Advances in performance evaluation of asphalt binders
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1 Advances in performance evaluation of asphalt binders Hussain U Bahia Professor University of Wisconsin, USA March 25, Lisbon, Potugal s:, design performance a, LNEC, 25 March 2010 Road
2 Outline >Performance grading (PG) background >PG plus in USA >New Concept:Damage Resistance Characteriztaion Rutting Resistance o Multiple Stress Creep Recovery Fatigue Resistance o Binder Yield Energy Test o Linear Amplitude Sweep Bond strength- cohesion adhesion Fracture Testing
3 Performance Grading Modified (Engineered) Bitumen Cold Temp. Cracking Fatigue Cracking Rutting Mixing & Paving Typical Asphalt Stiffness, G* Ideal (modified) Asphalt PMB Temperature WMA Road s:, design 3 performance
4 Superpave Bitumen Tests DT Direct Tension Test DSR Dynamic Shear Rheometer BBR RV Rotational Viscometer Bending Beam Rheometer Related to Performance! Climate -- PG HT-LT Traffic Speed DSR Traffic Volume PG shift Traffic loading NA Structure NA Assumption: Bitumen in Linear VE range
5 The focus on Linear Visco-elasticity: G*, delta 1E+06 Complex Modu ulus (Pa) 1E+05 1E+04 1E+03 1E+02 1E+01 1E Low SBS % No polymer network Viscous above 60 C Reasonably workable High SBS % Polymer network Elastic during compaction Workability problem Courtesy of Nynas << Viscous Phase Angle delta ( ) Elastic >> 50 45
6 Performance Grading Redefined (2001) >Linear VE is not sufficient (NCHRP 9-10) >Bitumen damage resistance is very important >Modified bitumen are best in damage resistance σ f LVE Non-Linear -- Damage Strain ε f
7 Evolution of PG Bitumen Specification Performance e Indicators Temperature S, m, Tg, Fracture Energy Adhesion Nf Jnr Jnr η= 3.0 pa-s ηι= 6.0 pa-s Tmin Tavg Tmax 135 C 160 C
8 Current Test: Cyclic Loading Strain 2% Strain 25% Strain 50% Stress/ Strain Torque (stress) Can only give total energy: Total W= π.τ i2.sin δ/ G* = W elastic + W delayed elastic+ W viscous γ 2 τ 2 8
9 The new tests : Creep Recovery (MSCR) Shear Stress, kpa 68 DSR Dynamic Shear Rheometer Shear Stain, mm/mm Accumulated Strain
10 Binders with same G*/sinδ but different recovery 14% 12% PG82- Oxidized (1 cycle) 10% PG82 - Oxdized (100 cycle) Strain 8% 6% 4% PG82- PEs (1 cycle) PG82-PEs (100 cycle) PG82-SBSr (1 cycle) PG82-SBr (100 cycle) 2% 0% Time (s)
11 Binder Rutting Parameter >The creep compliance, J(t), in terms of its elastic component (J e ), the delayed-elastic (J de ), the viscous component (Jnr): J ( t) = J + J + Jnr >Calculate the viscous compliance (Jnr). e de v 11
12 Binder Fatigue Data Dynamic Shear Modulu us [Pa] 1,E+08 1,E+07 1,E+06 Time Sweep -5% Applied Strain ALF Control ALF CR-TB ALF Terpolymer ALF SBS-LG TPF Control A TPF PG64-34 A TPF PG76-22 A TPF PPA A TPF Latex A 1,E+05 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05 Time (Cycles/Frequency) [sec]
13 AASHTO Stard for Binder Yield Energy (BYE)
14 Yield Energy Evaluation of different binders
15 Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) Need 2 tests for VECD analysis 1,E+06 Stress Relaxation Test Results Amplitude Sweep Loading Scheme 25 Shear Relaxation Modulus [Pa] 1,E+05 1,E Applied St train [%] 1,E Time [s] Relaxation /freq Sweep Loading Cycles Amplitude Sweep
16 AASHTO Draft Procedure
17 Normalize ed G* sin δ VECD Analysis of LAS Damage Curve 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,00 LAS VECD Analysis SBS ELV ELV NEAT Damage equation following Yong-Rak Kim & D. Little work (2006): N α ( ) D 0 i 1 sin i i i 1 i= 1 D t Damage Intensity [ ( )] 1 2 π I γ G * sinδ G * δ 1+ α ( t t ) 1+ α
18 VECD Fatigue Prediction Model >With the VECD curve fit to a simple numeric equation: >Fatigue life can be predicted using: k = 1 + (1 C 2 )α
19 Simulated Fatigue 1,E+01 1,E+00 A B Fatigue Law: Nf = A(γ 0 ) B Nf / ES SAL's olume [Traffic Vo Indicator] 1,E-01 1,E-02 1,E-03 1,E-04 1,E Applied Shear Strain [%] [ Structure Indicator]
20 Binder Qualification Example Effects of Traffic Structure >For unmodified PG70-22 binder, N f = A (γ 0 ) B A: B: Structure: (400µε) Traffic [ESAL s] (S) 1,000,000 (H) 3,000,000 (VH) 10,000,000 [Nf/ESAL s] Weak Strong (200µε) PG70-22 H
21 Modified BBR to Test for Fracture
22 FEM simulations of two different geometries New BBR Geometry: =>Continuity of stresses =>Plane sections remain plane after bending
23 SENB Example Results Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Binder Load (mn) PPS = 252 pulses/step = 2 Mastic Limestone Displacement (mm) Load (mn) Granite Displacement (mm)
24 Bitumen Adhesion Constructed 27/04 trafficked for 1 warm day Constructed 29/04 Temperature drop 30/04 Source: Gerrie Van Zyl RSA
25 Bitumen Bond Strength Testing Apparatus Graded Scale for Air Flow Control
26 Example of Test Results Cohesive Failure Adhesive Failure Road January s: 05, 2010, design performance 4
27 Results Analysis: 3000 Granite Road Effect of Conditioning Time in Tap Water 3000 Limestone Pull-off Tensile Stren ngth (KPa) hour 6 hours 24 hours Pull-off Tensile Stre ength (KPa) hour 6 hours 24 hours 0 0 January 05,
28 BBS Relationship to Performance Tensile Strength > 125 psi yield <10% chip loss. Curing time ~ 6 hours.
29 Acknowledgments Mrs. Maria de Lurdes Antunes Mr. Jorge Barreira de Sousa National Civil Engineering Labs Questions Please write to me: Hussain U. Bahia
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