Computer Organization S.KHABET CHAPTER1: Digital Logic Circuits Combination Circuits 1 PRIMITIVE LOGIC GATES Each of our basic operations can be implemented in hardware using a primitive logic gate.
More informationLecture 6: Manipulation of Algebraic Functions, Boolean Algebra, Karnaugh Maps
EE210: Switching Systems Lecture 6: Manipulation of Algebraic Functions, Boolean Algebra, Karnaugh Maps Prof. YingLi Tian Feb. 21/26, 2019 Department of Electrical Engineering The City College of New York
More informationE&CE 223 Digital Circuits & Systems. Lecture Transparencies (Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates) M. Sachdev. Section 2: Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates
Digital Circuits & Systems Lecture Transparencies (Boolean lgebra & Logic Gates) M. Sachdev 4 of 92 Section 2: Boolean lgebra & Logic Gates Major topics Boolean algebra NND & NOR gates Boolean algebra
More informationLecture 5: NAND, NOR and XOR Gates, Simplification of Algebraic Expressions
EE210: Switching Systems Lecture 5: NAND, NOR and XOR Gates, Simplification of Algebraic Expressions Prof. YingLi Tian Feb. 15, 2018 Department of Electrical Engineering The City College of New York The
More informationCS 121 Digital Logic Design. Chapter 2. Teacher Assistant. Hanin Abdulrahman
CS 121 Digital Logic Design Chapter 2 Teacher Assistant Hanin Abdulrahman 1 2 Outline 2.2 Basic Definitions 2.3 Axiomatic Definition of Boolean Algebra. 2.4 Basic Theorems and Properties 2.5 Boolean Functions
More informationUNIT 3 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA (CONT D)
UNIT 3 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA (CONT D) Spring 2011 Boolean Algebra (cont d) 2 Contents Multiplying out and factoring expressions Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR operations The consensus theorem Summary of algebraic
More informationLecture 2 Review on Digital Logic (Part 1)
Lecture 2 Review on Digital Logic (Part 1) Xuan Silvia Zhang Washington University in St. Louis http://classes.engineering.wustl.edu/ese461/ Grading Engagement 5% Review Quiz 10% Homework 10% Labs 40%
More informationChapter 2: Switching Algebra and Logic Circuits
Chapter 2: Switching Algebra and Logic Circuits Formal Foundation of Digital Design In 1854 George Boole published An investigation into the Laws of Thoughts Algebraic system with two values 0 and 1 Used
More informationELC224C. Karnaugh Maps
KARNAUGH MAPS Function Simplification Algebraic Simplification Half Adder Introduction to K-maps How to use K-maps Converting to Minterms Form Prime Implicants and Essential Prime Implicants Example on
More informationWeek-I. Combinational Logic & Circuits
Week-I Combinational Logic & Circuits Overview Binary logic operations and gates Switching algebra Algebraic Minimization Standard forms Karnaugh Map Minimization Other logic operators IC families and
More informationCHAPTER 3 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
CHAPTER 3 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA (continued) This chapter in the book includes: Objectives Study Guide 3.1 Multiplying Out and Factoring Expressions 3.2 Exclusive-OR and Equivalence Operations 3.3 The Consensus
More informationCHAPTER 2 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
CHAPTER 2 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA This chapter in the book includes: Objectives Study Guide 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Operations 2.3 Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables 2.4 Basic Theorems 2.5 Commutative, Associative,
More informationBoolean Algebra and Logic Gates
Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates ( 范倫達 ), Ph. D. Department of Computer Science National Chiao Tung University Taiwan, R.O.C. Fall, 2017 ldvan@cs.nctu.edu.tw http://www.cs.nctu.edu.tw/~ldvan/ Outlines Basic
More informationUnit 2 Session - 6 Combinational Logic Circuits
Objectives Unit 2 Session - 6 Combinational Logic Circuits Draw 3- variable and 4- variable Karnaugh maps and use them to simplify Boolean expressions Understand don t Care Conditions Use the Product-of-Sums
More informationEECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 19 - Combinational Logic Circuits : A Deep Dive
EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 19 - Combinational Logic Circuits : A Deep Dive March 30, 2010 John Wawrzynek Spring 2010 EECS150 - Lec19-cl1 Page 1 Boolean Algebra I (Representations of Combinational
More informationComputer Organization I. Lecture 13: Design of Combinational Logic Circuits
Computer Organization I Lecture 13: Design of Combinational Logic Circuits Overview The optimization of multiple-level circuits Mapping Technology Verification Objectives To know how to optimize the multiple-level
More informationChapter 3. Boolean Algebra. (continued)
Chapter 3. Boolean Algebra (continued) Algebraic structure consisting of: set of elements B binary operations {+, -} unary operation {'} Boolean Algebra such that the following axioms hold:. B contains
More informationBOOLEAN ALGEBRA TRUTH TABLE
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA TRUTH TABLE Truth table is a table which represents all the possible values of logical variables / statements along with all the possible results of the given combinations of values. Eg:
More informationECEN 248: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESIGN. Week 2 Dr. Srinivas Shakkottai Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ECEN 248: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESIGN Week 2 Dr. Srinivas Shakkottai Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Boolean Algebra Boolean Algebra A Boolean algebra is defined with: A set of
More informationOptimizations and Tradeoffs. Combinational Logic Optimization
Optimizations and Tradeoffs Combinational Logic Optimization Optimization & Tradeoffs Up to this point, we haven t really considered how to optimize our designs. Optimization is the process of transforming
More informationStandard Expression Forms
ThisLecture will cover the following points: Canonical and Standard Forms MinTerms and MaxTerms Digital Logic Families 24 March 2010 Standard Expression Forms Two standard (canonical) expression forms
More informationChapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
Chapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates Huntington Postulates 1. (a) Closure w.r.t. +. (b) Closure w.r.t.. 2. (a) Identity element 0 w.r.t. +. x + 0 = 0 + x = x. (b) Identity element 1 w.r.t.. x 1 =
More information/ M Morris Mano Digital Design Ahmad_911@hotmailcom / / / / wwwuqucscom Binary Systems Introduction - Digital Systems - The Conversion Between Numbering Systems - From Binary To Decimal - Octet To Decimal
More informationBoolean Algebra & Logic Gates. By : Ali Mustafa
Boolean Algebra & Logic Gates By : Ali Mustafa Digital Logic Gates There are three fundamental logical operations, from which all other functions, no matter how complex, can be derived. These Basic functions
More informationChapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
CSA051 - Digital Systems 數位系統導論 Chapter 2 Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates 吳俊興國立高雄大學資訊工程學系 Chapter 2. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates 2-1 Basic Definitions 2-2 Axiomatic Definition of Boolean Algebra 2-3
More informationCombinational Logic. Review of Combinational Logic 1
Combinational Logic! Switches -> Boolean algebra! Representation of Boolean functions! Logic circuit elements - logic gates! Regular logic structures! Timing behavior of combinational logic! HDLs and combinational
More informationUNIT 5 KARNAUGH MAPS Spring 2011
UNIT 5 KRNUGH MPS Spring 2 Karnaugh Maps 2 Contents Minimum forms of switching functions Two- and three-variable Four-variable Determination of minimum expressions using essential prime implicants Five-variable
More information211: Computer Architecture Summer 2016
211: Computer Architecture Summer 2016 Liu Liu Topic: Storage Project3 Digital Logic - Storage: Recap - Review: cache hit rate - Project3 - Digital Logic: - truth table => SOP - simplification: Boolean
More informationUNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL. College of Information Technology
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL College of Information Technology BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (HONS.) FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER 2 2012/2013 DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESIGN (CSNB163) January 2013 Time allowed: 3 hours
More informationBoolean Algebra and logic gates
Boolean Algebra and logic gates Luis Entrena, Celia López, Mario García, Enrique San Millán Universidad Carlos III de Madrid 1 Outline l Postulates and fundamental properties of Boolean Algebra l Boolean
More informationSignals and Systems Digital Logic System
Signals and Systems Digital Logic System Prof. Wonhee Kim Chapter 2 Design Process for Combinational Systems Step 1: Represent each of the inputs and outputs in binary Step 1.5: If necessary, break the
More informationChapter-2 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Chapter-2 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Introduction: An algebra that deals with binary number system is called Boolean Algebra. It is very power in designing logic circuits used by the processor of computer system.
More informationChapter 2 (Lect 2) Canonical and Standard Forms. Standard Form. Other Logic Operators Logic Gates. Sum of Minterms Product of Maxterms
Chapter 2 (Lect 2) Canonical and Standard Forms Sum of Minterms Product of Maxterms Standard Form Sum of products Product of sums Other Logic Operators Logic Gates Basic and Multiple Inputs Positive and
More informationELCT201: DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
ELCT2: DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN Dr. Eng. Haitham Omran, haitham.omran@guc.edu.eg Dr. Eng. Wassim Alexan, wassim.joseph@guc.edu.eg Lecture 2 Following the slides of Dr. Ahmed H. Madian ذو الحجة 438 ه Winter
More informationEEA051 - Digital Logic 數位邏輯 吳俊興高雄大學資訊工程學系. September 2004
EEA051 - Digital Logic 數位邏輯 吳俊興高雄大學資訊工程學系 September 2004 Boolean Algebra (formulated by E.V. Huntington, 1904) A set of elements B={0,1} and two binary operators + and Huntington postulates 1. Closure
More informationDIGITAL ELECTRONICS & it0203 Semester 3
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS & it0203 Semester 3 P.Rajasekar & C.M.T.Karthigeyan Asst.Professor SRM University, Kattankulathur School of Computing, Department of IT 8/22/2011 1 Disclaimer The contents of the slides
More informationKarnaugh Maps Objectives
Karnaugh Maps Objectives For Karnaugh Maps of up to 5 variables Plot a function from algebraic, minterm or maxterm form Obtain minimum Sum of Products and Product of Sums Understand the relationship between
More informationChapter 2 Combinational
Computer Engineering 1 (ECE290) Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits Part 1 Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations HOANG Trang Reference: 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview Part 1 Gate Circuits and Boolean
More informationBOOLEAN ALGEBRA. Introduction. 1854: Logical algebra was published by George Boole known today as Boolean Algebra
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA Introduction 1854: Logical algebra was published by George Boole known today as Boolean Algebra It s a convenient way and systematic way of expressing and analyzing the operation of logic
More informationDIGITAL CIRCUIT LOGIC BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
DIGITAL CIRCUIT LOGIC BOOLEAN ALGEBRA 1 Learning Objectives Understand the basic operations and laws of Boolean algebra. Relate these operations and laws to circuits composed of AND gates, OR gates, INVERTERS
More informationSystems I: Computer Organization and Architecture
Systems I: Computer Organization and Architecture Lecture 6 - Combinational Logic Introduction A combinational circuit consists of input variables, logic gates, and output variables. The logic gates accept
More informationLogic and Computer Design Fundamentals. Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits. Part 1 Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits Part Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski 28 Pearson Education, Inc. (Hperlinks are active in
More informationUnit 2 Boolean Algebra
Unit 2 Boolean Algebra 1. Developed by George Boole in 1847 2. Applied to the Design of Switching Circuit by Claude Shannon in 1939 Department of Communication Engineering, NCTU 1 2.1 Basic Operations
More informationII. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN. - algebra defined on a set of 2 elements, {0, 1}, with binary operators multiply (AND), add (OR), and invert (NOT):
ENGI 386 Digital Logic II. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN Combinational Logic output of digital system is only dependent on current inputs (i.e., no memory) (a) Boolean Algebra - developed by George Boole
More informationCombinational Logic Design Principles
Combinational Logic Design Principles Switching algebra Doru Todinca Department of Computers Politehnica University of Timisoara Outline Introduction Switching algebra Axioms of switching algebra Theorems
More informationChapter 7 Logic Circuits
Chapter 7 Logic Circuits Goal. Advantages of digital technology compared to analog technology. 2. Terminology of Digital Circuits. 3. Convert Numbers between Decimal, Binary and Other forms. 5. Binary
More informationLecture 6: Gate Level Minimization Syed M. Mahmud, Ph.D ECE Department Wayne State University
Lecture 6: Gate Level Minimization Syed M. Mahmud, Ph.D ECE Department Wayne State University Original Source: Aby K George, ECE Department, Wayne State University Contents The Map method Two variable
More informationCOE 202: Digital Logic Design Combinational Logic Part 2. Dr. Ahmad Almulhem ahmadsm AT kfupm Phone: Office:
COE 202: Digital Logic Design Combinational Logic Part 2 Dr. Ahmad Almulhem Email: ahmadsm AT kfupm Phone: 860-7554 Office: 22-324 Objectives Minterms and Maxterms From truth table to Boolean expression
More informationReview for Test 1 : Ch1 5
Review for Test 1 : Ch1 5 October 5, 2006 Typeset by FoilTEX Positional Numbers 527.46 10 = (5 10 2 )+(2 10 1 )+(7 10 0 )+(4 10 1 )+(6 10 2 ) 527.46 8 = (5 8 2 ) + (2 8 1 ) + (7 8 0 ) + (4 8 1 ) + (6 8
More informationPart 1: Digital Logic and Gates. Analog vs. Digital waveforms. The digital advantage. In real life...
Part 1: Digital Logic and Gates Analog vs Digital waveforms An analog signal assumes a continuous range of values: v(t) ANALOG A digital signal assumes discrete (isolated, separate) values Usually there
More informationCs302 Quiz for MID TERM Exam Solved
Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 01:30:33 PM ) Total Marks: 1 Caveman used a number system that has distinct shapes: 4 5 6 7 Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 01:31:25 PM ) Total Marks: 1 TTL based devices
More informationStandard & Canonical Forms
1 COE 202- Digital Logic Standard & Canonical Forms Dr. Abdulaziz Y. Barnawi COE Department KFUPM 2 Outline Minterms and Maxterms From truth table to Boolean expression Sum of minterms Product of Maxterms
More informationChapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Chapter 2 Combinational Logic Circuits Part 1 Gate Circuits and Boolean Equations Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview Part 1 Gate
More informationCh 2. Combinational Logic. II - Combinational Logic Contemporary Logic Design 1
Ch 2. Combinational Logic II - Combinational Logic Contemporary Logic Design 1 Combinational logic Define The kind of digital system whose output behavior depends only on the current inputs memoryless:
More informationEvery time has a value associated with it, not just some times. A variable can take on any value within a range
Digital Logic Circuits Binary Logic and Gates Logic Simulation Boolean Algebra NAND/NOR and XOR gates Decoder fundamentals Half Adder, Full Adder, Ripple Carry Adder Analog vs Digital Analog Continuous»
More informationUnit 2 Boolean Algebra
Unit 2 Boolean Algebra 2.1 Introduction We will use variables like x or y to represent inputs and outputs (I/O) of a switching circuit. Since most switching circuits are 2 state devices (having only 2
More informationContents. Chapter 2 Digital Circuits Page 1 of 30
Chapter 2 Digital Circuits Page 1 of 30 Contents Contents... 1 2 Digital Circuits... 2 2.1 Binary Numbers... 2 2.2 Binary Switch... 4 2.3 Basic Logic Operators and Logic Expressions... 5 2.4 Truth Tables...
More informationOutline. EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 4 - Boolean Algebra I (Representations of Combinational Logic Circuits) Combinational Logic (CL) Defined
EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 4 - Boolean Algebra I (Representations of Combinational Logic Circuits) January 30, 2003 John Wawrzynek Outline Review of three representations for combinational logic:
More informationUNIT 4 MINTERM AND MAXTERM EXPANSIONS
UNIT 4 MINTERM AND MAXTERM EXPANSIONS Spring 2 Minterm and Maxterm Expansions 2 Contents Conversion of English sentences to Boolean equations Combinational logic design using a truth table Minterm and
More informationAdvanced Digital Design with the Verilog HDL, Second Edition Michael D. Ciletti Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, 2011
Problem 2-1 Recall that a minterm is a cube in which every variable appears. A Boolean expression in SOP form is canonical if every cube in the expression has a unique representation in which all of the
More informationMidterm1 Review. Jan 24 Armita
Midterm1 Review Jan 24 Armita Outline Boolean Algebra Axioms closure, Identity elements, complements, commutativity, distributivity theorems Associativity, Duality, De Morgan, Consensus theorem Shannon
More informationEECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 4 - Boolean Algebra I (Representations of Combinational Logic Circuits)
EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 4 - Boolean Algebra I (Representations of Combinational Logic Circuits) September 5, 2002 John Wawrzynek Fall 2002 EECS150 Lec4-bool1 Page 1, 9/5 9am Outline Review of
More informationCombinational Logic Fundamentals
Topic 3: Combinational Logic Fundamentals In this note we will study combinational logic, which is the part of digital logic that uses Boolean algebra. All the concepts presented in combinational logic
More informationBoolean Algebra CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 15 Boolean Algebra 15.1 INTRODUCTION Both sets and propositions satisfy similar laws, which are listed in Tables 1-1 and 4-1 (in Chapters 1 and 4, respectively). These laws are used to define an
More informationBoolean Algebra, Gates and Circuits
Boolean Algebra, Gates and Circuits Kasper Brink November 21, 2017 (Images taken from Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.) Outline Last week: Von
More informationCHAPTER 5 KARNAUGH MAPS
CHAPTER 5 1/36 KARNAUGH MAPS This chapter in the book includes: Objectives Study Guide 5.1 Minimum Forms of Switching Functions 5.2 Two- and Three-Variable Karnaugh Maps 5.3 Four-Variable Karnaugh Maps
More informationThis form sometimes used in logic circuit, example:
Objectives: 1. Deriving of logical expression form truth tables. 2. Logical expression simplification methods: a. Algebraic manipulation. b. Karnaugh map (k-map). 1. Deriving of logical expression from
More informationChapter 2. Digital Logic Basics
Chapter 2 Digital Logic Basics 1 2 Chapter 2 2 1 Implementation using NND gates: We can write the XOR logical expression B + B using double negation as B+ B = B+B = B B From this logical expression, we
More informationTotal Time = 90 Minutes, Total Marks = 50. Total /50 /10 /18
University of Waterloo Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering E&CE 223 Digital Circuits and Systems Midterm Examination Instructor: M. Sachdev October 23rd, 2007 Total Time = 90 Minutes, Total
More informationIn Module 3, we have learned about Exclusive OR (XOR) gate. Boolean Expression AB + A B = Y also A B = Y. Logic Gate. Truth table
Module 8 In Module 3, we have learned about Exclusive OR (XOR) gate. Boolean Expression AB + A B = Y also A B = Y Logic Gate Truth table A B Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 In Module 3, we have learned about
More informationELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES
EC 216(R-15) Total No. of Questions :09] [Total No. of Pages : 02 II/IV B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, DECEMBER- 2016 First Semester ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN
More informationECE 238L Boolean Algebra - Part I
ECE 238L Boolean Algebra - Part I August 29, 2008 Typeset by FoilTEX Understand basic Boolean Algebra Boolean Algebra Objectives Relate Boolean Algebra to Logic Networks Prove Laws using Truth Tables Understand
More informationFunctions. Computers take inputs and produce outputs, just like functions in math! Mathematical functions can be expressed in two ways:
Boolean Algebra (1) Functions Computers take inputs and produce outputs, just like functions in math! Mathematical functions can be expressed in two ways: An expression is finite but not unique f(x,y)
More informationEEE130 Digital Electronics I Lecture #4
EEE130 Digital Electronics I Lecture #4 - Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification - By Dr. Shahrel A. Suandi Topics to be discussed 4-1 Boolean Operations and Expressions 4-2 Laws and Rules of Boolean
More informationBoolean Algebra. The Building Blocks of Digital Logic Design. Section. Section Overview. Binary Operations and Their Representation.
Section 3 Boolean Algebra The Building Blocks of Digital Logic Design Section Overview Binary Operations (AND, OR, NOT), Basic laws, Proof by Perfect Induction, De Morgan s Theorem, Canonical and Standard
More informationUNIT 1. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS
UNIT 1. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS Numerical Presentation: In science, technology, business, and, in fact, most other fields of endeavour, we are constantly dealing with quantities. Quantities
More informationFundamentals of Boolean Algebra
UNIT-II 1 Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra Basic Postulates Postulate 1 (Definition): A Boolean algebra is a closed algebraic system containing a set K of two or more elements and the two operators and
More informationReview. EECS Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems. Lec 06 Minimizing Boolean Logic 9/ Review: Canonical Forms
Review EECS 150 - Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Lec 06 Minimizing Boolean Logic 9/16-04 David Culler Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley
More informationChapter 2: Princess Sumaya Univ. Computer Engineering Dept.
hapter 2: Princess Sumaya Univ. omputer Engineering Dept. Basic Definitions Binary Operators AND z = x y = x y z=1 if x=1 AND y=1 OR z = x + y z=1 if x=1 OR y=1 NOT z = x = x z=1 if x=0 Boolean Algebra
More informationECE 20B, Winter 2003 Introduction to Electrical Engineering, II LECTURE NOTES #2
ECE 20B, Winter 2003 Introduction to Electrical Engineering, II LECTURE NOTES #2 Instructor: Andrew B. Kahng (lecture) Email: abk@ucsd.edu Telephone: 858-822-4884 office, 858-353-0550 cell Office: 3802
More informationNumber System. Decimal to binary Binary to Decimal Binary to octal Binary to hexadecimal Hexadecimal to binary Octal to binary
Number System Decimal to binary Binary to Decimal Binary to octal Binary to hexadecimal Hexadecimal to binary Octal to binary BOOLEAN ALGEBRA BOOLEAN LOGIC OPERATIONS Logical AND Logical OR Logical COMPLEMENTATION
More informationCHAPTER 7. Exercises 17/ / /2 2 0
CHAPTER 7 Exercises E7. (a) For the whole part, we have: Quotient Remainders 23/2 /2 5 5/2 2 2/2 0 /2 0 Reading the remainders in reverse order, we obtain: 23 0 = 0 2 For the fractional part we have 2
More information