Engineering Medical Optics BME136/251 Winter 2017

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1 Engineering Medical Optics BME136/251 Winter 2017 Monday/Wednesday 2:00-3:20 p.m. Beckman Laser Institute Library, MSTB 214 (lab) Teaching Assistants (Office hours: Every Tuesday at 2pm outside of the BLI library) Jue Hou Jesse Lam Mohammad Torabzadeh Web site: Monday, 1/9 Photonic Devices I Wednesday, 1/11 Photonic Devices II Monday, 1/16 - Martin Luther King Day Wednesday, 1/18 Photonic Devices III Monday, 1/23 Microscopy Wednesday, 1/25 Optical Coherence Tomography Monday, 1/30 Midterm: covers lectures 1/9-1/25 Wednesday, 2/1 Endoscopy Professor Robert Brown Monday, 2/6 Spectroscopy I Wednesday, 2/8 Spectroscopy II Monday, 2/13 Spectroscopy III Wednesday, 2/15 Tissue Optics I Monday, 2/20 President s day Wednesday, 2/22 Tissue Optics II Monday, 2/27 Tissue Optics III Wednesday, 3/1 Photoacoustic Tomography Group Project Presentations Monday, Wednesday, 3/6, 3/8 - TA Meetings for Final Group Project Presentations Monday, Wednesday, 3/13-3/15 - Final Group Project Presentations. (May schedule some on Tuesday, 3/14) Final Exam Friday, 3/24. 1:30-3:30 pm

2 LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Albert Einstein (1917): Stimulated emission Nicolaas Bloembergen and Charles Townes (1956): Development of maser Arthur Schalow and Charles Townes (1958): Optical Maser Gordon Gould (1959): LASER proposed Theodore Maiman (1960): First laser demonstrated Charles H. Townes, Nikolay Basov, and Aleksandr Prokhorov (1964): Nobel Prize in Physics

3 Characteristics of Lasers Compared to conventional light source, laser light has High temporal coherence: monochromatic Extremely small spectral bandwidth High spatial coherence: well collimated beam Extremely small angular broadening: λ/d High Brightness: Emitted power per unit area is very high

4 Selection of Lasers Wavelength Energy Power Pulse Width Repetition Rate

5 LASERS UV Visible Near IR Far IR Excimer Laser (10-20 ns) Dye (CW / pulsed) Diode Ti:Sapphire (CW/pulsed) ( (2-10 ps) Free Electron (2-10 ps) ,000 nm Ar/Kr Alexandrite (CW) (50ns-100µm) He-Ne Ruby (CW) Nd:YAG CO2 (10ns-250µm)(CW/Pulsed)

6 LASER Three Major Components Pump Feedback Gain Medium Feedback

7 Photon Emission Spontaneous Emission Electrons in excited state have a finite average lifetime τ Photons emitted have random phase and direction Stimulated Emission Presence of excited state atom in radiation field increases probability of emission of an identical photon Photons emitted have the same wavelength, phase, polarization, direction E 2 E 2 E 1 E 1

8 Population Inversion E 2 N 2 E 2 N 2 E 2 N 2 E 1 N 1 E 1 N 1 E 1 N 1 Absorption dn 2 /dt (N 1 -N 2 )I(ν) (N 2 -N 1 )< 0 Spontaneous Emission dn 2 /dt=-n 2 /τ 2 Stimulated Emission dn 2 /dt (N 1 -N 2 )I(ν) (N 2 -N 1 )> 0 In thermal equilibrium, N 2 =N 1 e -(E2-E1)/k b T << N1 > absorption When N2 > N1 (population inversion) > Stimulated emission

9 Gain in Laser Medium Amplifying medium when (N 2 >N 1 ) Absorbing medium when (N 2 <N 1 ) Atoms in excited state Atoms in ground state Gain γ(ν) N 2 -N 1 (population inversion) γ(ν) ν

10 Population Inversion: Three-Level Laser e.g. ruby laser E 3 Pump E 1 Ground State E 2 fast decay Laser Transition Stimulated Emission Population Inversion: ΔN 21 =N 2 -N 1 > 0 = Ε 2 -Ε 1

11 Four-Level Laser Energy Diagram Ε 4 fast decay Pump Ε 1 Ground State fast decay Population Inversion: ΔN 32 =N 3 -N 2 > 0 = Ε 3 -Ε 2 Ε 3 Ε 2 also Ti:Al 2 O 3 Laser Transition Stimulated Emission Nd:YAG Laser E 1 = 0 ev E 2 = 0.26 ev E 3 =1.43 ev E 4 =2.36 ev

12 Pumping Electrical Pumping Argon Ion Laser Excimer Laser Helium Neon Laser Carbon Dioxide Laser Semiconductor Laser Optical Pumping Nd:YAG laser Ruby laser Dye Laser Holmium YAG laser Titanium Sapphire laser Pump E 1 E 3 Ground State E 2

13 Optical Feedback E field = 0 at cavity wall, node Laser cavity (mirrors)

14 Laser Resonant Cavity 100% mirror 30~99% mirror 2L/λ= m allowable longitudinal modes; m integer >>1 Allowed modes: separation distance of the mirrors L is an exact multiple of λ/2 Resonant longitudinal cavity modes determine wavelength e.g. for L = 30 cm, Δν = 0.5 GHz Δν=c/2L; 1/Δν = round trip time Transverse cavity modes: determine spatial profile (Gaussian) ν

15 LASER Gain: Stimulated emission from population inversion due to the pumping Loss: Absorption of the laser medium, partial reflection of the mirrors. Laser: When Gain > Loss Resonant modes Threshold Laser frequency Bandwidth (color) ν 0 γ(ν) ν For L = 30 cm, Δν = 0.5 GHz; 1.5 GHz BW HeNe laser, m = 3 modes; For 128 THz BW TiSa laser m =?

16 Ti:Sapphire Laser Random Phases: repeat in frequency at 1/round trip transit time c/2l

17 Ti:Sapphire Laser Locked Phases: c/2l

18 Mode Locking Lock cavity modes together, i.e. lock their relative phases. Variable loss into the cavity, such as an acousto-optic modulator (external) or saturable absorber (internal) so that the gain of the cavity is modulated at the frequency c/ 2L (round trip transit time = 2L/c). Interference causes the traveling light waves inside the cavity to collapse into a very short pulse.

19 Mode Locking efxfduo2yl8 Every time this pulse reaches the output coupler, the laser emits a part of this mode-locked pulse. Pulse repetition rate is determined by the time it takes for the pulse to make one trip around the cavity (~70-90MHz). More modes interfere, shorter pulse duration. Titanium Sapphire Laser: 100 fs modelocked pulses

20 Diode Lasers Modified LED: Heavily doped pn-junctions High concentration of e- h pairs, high current densities A/cm 2 Long spontaneous lifetime materials enhance stimulated emission Anode (+) Narrow active layer Heterostructures, AlGaInP, GaAlAs, InGaAsP : 633, 770, 809 nm, 850, 920, 980, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 µm Powers:few mw's to several W's cw Cathode (-) p layer: infuse with Group III elements, e.g. B, Ga, Al, In n layer: infuse with Group V elements: e.g. N, P, As, Sb (antimony)

21 Diode Lasers Efficiency: 15 to 30%,

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